Impact of Covid-19 on Quality of Life of Health Care Workers in Kuwait

This study assesses and analyzes the effect of COVID-19 on the quality of life of Kuwait's health care workers. It aims to determine the impact of COVID-19 on their quality of life and provide information for enhancing their well-being.

Impact of Covid-19 on Quality of Life of
Health Care Workers in Kuwait (Pilot
Study)

Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, health care providers face several challenges in treating patients
with COVID-19. They work long hours to reduce the spread of infection, while wearing full protective
personal equipment. They face an increased number of patients and workload, social isolation from
families and friends and stigma of getting the virus. Besides, health care workers must also continue to
provide health care services to non-COVID-19 patients and also keep up with their personal
responsibilities. They must keep balance between giving care to themselves, their families and work. This
can be done by determining their quality of life, its determinants, and the effect COVID-19 has on their
quality of life. With this information, the Government and other stakeholders can identify ways of
enhancing its health workers' quality of life.
This objective of this study is to assess and analyze the effect of COVID-19 on the quality of life
of Kuwait's health care workers. A total of a three hundred and eighty-two health workers from various
health centers and hospitals will be selected and evaluated on their quality of life by answering 26 preset
questions that cover various aspects of an individual’s life. A quality-of-life questionnaire in brief from
World Health Organization (WHOQOL-BREF) will be used. The study will be conducted over eighteen
months.

Contents
Abstract..........................................................................................................................................................................................2
1. Project Background...................................................................................................................................................................4
2. Objectives...................................................................................................................................................................................5
3. Importance.................................................................................................................................................................................6
4. Methods:.....................................................................................................................................................................................6
5. Statistical Analysis.....................................................................................................................................................................7
6. Results.......................................................................................................................................................................................10
7. Discussion.................................................................................................................................................................................11
8. Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................................13
References.....................................................................................................................................................................................15

1. Project Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected everyone’s quality of life, including healthcare workers.
The lockdowns, social isolation and fear of the virus caused a disruption of the normal way of
life worldwide. Additionally, the quality of life of healthcare workers was significantly affected
as many were infected by COVID-19 owing to the fact that they were in the front line fighting
the virus. There is evidence that healthcare workers’ quality of life directly affects the quality of
healthcare services provided (Crawford, 2006). Healthcare workers are at the forefront of
fighting the pandemic. The impact of COVID-19 on the quality of life of healthcare workers
should be assessed and determined to formulate strategies that ensure they have improved quality
of life.
According to the World Health Organization, quality of life is a person’s standard of happiness
based on their perceived position, values, goals, and expectations (WHO, 2004). This means that
quality of life varies and is inclusive of all aspects of a person's life they hold as determinants of
their quality of life (Felce & Perry, 1995). Practicing medicine can be stressful and demanding,
despite it being fulfilling and meaningful to everyone in society (Crawford, 2006). This is
especially so during a pandemic. Healthcare workers have been at the forefront of battling the
COVID-19 virus to ensure everyone's well-being.
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
virus (SARS-CoV-2) (Velavan & Meyer, 2020). The first case was identified in Wuhan, Hubei,
China, in December 2019 before rapidly spreading worldwide, causing the ongoing global
pandemic. As of December 27, 2020, COVID-19 had infected 80,815,253 people worldwide and
caused death in 1,766,796 cases (Roser et al., 2020). The first confirmed COVID-19 case in
Kuwait was announced on February 24, 2020 (Alkhamis et al., 2020). As of December 26, 2020,
confirmed cases of COVID-19 were at 149,653, with 145,579 recoveries and 931 deaths.
(COVID 19 updates, State of Kuwait, 2020)
Pre-Covid period, medical workers were reported to be at a high risk of suicide worldwide. One
in four healthcare professionals reported suffering from anxiety and depression, while one in
three workers reported Insomnia. COVID-19 has stretched the limits of the healthcare systems

globally despite the health workers resilience and dedication to fighting the pandemic. (Karlsson,
2020). Health care workers are among the high-risk group to acquire COVID-19 (Minder &
Peltier, 2020). In addition to being at risk of catching the disease, they fear transmitting it to
vulnerable family members and friends. Therefore, many health care workers preferred to isolate
themselves from their family and social life (Li et al., 2020). The disruption of normalcy, and
unpredictability of COVID-19 causes a strain on people's physical and mental health.
A cohort study to compare the risk of COVID-19 infection rates between patient-facing and non-
patient-facing health workers, and the infection rate for general population was conducted (Shah
et al.., 2020). Patient facing health workers are those face to face with patients while non patient
facing does not have direct contact with patients. This study showed that at the first three months
of the pandemic, the patients facing health workers were three times more likely to be infected
with COVID-19 than non-patient-facing healthcare workers. The infection rate further doubled
among people living with patient-facing workers (Karlsson & Fraenkel, 2020). Data from many
countries across the World shows that around 14% of reported COVID-19 cases were of health
workers despite them being a mere 3% of the population (WHO, 2020)
Recent studies indicate that quality of life is vital for healthcare workers to offer quality
services to patients. Burnout erodes the quality of life, causing decreased professionalism,
increased risk of errors, and promotes early retirement of the health workers (Salyers et al.,
2016). According to Lancet (2020), this indicates the importance of measuring healthcare
workers' quality of life as it is a quality indicator of the entire healthcare system.
2. Objectives
This study seeks to determine quality of life of health care workers in Kuwait during COVID-19
pandemic. by measuring the quality of life among different health workers in primary health
centers and hospitals. This study designed to investigate the four domains of quality of life:
physical health, mental health, social relationship, and environment. The outcome of the study is
intended to evaluate the status of health care worker in Kuwait and provide policy makers with
more needed information to develop and implement the right policies that will help to improve
the quality of life of health care workers and to protect them from fatigue and burnout.
The objectives can be summarized as followed:

 To investigate if COVID-19 has affected the quality of life for the healthcare workers in
Kuwait.
 To provide baseline information of quality of life of health care workers in Kuwait.
3. Importance
Determining the correlation between quality of life and the wellbeing of a health worker is vital
in determining if perception reflects to wellbeing. Wellbeing has been defined as the state of
being happy, physically, mentally, socially and all aspects of living. There are various
inconsistences in research between quality of life and wellbeing with the terms being used
interchangeably (Camfield, & Skevington, 2008). This study helps explain the correlation as the
health workers explain if wellbeing is an indicator of high quality of life or if their quality of life
is independent of their wellbeing. To identify the impact of COVID-19 on the quality of life.
This will help in policy development and effective management of future pandemics.
This study is critical because:
 It explains the correlation between quality of life and general wellbeing of a health
worker.
 It identifies the impact of COVID-19 on the quality of life of healthcare workers in
Kuwait.
 It provides a guide for future developments and improvement of the quality of life of
health care workers in country.
 It provides policy maker with the information needed regarding quality of life of health
workers.
4. Methods
This pilot cross-sectional study was carried out in Kuwait health centers; primary health care
centers and Hospitals using World Health Organization Questionnaires (WHOQOL-BREF).
Procedure and Sample:
In the study, Trained interviewers approached health care workers. After confirming the
eligibility of participation, the study's purpose explained. Consent obtained from all participants,
questionnaire have been filled by participants to ensure accuracy and confidentiality.
Demographic variables administered to the participant along the questionnaire.

WHOQOL_BREF questionnaire is a tool developed by World Health Organization to assess
Quality of Life across different cultural settings (WHO, 2004).
The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire contains two items from overall QOL and general health
and 24 items of satisfaction that divided into four domains: Physical health with 7 items
(DOM1)m physiological health with 6 items (DOM2), social relationship with 3 items (DOM3)
and environmental health with 8 items (DOM4). (Gholami et al., 2016) This brief version is
valid, practical, and best suited for this study (Skevington et al., 2004).
74 staff filled out the English or Arabic version of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Each
item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Each item of the WHOQOL-BREF is scored from 1 to 5
on a response scale. Raw domain scores for the WHOQOL were transformed to a 4-20score
according to guidelines. (WHOQOL-BREF, 1996). Domain scores are scaled in a positive
direction (i.e., higher scores denote higher QOL). The mean score of items within each domain is
used to calculate the domain score.
Dependent and independent variables:
Four domains of WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire were considered as dependent variables. The
other data collected were included sex, age. The age of participants was represented by two
categories of ≤35 year and >35 year. Workplace were categorized to primary care workers and
hospital care workers.
5. Statistical Analysis
Data analysis for this study was carried using SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics performed
including frequencies, percentage, range, means and standard deviations (SD)
Table 1: Characteristic of study population (n=74)
Characteristic N %
Gender Female 46 67.6
Male 22 32.4
Age (year) Valid ≤35 30.6
>35 69.4
Workplace Primary care 30 40.5
Hospital care 44 59.5
Table 2. Descriptive Characteristics of Participants

Age
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Age 72 27 65 41.42 9.478
Gender
Frequency Valid Percent
Valid Female 46 67.6
Male 22 32.4
Total 68 100.0
Mean age by Gender
Age
Gender Mean N Std. Deviation
Female 42.48 46 10.206
Male 39.91 22 8.524
Total 41.65 68 9.706
Work Place
Frequency Valid Percent
Valid Primary Care 30 40.5
Hospital Care 44 59.5
Total 74 100.0
Table 3. Participant’s global evaluation of health and quality of life
How would you rate your quality of life?

Frequency Valid Percent
Valid VERY POOR 2 2.7
POOR 4 5.4
NITHER POOR NOR GOOD 4 5.4
GOOD 54 73.0
VERY GOOD 10 13.5
Total 74 100.0
How satisfied are you with your health?
Frequency Valid Percent
Valid VERY DISSATISFIED 2 2.7
FAIRLY DISSATISTIED 2 2.7
NITHER SSATISFIED NOR
DISSATISFIED
14 18.9
SATISFIED 46 62.2
VERY SATISFIED 10 13.5
Total 74 100.0
Table 4. Participants’ quality of life scores according to their workplace (Independent
sample t-test)
Work Place_ N Mean Std. Deviation P-value
Domain1 Primary Care 28 25.2857 5.40820 .644
Hospital Care 44 24.7727 3.95241
Domain2 Primary Care 28 20.8571 5.19055 .091
Hospital Care 42 22.4762 2.66173
Domain3 Primary Care 28 11.7857 2.46992 .514
Hospital Care 36 11.3889 2.34555
Domain4 Primary Care 30 28.7333 4.86319 .306
Hospital Care 42 27.7143 3.53578
TotalQoL Primary Care 26 86.6154 16.71186 .842
Hospital Care 34 85.9412 8.98801

Table 5. Linear regression analysis predicting participants overall Quality of life score
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Sig.
95.0% Confidence Interval f
B Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound
1 (Constant) 91.278 10.256 .000 70.678 111.879
Gender 1.276 4.440 .775 -7.642 10.194
Age -.181 .232 .439 -.647 .285
Work place -.278 1.488 .853 -3.268 2.711
a. Dependent Variable: TotalQoL
Table 6: Cronbach's Alpha
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha
Cronbach's Alpha
Based on
Standardized
Items N of Items
.769 .769 4
Item-Total Statistics
Scale Mean if
Item Deleted
Scale Variance if
Item Deleted
Corrected Item-
Total Correlation
Squared Multiple
Correlation
Cronbach's Alpha
if Item Deleted
DOMAIN1 62.0000 93.695 .751 .599 .609
DOMAIN2 65.2333 111.707 .576 .439 .712
DOMAIN3 74.7000 121.095 .391 .175 .806
DOMAIN4 58.7667 107.572 .588 .400 .705
6. Results
As per the estimated data it has been observed that in total there are number of people
while have addressed filled out the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire while in this following
study. As there are thirteen questionnaires which attain more than missing data, and technically
as there were number of responded as well that might turn to take this results to affirmative
results. The following characteristic of study, dependent on the number of people who are
indulge in. in order to carry out this following report with the help of tool it was difficult task.

The mean of age of this study targeted communicate was 72 the whole number of
participants were the persons who have at tented this questionnaire with all following persons
forty-six that were female in gender. As per the estimated data there was huge difference in a
number of males and females while this study has taken in order to estimate the data of following
members who were majorly affected through with this following pandemic.
As per the govern estimated data the number of people which were affected due to this
pandemic were children and people who were above 50 age. The significance difference between
age can be termed to be (p<0.001). As in table 2 there was depicts data missing too. Through
estimated data it has been recorded that the number of people which affected due to COVID-19
41.65. the data has been recorded by low floor effect which may range 1 to 16.3 while rest
respondents were likely to report increasing ceiling effects that has been ranged to 2.9 to 38.5. as
in thi8s following Cronbach's alpha coefficient it was being implemented in order to examine the
internal consistency of this following tool which may have scale of many items as well as it also
contains four domains.
It is concluded to be adequate of all following 26 questionnaires in total number of which
arises. The physical health domain, as represented to other health domain as well which can be
psychological, social relationship domain and environmental health domain that may present
inter relation with all following four domains. According to studies it has been estimated that the
health domain of person majorly depends on these four sections. The domain of WHOQOL-
BREF as observed statistically compulsory correlation with in all domain.
In addition, there are also correlation in all questionnaire as well and their score which have
obtained with help of different four domains with the help of tool. As per the data. In the
following the study all four domain score are being compared to carry out research through
questionnaire significant results. As seen in the table 6 the data has been represented by each
domain. As the first, the data has represented that in domain 1 the score which reflect 62. and
another domain second which can reflect the score as 65, and the third one which reflect the
score 74 and last but not least the core which reflected by domain 4 that can be 58. by this scores
it has been understood that either has been huge difference in the number of males as compared
to number of females. The records also reflect that symptoms of Covid-19 that has been made a
void in the existences of people and the world has gotten questionable. This can be termed to be
in number of females who largely affected due to this pandemic.

7. Discussion
As one of major objective which highly focus on the health as well as quality of care and
to evaluate the internal consistency or reliability of following tool which WHOQOL-BREF
questionnaire in health care of staff. As the score of domains majorly depend on the instrument.
As the domain were high. The lower internal consistency can be way attributed which majorly
focus on small number of following questionnaire that can be social relationship domain. As the
health care staff was not allowed to meet to be socially active.
As per government rule it should be mandatory to all staff and employees to follow. As
per studies it has been concluded that Reliability analysis in this case study debits a major role
which work as in to accept internal consistency of WHOQOL-BREF scale for an each of its
particular domain step. Employees needs to wear masks on daily basis, and in the office
premises, it is needed to take into consideration of different tools like taking body temperature of
every single individuals entering at workplace, focusing on testing staff, sanitizing the different
place every half an hour which are touched by the staff members or other individuals. Also,
analyzing the health conditions as well of the individuals and sending them home if any problem
to takes place should be tested every day in order to identify their health conditions. They should
carry own sanitize and mask and should take proper security measures for themselves as well as
for their colleagues, if someone feel sick they should provide paid leaves. Other purpose of this
study was to evaluate and determined to majorly which have focus the QOL of Neyshabur health
care staff with the help of another version that is Iranian of the tool questionnaire. In order to
enhance the basic knowledge which can be firstly observed and studied in the assessing QOL
with addition to centers of health care staff in the Iran. As the tool QOL is an implemented to
measures and can able to use to identify groups and committee with following problems that may
termed to be mental and physical.
As both can take a person in various harmful effective factors. As the mental and physical
health of a person can be estimated and also it can also provide a guideline to intervention and
follow up the lead to evaluate the better plan to overcome from these factors as well. As in this
study there are four domains of WHOQOL-BREF which debit a particular estimation of
following data which can represented highest mean of satisfactions rates was estimated it was
found for DOMI that is physical health and accurate mean that is attain through this following
process.

The indication was not appropriate as the financial resources mainly fluctuate in data
resemblance, the data may predicted to be vary as it is based on daily activities of a person,
decreasing dependency on the usage of medical substances and medical aids as well as enough
amount of energy and less amount of mobility, decreased pain and may can be termed to be
discomfort as well, and most significant factors for maiontian9ing good health either physical
and mentally by following appropriate routine of enough sleep, rest and capacity with following
of good work. Furthermore, the least mean score was to represent DM04 that is environmental
shield that can be termed to be mean which is not equal to other factors as compared to other
domains score. For the observation of social bonds and correlations domain 3 has been carry out
to observe. It is concluded by the author that the questions which are arises questionnaires that
might in collaboration with many concerns and interpretations of questions which are
implemented in this following domain which may have small amounts of questions as well. The
statics and mean scores of following four domains were differently and significant. The most
difference is estimated and observed between all four following domain, as it is seen Table 4 and
in Table 5 the mean score of the satisfaction rating of following all Domain 1, Domain 2,
Domain 3 do consist higher number of males than females but this difference tend to be based on
the statistical compulsory as in Domain 2 it has been calculated the mental health has been
considered and provided as to be important factors.
As the data devise that mental health of number of people has been affected due to
chronic issues of corona virus and by home lock too. In the field of health care department as it
become tough to provide assistance to others along with their particular own health. COVID -19
has created a void in the lives of individuals and the world has become very uncertain.
Individuals are at a high risk and everyone wants to ensure their safety in order to protect
themselves and their families from the spread of the virus. Some other factors which have
involved in the case of psychological health that can delivery, pregnancy, milking, home making
etc. that is need to more analyses and observe. As in this study, item 4 in responded has upper
mean score which is higher than usual and total number of items were not tend to be constant.
Multiple liner regression has been implemented in Table 5 which has been used to observe the
chronic and complex stages of virus is not most significant factor that tend to affect QOL of
study in targeted population. People's managers `need to patiently deal with the employees

feeling the fear and discomfort due to the epidemic and the human resource department are
facing numerous challenges and difficulties in order to align their functions towards the same.
8. Conclusion
The attained findings and data from this following study, that may confirm that the
WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire is most reliable tool and instrument that helpful to measure the
quality of life as well as it also conducted in order to establish concern of care among following
staff. The mortality rate in Kuwait was proved to harmful and dangerous as the people and
government was not assure about disease, when other countries and even states started
concerning due to this pandemic, so that the citizens and government passed guidelines top
health care professional to generate care, prevention and control on the contagious virus. The
data which have appeared that Neyshabur health care staff have WHOQOL-BREF estimated and
observed data that can be termed to be accomplished task and can able to describe the quality of
life and care.
Hence it is study which can circulate the enough awareness of Covid-19. The unexpected
misfortune created several problems for each and every one. Even the sudden shift in work
culture created a chaos, which affected all over world and thus, it has brought new challenges
and endless issues. The top most concern of professionals HR are to provide the right
communication channels for them, various tools for remote work and keeping all employees
engaged. Due to the ongoing pandemic, the health care department around the world or globally,
were facing numerous challenges and associated challenges. In order to deal with this situation
and complex situation, it was very essential for the human resource department to enhance the
effectiveness of their operations and facilitate in coping up and overcoming from these outcomes
by person centered care, following acre plans, maintaining their mental health-care as well. As it
has been directed through number of author and researched that assumed harmful effects of
corona virus can lead a person to deal with harmful effects and can lead a person to rate of
mortality.

References
Books and Journals
Alkhamis, M. A., Al Youha, S., Khajah, M. M., Haider, N. B., Alhardan, S., Nabeel, A., ... & Al-
Sabah, S. K. (2020). Spatiotemporal dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic in the State of
Kuwait. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 98, 153-160.
doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.078.
Camfield, L., & Skevington, S. M. (2008). On subjective well-being and quality of life. Journal
of health psychology, 13(6), 764-775. doi.org/10.1177/1359105308093860
COVID 19 updates, State of Kuwait. https://corona.e.gov.kw/en. Retrieved on December 26,
2020
Crawford, R. (2006). Health as a meaningful social practice. Health:, 10(4), 401-420.
doi.org/10.1177/1363459306067310
Felce, D., & Perry, J. (1995). Quality of life: Its definition and measurement. Research in
developmental disabilities, 16(1), 51-74. doi.org/10.1016/0891-4222(94)00028-8
Gholami, A., Jahromi, L. M., Zarei, E., & Dehghan, A. (2013). Application of WHOQOL-BREF
in Measuring Quality of Life in Health-Care Staff. International journal of preventive
medicine, 4(7), 809–817.
Karlsson, U., & Fraenkel, C. J. (2020). COVID-19: risks to healthcare workers and their
families. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3944
Keep health workers safe to keep patients safe: WHO. (2020, September 17). World Health
Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/17-09-2020-keep-health-workers-safe-to-
keep-patients-safe-who . Retrieved on January 24, 2021.
Lancet, T. (2020). COVID-19: protecting healthcare workers. Lancet (London, England),
395(10228), 922.
Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 epidemic
declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. International
journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 2032.
doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
Minder, R., & Peltier, E. (2020, March 24). Coronavirus in Europe: Thousands of Health
Workers Out of Action. The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/world/europe/coronavirus-europe-covid-
19.html.Retrieved on December 23, 2020
Peretz, P. J., Islam, N., & Matiz, L. A. (2020). Community health workers and Covid-19—
addressing social determinants of health in times of crisis and beyond. New England
Journal of Medicine, 383(19), e108. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp2022641
Roser, M., Ritchie, H., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Hasell, J. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)–
Statistics and research. Our World in data. Retrieved on December 30, 2020.
Salyers, M. P., Bonfils, K. A., Luther, L., Firmin, R. L., White, D. A., Adams, E. L., & Rollins,
A. L. (2016). The Relationship Between Professional Burnout and Quality and Safety in
Healthcare: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 32(4), 475–482.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-016-3886-9
Shah, A. S. V., Wood, R., Gribben, C., Caldwell, D., Bishop, J., Weir, A., Kennedy, S., Reid,
M., Smith-Palmer, A., Goldberg, D., McMenamin, J., Fischbacher, C., Robertson, C.,
Hutchinson, S., McKeigue, P., Colhoun, H., & McAllister, D. A. (2020). Risk of hospital

admission with coronavirus disease 2019 in healthcare workers and their households:
nationwide linkage cohort study. BMJ, m3582. doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3582
Skevington, S. M., Lotfy, M., & O'Connell, K. A. (2004). The World Health Organization's
WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the
international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group. Quality of life Research,
13(2), 299-310. doi: 10.1023/B:QURE.0000018486.91360.00.
Velavan, T. P., & Meyer, C. G. (2020). The COVID‐19 epidemic. Tropical medicine &
international health, 25(3), 278. doi: 10.1111/tmi.13383
World Health Organization. (2004). The world health organization quality of life (WHOQOL)-
BREF (No. WHO/HIS/HSI Rev. 2012.02). World Health Organization.
World Health Organization's. Quality of Life group: WHOQOL-sBREF Introduction.
Administrationand Scoring. Field Trial version. 1996