RES0001 Research Skills Portfolio: Analyzing Crime & Development

This report analyzes the impact of crime on socio-economic development, focusing on the burdens of residential neighborhood crime and the broader impacts on socio-economic factors. It summarizes key findings from two articles, comparing their purposes, methodologies, and results. The first article assesses the burdens of residential neighborhood crime, highlighting its effects on property investment, residential mobility, and fear among residents. The second article examines the impacts of crime on socio-economic development, identifying various types of crimes and their consequences on society, including mental stress, physical harm, and loss of trust. The report concludes by emphasizing the need for government intervention to reduce crime rates and improve the quality of life, while also noting the negative impacts on national economies and neighborhood stability. Desklib provides access to similar reports and solved assignments for students.

Research Skills PORTOFOLIO

Table of Contents
SECTION A.....................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
BACKGROUND:........................................................................................................................3
Presentation of both articles:.......................................................................................................4
SECTION B.....................................................................................................................................6
Summary of key finding from both articles.................................................................................6
Comparison between academic papers including purpose, methodology and results.................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

SECTION A
INTRODUCTION
The impact of Crime and its exposure towards the local society is highly negative.
Occurrence of crime and its impact towards the society would lead to cause the creation of threat
in the society and the people. With the aspect of crime both the human as well as financial
resources would be affected which will lead to have further negative impact towards the society
and the economy of UK too. The government of UK spend billions of pounds in order to deal
with the consequences of the crime. This shows that if the level of crime will raise then it will
lead to have a major impact towards the UK in terms of less availability of money for meeting
the needs of the other sector like the education and healthcare (Folorunsho and Rufus, 2017).
Along with costing towards the economy of UK the crime also cost at an individual level
wherein an individual would be affected in terms of loss of money. in the same way the repeated
exposure of crime would lead to cause a negative impact towards the health outcome too wherein
with the occurrence of crime the health in respect to mental stress, tension, and other aspect
would be impacted.
BACKGROUND:
Before talking about crime in society, it is important to analyse the meaning of both the
terms first. Crime is the act which is prohibited by law. Societies are the places where people
lives in. crimes if committed leads to serious implications on societies. Crime have become a
major part of the society and communities as well. The effect of crime are widely varied and are
short term as well. Costs of crimes are significant to societies. The ultimate cost of crime is life.
Some costs of crime is less tangible (Hillyard and Tombs, 2021). These costs involve such as
pain and suffering. Crime does not cost only affects society but to the economic productivity as
well. Communities suffer from crime as well. Some other costs might involve the victim’s
property loss, income loss and medical costs. Costs are not limited to that only. People spend
huge amounts of money in order to avoid being victimised. Some costs include people being
fearful every time for crime moving towards a new neighbourhood, loss of attendance at work or
school, legal fees and funeral expenses.
Some consequences of crime involves the communities being effected by crimes of drug
abuse, prostitution and gambling as well (Garofalo, 1981). Crimes such as drug abuse causes

further crimes like use of public money for drugs or medical attention which in return leads to
criminal activities such as supporting habits of crime. People have to spend huge amounts of
money towards jails, treatment programs as well courts including the salaries of all the staff
which is spend from the public money (Thaler, 1978). As a result the community productivity
deceases. Crime affects economic productivity as when the victim miss their work hours. As a
result, work and productivity at work suffers. Not only that crimes traumatises the victims and
victims becomes unable to get through the incident for a long time. Some impacts lasts longer
and can have a life long effect.
Presentation of both articles:
The chosen articles are as follows:
Topic-1: “Assessment of the burdens of residential neighbourhood crime”
Topic-2: “Impacts of crime on Socio-Economic Development”
Assessment of the burdens of residential neighbourhood crime
The article present the crime as the primary reason for security problems which confronts
humanity in all across the world. It states that the crime is a phenomenon which has always been
an integral part of human society. The crime have many forms such as drug trafficking, human
trafficking, kidnapping, robbery, rape, traffic offence or homicides etc. The criminal activities
affect the growth and development of countries in all around the world. The article revolves
around the crimes in all over the world (Felson, Boba, 2010). The article represents the causes of
crimes as it is believed that there are various causes of crimes. One of the reason of crime
identified is that there is a huge gap in the rich and poor pressure, greed as well as inadequate
crime control models in national security. The article puts emphasis that the societal factors such
as poverty, family stability, demographic considerations and poverty as well (Canberra:
Australian Institute of Criminology). The article also argues that no one is a born criminal. The
factors of societies and situation makes the individual a criminal. Some major reasons of crime
according to this article are as follows:
 Unemployment
 Lack of education

 Income inequalities
 Poverty
 Injustice
 Use of illicit drugs
 Low self esteem
As per the article, there are various types of crimes such as personal crimes, cybercrimes,
statutory crimes and inchoate crimes. The other author states the crimes into classified such as
property crimes, white collar crimes, cyber-crime, organized crimes, juvenile delinquency,
victimless crimes and violation of public security crimes (Cullen, Levitt, 1999). It also explain
the impact of crimes as well such as impact on economic growth, impact on health and impacts
on financial aspects of economy as well.
Impacts of crime on Socio-Economic Development
The article focus more on the negative consequences faced by neighborhood crimes. It explains
the crime in the form of larceny, theft, rape, homicide, robbery, vandalism and burglary etc. Due
to these crimes, people have to leave their homes and residency. Property crimes in residential
neighborhood impact negatively to the property investment (Jargowsky, 1996). The article have
divided the crime into categories such as victim costs, costs on expenditure on courts, prisons
and police, crime career costs, intangible costs and community justice system as well. The article
states the effects of crimes such as follows:
 Crime induced production impacts
 Transfer i.e. fraudulent money from theft
 Opportunity costs (Dugan, 1999)
 Value of risks to life and health
The article also explains the nature of residential neighborhood crimes. The prevention of crime
have been issued as an urban public issue due to poverty and housing shortage. The article
explains the residential burger as the illegal entry into someone else’s property (Tita, Petras and

Greenbaum, 2006). These kinds of crimes affect the residents a lot as many people move to other
cities and countries due to the trauma crimes cause. It makes them to not feel safe. The
immediate neighbor also gets affects by crime as well. Government activities and societies as
well as the other neighbors also gets affected negatively by neighborhood crimes. It effects the
real estate business as well as the neighborhood crimes impacts the housing process of those
properties as well. Neighborhood crimes effects the indirect and direct costs of in the whole
nation. The aggregate costs of crime are associated with criminal activities while the incidental
costs are included in aggregate costs of crimes (Grabosky, 1995).
SECTION B
Summary of key finding from both articles
The article has helped in finding that residential neighbour crime impacts negatively on
the immediate environment such as leading residential mobility and discouraging property
investment and creating fear in mind of people. Its soaring trend especially in the developing
nations that is use of police, court, and prison is still worrisome concern. Likewise, it has
revealed triangular nature of the consequences such as first it have burden or impact on
environment or property, secondly on the government and its agency and third on residential. For
examples, with increase in number of crime the resident have psychological effect of fear or they
are being afraid of things (Jaliliyan, Heydari 2014). It has also lead in increased family budget as
they started investing in safety and security of their home so that no individual can cause harm to
their health and well being. Along with that, health impairment, loss of life and unproductive are
various impact of crime on the residential, so steps must be encountered by government to
improve the lifestyle of people through reducing the crime rate. Second impact that crime have is
on government that is Reduced income from property tax, increasing overall expenditure in
hiring talented policy work force that is ready to ensure safety of individual. Hence, it has
negatively impacted on national economy through increasing the overall cost. While, the third
sector that has been impacted is neighbourhood that is Effect on property investment, loss to real
estate, more residential mobility with increase in fear of crime and threat to their life.
The another article has contributed in finding information related to impact of crime on social
development. It has helped in extracting useful insight related to type of crimes such as robbery,
drug trafficking, kidnapping, traffic offence, corruption, banditry, rape, drugs abuse, murder,

assault and stalking among others. Influence of peer group, poverty and unemployment and
discrimination are different reason that lead in increasing number of crime cases within the
society. So, it is a strong relationship between crime and development as no society can
developed without happening of crime (Osawe, (2015). It lead in causing mental stress, physical
harm and injury to people living within the society or loss of trust within the society that it will
have peace and security for their life. Likewise, it increases fear and tension among people that
they may be caused harm in any of the circumstances which influence them to shift in other
countries. Hence, it results in creating challenges in making of peaceful society where people
can live happily and satisfied.
Comparison between academic papers including purpose, methodology and results
PURPOSE
The purpose of the article is to gathered relevant information pertaining to “Impacts of
Crime on Socio-Economic Development”, so that necessary strategies could be planned by
government to reduce crime rate at maximum extend. In another words, the study aims at analyse
the manifestation of crime the world while keeping in mind intimating government of all
countries so the firm have control overall all the criminal activities that are happening within the
society (Mahofa, Sundaram and Edwards, 2016).
While the aim of article is to critically evaluate the consequences of residential
neighbourhood crime on society or people living in nearby areas. Likewise, it has helped in
understanding the cost of property crime on urban settlements, what is link between the crime
happening in near area on property value and other (Linden, Rockoff, 2008). It also wants to
assess the relationship between fear of crime and residents’ health and cost of crime to the
society and government.
METHODOLOGY
For the article first the scholar has make use of literature review of scientific journals and
reports method to gathered relevant information pertaining to impact of crime on socio-economic
development. It has make use of secondary source to accumulate more information that is it
make use of both published and unpublished works because the study is descriptive method
only. The benefits of making use of secondary research method by author is that it can be
conducted more quickly and at a lesser cost (Jackson and Gouseti, 2015). As it just have to
review the existing information and included the necessary detail in study to summarise the

finding and take associated decision. Furthermore, it have advantage that Wide Range of
Information can be accessed pertaining to the topics as many researcher has already published
material related to the same. On the contrary hand, making use of secondary research method is
not good as researcher may not get relevant information as per its specific needs. Such as
researcher wants to have information related to impact of crime on society and economy only.
Moreover, the different method that has been utilised for second article are combination
of qualitative and review of related literature related to impact of residential neighbourhood
crime. For qualitative method, the researcher has make use of observations and interview that has
helped in accumulating point of view of each individual related to whether the neighbourhood
crime impact society and its resident or not. The advantage of making use of qualitative method
is that it helps in getting in depth insight related to the study. It also allows great deal of
flexibility. While, researcher are responsible for creating question and derive necessary
information so it may have chances of biases hence affecting the results of study. Interview of n
adults (working class) has been conducted by making use of snowball method that specify 47
respondents effects of RNC (Cozens 2015). Apart from this, different databases has been utilised
for gathering information from secondary sources such as SAGE journal online, Scopus,
Emerald, ScienceDirect and Ebscohost. Therefore, the aim of making use of secondary research
method is to critically analysis the previous studies in order to validate the burden of residential
neighborhood crime on government, residential and its intermediate environment.
RESULTS
The “Impacts of Crime on Socio-Economic Development” article has helped in
finding out there are several cause of crime within the society and they have negatively impact
on overall growth and development of society. Such as poverty, family consideration, lack of
education, unemployment, unfair justice system, deprivation, drugs and politics are various
factor that lead in happening crime within the society. Furthermore, it helps in extracting that
only those individual do crime that have desire to become luxury or want to feel respected,
honour and have more money. If the government does not take important steps to reducing the
crime rate within the society that it will result in causing destabilize the peace and security of the
society (Impacts of Crime on Socio-Economic Development, 2021). Hence, it is emphasis that
government must take steps to identified causes of crime and alternative method that could be

used to reduce the crime rate within the society. In addition to this, income inequality and
poverty are the main leading causes that has resulted in increasing number of crime within the
society. Rich and wealthy people are also committed to crime through denial among other and
tax evasion. Therefore, the political leaderships of all countries must ensure equitable
distribution of wealth and resources among the population living within the society.
On the other hand, the article of “ASSESSMENT OF THE BURDENS OF
RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD CRIME” has helped in finding that residential
neighbourhood crime lead in causing emotional psychology of fear. Results section has
discussed that it have effects on Residents, immediate neighbourhood and government activities
and the society. Such as it lead in negative impact on real estates transaction as people are less
interested to live in place that have more crime rate because of threat of life. Furthermore, the
rate of crime vary as per the other neighbourhood amenities or resources available within the
society (ASSESSMENT OF THE BURDENS OF RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
CRIME, 2017). Crime also results in increasing expenditure in procuring skilled and qualified
police, framing new policies and many others. At the same time, it lead in understanding that
crime results in reduction of government revenue accruable from property tax and many more.
Likewise, it is been estimated that the burden of crime to US government is risk of life and
health at $574 billion and induced production gulped $397 billion, so it cause loss to overall
society.
CONCLUSION
From the two paper it can be summarised that residential neighbourhood crime have
direct consequences on resident, immediate environment and government of the country.
Government should pay meaningful attention to the consequences of residential neighbourhood
crime in order to boost housing investment and promote sustainability of housing environment.
There are number of benefits that society have gained through tackling residential
neighbourhood crime such as increase in government revenue, elimination of abnormal
residential mobility, reduction in government spending and fear among people.
While the second article has summarised key points pertaining to types, causes and
effects of crime on socio-economic development of the society. Likewise, it lead in
understanding that there are numerous factor that lead in promoting crime within the society such
as unemployment, discrimination, influence of peer groups and many more. In short Crime

hinders economic growth, instils fear and tension. It has also covered key point related to type of
crime that is rape, burglary, murder, kidnapping and arson that mainly happen against property,
society and person. Hence, the article has suggested that government should lay emphasis on
improving the condition of people through ensuring equal distribution of capital or sources of
income for individual living within the society.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Cozens, P. 2015. Crime and Community Safety. The Routledge Handbook of Planning for
Health and Well-Being: Shaping a sustainable and healthy future.
Cullen, J. B., S. D.Levitt, 1999. Crime, urban flight, and the consequences for cities. Review of
economics and statistics. 81(2): 159-169.
Dugan, L. 1999. The effect of criminal victimization on a household's moving decision*.
Criminology. 37(4): 903-930.
Felson, M., R. L .Boba, 2010 (Eds.) Crime and everyday life. Sage.
Folorunsho, M.A and Rufus, A. A. 2017. Crime Rate and Firm Entry in Nigeria. Amity Business
Review, Vol. 18, No. 1
Garofalo, J. 1981 The fear of crime: Causes and consequences. The Journal of Criminal
Law and Criminology (1973). 72(2):839 -857
Grabosky P. 1995. Burglary prevention. Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice no. 49.
Hillyard, P. and Tombs, S., 2021. Beyond criminology?. In The Palgrave Handbook of Social
Harm (pp. 11-36). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Jackson, J and Gouseti, I. 2015. Threatened by Violence: Affective and Cognitive Reactions to
Violent Victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 31(18).
Doi:10.1177/0886260515584336 Jenny, (2017). Marginalization and Violence.
Jaliliyan, M., M. Heydari 2014 Crime cost kinds and their assessing methods. Kuwait Chapter of
Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review Vol. 4 (1):113- 124.
Jargowsky, P. A. 1996 Beyond the street corner: The hidden diversity of high-poverty
neighborhoods. Urban Geography. 17(7): 579-603.
Linden, L., J.E. Rockoff, 2008 Estimates of the impact of crime risk on property values from
Megan's Laws. The American Economic Review, 98(3):.1103-1127
Mahofa, G., Sundaram, A and Edwards, L. 2016. Impact of Crime on Firm Entry: Evidence from
South Africa. ERSA working paper 652. Retrieved from: https://www.econrsa.org/system
/files/publications/working_pap ers/working_paper_652.pdf
market. Journal of Urban Economics. 5(1):137-145
Osawe, C.O. 2015. Increase Wave of Violent Crime and Insecurity: A Threat to Socio-Economic
Development in Nigeria. OSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
Volume 20, Issue 1, Ver. IV.
Thaler, R. 1978 A note on the value of crime control: evidence from the property
Tita, G. E., T.L Petras, R. T. Greenbaum, 2006 Crime and residential choice: a neighborhood
level analysis of the impact of crime on housing prices. Journal of Quantitative
Criminology. 22(4):299-317.
Online
ASSESSMENT OF THE BURDENS OF RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD CRIME, 2017,
[Online]. Available Through :<file:///home/user/Downloads/112-442-1-PB.pdf>.
Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
<http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/3/5/D/%7B35D86CDD-F1C5-4F1B-BC85-
378662CF6930%7Dti49.pdf>.
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Impacts of Crime on Socio-Economic Development, 2021, [Online]. Available
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