Impact of Victimization on People Other Than the Primary Victim

1. Effect of victimisation on people other than the primary victimisation
Before discussing impact of victimisation or crimes on people, it is important to
understand the actual meaning of crime. In this regard, it can be said that it refers an action that
is being done by an individual that is against the law of country. Any act that can hurt others and
are prohibited to do. In week 11, impact of crimes has been discussed. In this week, effect of
crime on community and third person has been discussed. Neighbourhoods are collection of
individual residents. In this week, impacts of victimisation on society members have been
discussed. It has shown that crimes rate increases fear among society members.
It is characterised by low socioeconomic status and residential stability. Crimes affect the
whole community and neighbourhood along with the primary victim. For example: kidnapper
kidnap a girl of one rich family that lives in a posh area (Mulder, Pemberton and Vingerhoets,
2020). Kidnapper demands for money and threaten her family that if they do not give demanded
money then they will kill her daughter. This crime affects that girl and her family. But along with
this, this crime will affect the whole community and neighbours of that family as they will also
frighten with this act. They will not allow their children to go out lonely and it will increase fear
among them. So, on the basis and characteristics, discussed in week 11, it can be said that
victimisation has great impact on people other than primary victims.
Primary victimisation
In week 10 as well as in week 6, introduction on victimisation has been discussed. On
the basis of content and learning of week 6, it can be said that primary victim is the one who has
directly been involved in crime or an accident. Death and effect on victim of crimes is a direct
result of primary victimisation. In other words, it can be said that primary victim refers a person
against whom violent crime has beessn done and gets affected the most than others.

Victim satisfaction within the criminal justice system
Criminal justice system of Australia is effective and on the basis of survey as well as
learning, it is found that women, who take advantages of criminal justice system, are more likely
to have positive outcomes. Women tend to be more satisfied when community based agencies
and criminal justice system collaborate their efforts. in addition, it is also found that victim
satisfaction can be improved when staff at service agencies listen to victims’ incidents and
provide them with services that are suitable and helpful.
Victims’ movement
In regard to victims’ movement and victims’ rights it can be said that it includes right to
restitution and right to speak at criminal justice proceeding. As per the victims’ movement,
primary victims can seek for fair decision and punishment for criminals. Basic principles of
justice for victims of crime has been declared. ACTIP is responsible community aged care
program that provide clear obligations for ASEAN member states in order to protect rights of
trafficking victims.
Victims’ impact statement
Victims’ impact statements refer a written as well as spoken statement that discusses
impacts of crimes on primary and secondary victims. It also discusses some harms that victims
suffer from. These harms that are included in victims’ impact statement include: emotional,
physical, economic and psychological effects. This statement affect sentencing.
Vicarious trauma
It is an emotional residue of exposure that counsellors have when they work with victims
and listen their trauma stories. On the basis of victims’ trauma stories, such counsellors become
evidence to pain and terror that victims have endured.

Functional/dysfunctional effects of fear of crime
Fear of crime can be discussed as fear of being victim of crime. it can be differentiated
into behaviours and public feelings about person risks. Fear of crimes has number of functional
as well as dysfunctional effects. One of the main impact that crimes have on people other than
primary victims is negative physical and economic consequences such as: brain damage and
depression. It changes their behaviours towards others. People do not trust anyone when crimes
happen with their closed ones and members in their societies. It affects females to the great
extent as due to fear of kidnapping and other crimes, their parents do not allow them to go
outside (Fisseland Reyns, 2020).
Victimisation risks
Victimisation refers an act of treating someone badly and committing crimes that affect others.
There are number of risk factors for victimisation such as: high risk sexual behaviour,
unemployment and others. On the basis of content of learning it is found that there is a link
between lifestyle and victimisation risks. Educated and individuals with low risk for
victimisation are more likely to aware of their surroundings and avoid dangerous situations. but
unemployment, fear of crimes and depression risks of victimisation affect people to the great
extent.
Criminal justice reform
Due to increasing rate of crimes, CBA has made decision of criminal justice reform.
Criminal justice reform has number of benefits such as savings and fewer crimes. Criminal
justice reform has become a dire necessity. Some areas that have been selected for reform
include: discriminatory sentencing, police brutality and others. By doing so crimes rates can be
decreased.

2. Victimisation that occur more than once
There are number of crimes that happen more than once and twice. The reason behind
repeated crimes is poor implementation of laws and regulations. Lack of strict punishments.
There are some examples of crimes or victimisation that occur more than once include: theft,
theft from vehicle, assault, theft of vehicle and others. For all these types of crimes, there is poor
regulations and lack of strict regulations. Criminals know police caught them then they will be
bailed easily with some amount of penalty and 5-10 days of imprisonment. In week 6, some
different types of crimes has been discussed along with their intensity or prevalence rate. Vehicle
theft was: 87%, assault with weapon was around 51%, robbery was: 61%burglary was: 71% and
theft was around 34%.
Repeat or multiple victimisations:
Week 8 has discussed main terms that define repeat victimisation. it is all about same
offence that happen soon after one offence. When one person suffers more than one criminal act
over a short period of time then it is also known as repeat victimisation. Some authors say that it
is all about bad luck when one person gets affected again and again with crimes. In US there are
5.9% of young people who become repeated thefts (Brown, Sanciand Hegarty, 2021).
Re-Victimisation
When victimisation or crimes lead severe or additional trauma to victim then it is called
victimisation. It is also connected with repeat victimisation. Sexual abuse is the main type of
repeat victimisation. Child abuse is also considered as re victimisation that leads mental health