Indian Ocean Dipole and Its Impact on Weather of Victoria

Solution (a):
The system science can be defined as an interdisciplinary field in which various topics are
studied such as, system complexity in nature, social and other scientific field. Some of the
system science methods involve agent-based modelling, system dynamics modelling, micro-
simulation and the big data methods ("Systems Science").
The hydrological cycle system operates as an outcome for the surplus of incoming radiation
and the back radiation. On that basis, if the cycle of system involves in the energy changes at
the catchment scale then the hydrological cycle is an open system and if the hydrological
cycle operates in terms of moisture movement then it is a closed system. This closed system
involves in the transfer and the transformation of the water which is the major concern of the
hydrologist (DOOGE, n.d.).
Solution (b):
Indian Ocean dipole and its impact on weather of Victoria:
Indian Ocean dipole can be elaborated as the difference between in sea surface temperature
between the eastern and the western Indian Ocean. In other terms, it can be defined by the
difference in sea surface temperature between two dipoles or poles or areas, in which one
pole is the Arabian sea, which can be termed as western Indian ocean and another one is the
eastern pole, which can be termed as eastern Indian Ocean south of Indonesia.
The IOD affects the weather of Australia region and other nearby countries which surround
the Indian Ocean basin. It is a main contributor of rainfall variability in this area. When the
position of the dipole is in a positive phase then SSTs around Indonesia are cooler than the
average value while SSTs in the western Indian Ocean are warmer than the normal value.
There is an increment in the easterly winds across the Indian Ocean in connection with the
SST pattern. The convection reduces in the nearby region of Australia. It causes an outcome
as suppressed rainfall over the Australian area, with 3-4 rainfall for the SWLD ("Climate
drivers of the South West Land Division", 2019).
Frontal System and its impact on weather of Victoria: