A critique of racism as stated by Frantz Fanon Research 2022

Running head: DISSERTATION
A critique of racism as stated by Frantz Fanon and how it impacts the field of tourism
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Abstract
The aim of this research is to understand how the issue of racism arisen as a result of the colonial
times and its dominating presence in the post-colonial times by analyzing its impact on the
tourism industry of the world. The first chapter lays down the research objectives and the
research questions that this work tries to understand and explain. Chapter two tries to examine
the different secondary sources of literature that are consulted with in order to understand the
aim of the research in a comprehensive manner. To this regard, the different journals, academic
articles and books have been consulted with in order to derive the necessary information.
Chapter three discusses about the different methodologies that are followed in the course of the
work for the effective execution of the research study. In this regard, the researcher has under
taken the positivist research philosophy and deductive research approach in order to take a
scientific point of view of the study under consideration. Furthermore, descriptive research
design has been utilized in order to explain the different factors that affect the issue of racism
and to explore the situations whereby racism affects the field of tourism. Chapter four draws on
several themes which is related with the book published by Frantz Fanon titled “Black Skin,
White Masks”. In this chapter, the researcher tries to understand the themes of racism and how it
grabbed a central place within the human society as a result of the colonial period and its impact
on the society. Furthermore, this chapter also draws the important theme of how racism has
affected the field of tourism as observed in the twenty first century. Chapter five analyzes the
information observed in the literature review section and correlated it with the different themes
established in chapter four of the research study. This chapter examines the aim and purpose of
the research. Chapter six is the concluding chapter of this research study. In this chapter, the
research enunciates on the concluding statement and tries to link the objectives of the research

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with the entire research study. This chapter also provides certain recommendations which seeks
to gradually abolish the social evil of racism, not only for the betterment of the social conditions
of the community and protect the human rights of the people, but also to improve the field of
tourism.

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................4
1.0 Over view...............................................................................................................................4
1.1 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................5
1.2 Research Aim.........................................................................................................................6
1.3 Research Objectives...............................................................................................................6
1.4 Research Questions................................................................................................................6
1.5 Research Rationale................................................................................................................7
1.6 Research Structure.................................................................................................................7
1.7 Summary................................................................................................................................9
Chapter 2: Literature review..........................................................................................................10
2.0 Over view.............................................................................................................................10
2.1 Conceptual Framework........................................................................................................10
2.2 Concept of the ‘self’............................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Rise of the human civilization......................................................................................11
2.2.2 Concept of culture.........................................................................................................12
2.2.3 Importance of culture....................................................................................................13
2.2.4 Rise of the idea of ‘self’................................................................................................14
2.3 Concept of the ‘other’..........................................................................................................15
2.3.1 Division of the ‘other’ into various categories.............................................................18

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2.4 Ideas of the ‘self’ and the ‘other’ in the opinion of Frantz Fanon.......................................20
2.4.1 Black Skin, White Masks.............................................................................................21
2.5 Influence of the ideas of the ‘self’ and the ‘other’ on the field of tourism..........................24
2.6 Summary..............................................................................................................................25
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................26
3.0 Over view.............................................................................................................................26
3.1 Research Outline..................................................................................................................26
3.2 Research Philosophy............................................................................................................26
3.2.1 Application of the positivism research philosophy......................................................27
3.3 Research Approach..............................................................................................................27
3.3.1 Application of deductive research approach.................................................................27
3.4 Research Design..................................................................................................................28
3.4.1 Application of the descriptive research design.............................................................28
3.5 Research Strategy................................................................................................................28
3.5.1 Application of case study research strategy..................................................................29
3.6 Data collection process........................................................................................................29
3.6.1 Application of secondary data collection process........................................................29
3.7 Data analysis technique.......................................................................................................30
3.7.1 Application of the qualitative data analysis technique.................................................30
3.8 Ethical Considerations.........................................................................................................30

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3.9 Accessibility Issues..............................................................................................................31
3.10 Summary............................................................................................................................32
Chapter 4: Data Findings...............................................................................................................33
4.0 Over view.............................................................................................................................33
4.1 Emergence of colonialism and the rise of the idea of racism..............................................33
4.1.1 Emergence of colonialism............................................................................................33
4.1.2 Rise of the idea of racism.............................................................................................35
4.2 Nature of the field of tourism in the post-colonial world....................................................36
4.2.1 Meaning of tourism.......................................................................................................37
4.2.2 Tourism through the lens of post colonialism..............................................................37
4.3 Tourism as affected by racism in the contemporary time period........................................39
4.3.1 Reasons for the existence of racism in the field of tourism..........................................39
4.3.2 Impact of racism on the field of tourism......................................................................41
4.4 Summary..............................................................................................................................43
Chapter 5: Discussion....................................................................................................................44
5.0 Over view.............................................................................................................................44
5.1 Theme 1: The rise of racism during the period of colonialism............................................44
5.2 Theme 2: The presence of racism in the contemporary world order...................................47
5.3 Theme 3: Impact of racism on the field of tourism.............................................................49
5.4 Summary..............................................................................................................................51

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Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation...............................................................................53
6.0 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................53
6.1 Linking with objectives.......................................................................................................53
6.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................55
6.3 Future scope of the study.....................................................................................................57
References:....................................................................................................................................59

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Over view
The issue of racialism has been observed to be in existence in the human society since
times immemorial (Assari et al. 2017). At the dawn of the human civilization, such forms of
racialism did not take an aggressive discriminatory status and people were accepted along with
their physical differences. However, this issue took a turn after the introduction of the era of
colonialism. The main characteristic feature about the colonial time period was the forceful
subjugation of the people of the developing and under developed parts of the world by the
imperial masters belonging to the advanced developed countries of the world (Joly 2017). In this
respect, it can be noticed that they justified their desire to rule over such native states of the
world because of their superior military capability. Furthermore, they even stated that the ‘white’
skin toned people had the right to rule over the ‘black’ skin toned people as it was widely
believed that the ‘black’ ethnic population did not have the necessary political skills to organize
their social structures in an effective manner (Bell 2018).
This aspect of racialism is seen to be prevalent even in the contemporary time period of
the twenty first century. Racialism has rapidly emerged as one of the concerning social evil
negatively impacting the entire global world order (Dovidio, Gaertner and Pearson 2017). This in
turn, has posed several challenges to the issue of tourism. Tourism implies the migration of
people from one place to another for a short duration of time usually for undertaking a leisure
activity. The idea of tourism has taken a strong foot hold in the society in the globalized world
order and as a result of this, it is observed that people now migrate to other places crossing their
national territorial boundaries. In this context, it can be seen that although people are desirous of