Roles of Managers in Implementing Change Management in the Air Traffic Control System Research 2022

Roles of Managers in Implementing Change Management in the Air Traffic Control
System

Table of Contents
Executive summary..............................................................................................................................iii
Chapter 1: Introduction.........................................................................................................................iv
1.1 Research background............................................................................................................iv
1.2 Research aim and objectives.................................................................................................vi
1.3 Research questions................................................................................................................vi
1.4 Problem statement................................................................................................................vii
1.5 Research motivation.............................................................................................................vii
1.6 Research hypothesis............................................................................................................viii
1.7 Research Limitations...........................................................................................................viii
1.8 Dissertation Structure..........................................................................................................viii
1.8.1 Introduction:..................................................................................................................ix
1.8.2 Literature Review:.........................................................................................................ix
1.8.3 Research Methodology:.................................................................................................ix
1.8.4 Data Analysis and Findings:...........................................................................................x
1.8.5 Conclusion and Recommendation..................................................................................x
2 Chapter 2: Literature review.........................................................................................................xi
2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................xi
2.2 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................xxii
3 Chapter 3: Research methodology.............................................................................................xxiii
3.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................xxiii
3.2 Research philosophy................................................................................................................xxiii
3.3 Research Approach...................................................................................................................xxv
3.4 Research Strategy.....................................................................................................................xxv
3.5 Research Design......................................................................................................................xxvi
3.6 Research Purpose....................................................................................................................xxvii
3.7 Data Collection Method..........................................................................................................xxvii
3.8 Sampling Procedure..................................................................................................................xxx
3.9 Data Analysis Methodology....................................................................................................xxxi
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................xxxiv
4 Chapter 4: Data Analysis..........................................................................................................xxxv
Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendation..........................................................................................l
5 References....................................................................................................................................lvi
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Executive summary
The main aim of this study is to evaluate the roles of managers in implementing change
management processes in the Air Traffic Control System. This study discusses many sections
named as introduction, literature review, research methodology, data analysis and findings,
conclusion, and recommendation. The introduction section leads to increase in the
understanding of the role of manager role in implementing the ATC structure. The literature
review section support to critically evaluate the factors affecting manager for management of
the air traffic control system. This section also critically evaluates managerial acts that are
essential in motivating staff to positive code of conduct at the time of implementing change
management processes. In last, it also discusses aviation incidents and supported to
comprehend different strategies related to the ATC system that can be reduced by change
management. In this, the secondary data collection method is used because this study is
subjective in nature. The collected data is evaluated by entailing 3 different articles. The
conclusion section demonstrates that the manager plays a positive role in implementing
change management in the air traffic control system.
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Chapter 1: Introduction
Research Title
The research title of this study is to examine the Roles of Managers in Implementing Change
Management in the Air Traffic Control System
1.1 Research background
ATCS (Air Traffic Control Systems) is an integral section of aviation that affected the overall
aviation industry productivity. This study demonstrates how change management affected Air
Traffic Control Systems. For minimizing incidents of aviation organizations, the organization
can use the change management process tool in their working place, which would be
imperative in getting a positive result (Hayes, 2018). For totally minimizing the number of
risks, the aviation organization has needed to need create an effective system which is
possible by hiring of efficient manager and staff. Consequently, an organization would be
able to direct staff members effectively and meeting its purpose in a meaningful way.
Executives, as well as supervisors of the firm, could aid the organization in completing their
targeted task in an effective manner. The managers and executives were appointed for
coaching and attracting the workforces by their own procedure (Hopkin, 2017). In addition, it
is evaluated that workforce’s supervision could encourage them to effectively complete their
allocated task. Workforces look to its executives not only for conducting direct
communication towards the change but also to examine their change effort level (Mack,
Khare, Krämer, & Burgartz, 2015). The executive, as well as another member, supported to
achieve the goal in an effective way (Holloway, 2017). The primary purpose of this research
is to analyze the productivity of the organization by implementing change management
procedures. It is illustrated that the team of change management could facilitate to engage the
consumers, managers, and executives in the business acts. The change management team
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leader could develop customized services to engage employees as well as top managers for
positively reacting to the change management process (Stark, 2015).
It is also examined that the training could be an imperative way to aids the workforces
towards the activity that will be expected by the organization during the change management
process.
It is also examined that executives could make an effective relationship with their
subordinates by highly motivating them. An executive could also inform about the
importance of the change management process and make an emotional connection with the
employee which would also lead to getting a positive result (Doppelt, 2017). In addition, it is
examined that executives are key people of the organization because they design
responsibility of another employee together with providing an effective way to reach a
reliable conclusion. It is illustrated that the managers could also develop a standard time
period for meeting their organizational tasks (Hanson, Melnyk, & Calantone, 2017).
Moreover, it is examined that the coaching of workforces could be significant in playing an
imperative role for the employee to effectively deal with any kind of changes in the
organization. It could also be effective for improving the skills of employees towards change.
It is also examined that an effective executive has face complexity at the time of developing
relations with its subordinates. It is illustrated that management plays an imperative role with
respect to the change management process. Moreover, it is illustrated that effective
implementation of change management could create a trustworthy connection between an
employee as well as top management as it would influence the overall efficiency of the firm
(Dawson, 2019).
This research will be effective in deeply evaluating the role of an executive in
implementation of the change management for improving the security structure of aviation
industry. This study generally deals with the evaluation of role of safety culture as well as HF
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for controlling Air traffic for particular area. A study will permit executives of the aviation
industry could check whether recent approaches straggled by them in change management
(Tidd & Bessant, 2018). The study also evaluates recent air traffic measures and examines
what new requirements need to be practiced in recent practices. It also reflects different
approaches that are associated with the improvement of air traffic management. The
upcoming studies perform the study in diverse countries as well as with a large number of
research candidates to obtain a better evaluation of information (Aslam, Ilyas, Imran, &
Rahman, 2016).
1.2 Research aim and objectives
The research aims to find out the problems related to Air Traffic Control faced by managers
and what management techniques and methods can be used to overcome these issues.
 To theoretically comprehend the process of change management and ATC system
 To discover the role of a manager in implementing the change management process in
the ATC system of an aviation organization
 To recommend the change management strategies for declining the incidents of the
ATC system
1.3 Research questions
The following research questions are considered by the researcher to meet the aim of the
study:
 What is the process of change management in the ATC system?
 What is the role of a manager in implementing the change management process in
the ATC system of an aviation organization?
 Which change management strategies are used for declining the incidents of the
ATC system?
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1.4 Problem statement
This study is conducted for examining manager role for implementing change management
process in ATC structure. The study's purpose is to highlight issues that are confronted by
executives in practicing the modification in aviation industry and how such issue could be
resolved. Most of modification purposed to ensure passengers safety in the aircraft. It is one
of the most imperative perspectives of aviation industry that could be the primary concern of
the aviation industry. There is a certain expansion which could be entailed by the researcher
to increase safety in the aviation industry. It could also support to make accuracy in the
research outcome.
1.5 Research motivation
This research is effective for comprehending the role of a manager in Air Traffic Control
System at the time implementing the change management. The interest of the researcher
could also mandate the researcher to complete their study on this topic. In the current era, this
concern is being major issue thence this concern has been selected to complete the study.
Further, it is also found that the research information is easily available as it could mandate
dot the investigator to complete their study. This study could be vital for obtaining the depth
information towards the study manner. Moreover, it is examined that the number of flights
increased in upcoming period that could reflect productivity of organization. It is illustrated
that ATC system will be a requirement in the aviation industry in the upcoming period due to
managing the aviation industry effectively (Stead, & Stead, 2017).
1.6 Research hypothesis
 H0: The issues concerned with the role of human factors have a greater impact on the
performance of the Air Traffic Control system and managers play a vital role in
mitigating the issue with effective change management.
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 H1: Safety culture is one of the main reasons for fatal accidents as well as minor
incidents in the Aircraft. The mid-level and higher-level managers are directly
responsible for maintaining the best safety culture.
 H2: Change management could be effective for organizations when the management
can take all the internal and external stakeholders together to drive the change in the
organization.
1.7 Research Limitations
With the purpose of completing this study, a scholar will face the different issues that could
be related to the research matter. It would also reflect on the overall research outcome.
Herein, the data evaluation could be imperative constraints that may affect the research result.
In the procedure of this study, less time could negatively reflect the overall outcome of study
(Marchewka, 2016). It could be in terms of making relabel information about research
matters. With the procedure of study, the researcher will be needed to focus on certain factors
named cost, time and lack of resources which can be affected performance of research results.
It is also examined that cost is a major element that might directly influence the performance
of the research result.
1.8 Dissertation Structure
With respect to the meet this study in an appropriate manner, the following structure will be
considered:
1.8.1 Introduction:
This is the first section of the study that considers many sections named as research title,
research motivation, problem statement, research objectives, and research question. It aids to
increase understanding of the research matter. It could also support to make knowledge and a
healthy atmosphere. In addition, this section could also offer depth knowledge towards study
limitations that the investigators confronted to meeting this study. This data of this section is
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vital for study to classify study way as well as exploring the research study effectively (Sama,
D’Ariano, D’Ariano, & Pacciarelli, 2017).
1.8.2 Literature Review:
This is the second section as it assists the researcher to get theoretical information towards
the study. There are different theories that might be considered by the investigator to get
depth conceptual understanding in the context of the study matter. From the application of
this chapter, researcher also facilitates to enhance their existing understanding towards
research matter (Ortiz & Park, 2018). In this, the articles and journals are considered to
support in creating conceptual information. It is vital for investigator to determine the
understanding gap and create a base in adopting an effective research tool (Laudon &
Laudon, 2016).
1.8.3 Research Methodology:
The research methodology section could consider different tools for collecting information
about the study matter. It could facilitate to meet the research issue. This study tools can be
vital in meeting the research purpose (Coombs, 2015). There are different tools that are
practiced by the investigator such as approaches, research designs, sampling, purposes,
strategies, data analysis methods, and research philosophies. It would be imperative in
determining the research tools as per the research subjects, which would be effective to meet
reliable and valid research results (McNabb, 2017).
1.8.4 Data Analysis and Findings:
With respect to the study, this section is vital in increasing the effectiveness of the gathered
information. This section could offer a significant method of increasing the underdoing of
research methods. It would facilitate to meet the study task (Ramos, Caeiro, Van Hoof,
Lozano, Huisingh, & Ceulemans, 2015). Through this method, the researcher will be able to
evaluate the information logically by practicing relevant information data evaluation tool.
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From the evaluation, the investigator enables to create information with respect to creating a
reliable research result (White, 2015).
1.8.5 Conclusion and Recommendation
This section could be imperative for evaluating the relationship between objectives and
findings (Bourrier, 2017). It would also facilitate to meet the purpose of the research issue.
This section could recommend many strategies that are associated with the aviation industry.
In last, this section is imperative to demonstrate the practical evaluation in directing
upcoming investigators to their studies.
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2 Chapter 2: Literature review
2.1 Introduction
The literature review section is imperative to increase theoretical knowledge of the matter.
There are certain sources which might be used to obtain theoretical information towards the
research named as books, articles, online and offline sources, and magazines. This study
evaluates the impact of human factors on managers’ conceptions regarding the management
of the air traffic control system (Woods, Jeffrey, Troman, & Boyle, 2019). Further, it also
discusses the role of manager in implementing the change management process in the
working place for eliminating the challenges and make safe atmosphere at the working pace.
In last, it recommends many strategies that are associated with aviation incidents regarding
ATC system that can decline by change management. In addition, it supports to obtain higher
competitive advantages.
Impact of human factors on managers’ conceptions regarding the management of the
air traffic control system
Epstein (2018) stated that human resource plays a crucial role in developing safety measures
for effectively handling the safety concern at the working place. It is evaluated that the
perception of manager is changed by their experience. In the air traffics, each branch of
persons are interconnected with another branch hence they are more capable to have effective
decision in the context of organization.
On the other side, Cook, Blom, Lillo, Mantegna, Micciche, Rivas, & Zanin, (2015) stated that
the executives belonged to a different operational department that could consider certain
teams named as technical air traffic management team, radar wing management, civil traffics,
and combined military. It is also examined that each manager has different perception
towards any concern that could affect the overall productivity of the organization. It is also
examined that lack of effective approach towards dealing with human resources at the time of
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change management in the working place could affect the overall performance of the research
result. It is evaluated that the strategy provides a path to the organization to mitigate its
challenges and have decisions accordingly.
Patriarca Di Gravio, & Costantino, (2017) illustrated that air traffic management is an
effective way of increasing the security level in the aviation organization. This tool could aid
the human resources of organization to effectively meet their purpose. It is found that the
critical management structure of the organization could directly impact on the performance of
employees. An efficient manager has capability to create a flexible management structure for
their organization which would lead to meet the organizational purpose. For making an
efficient team, manager can use an open communication tool that would be vital for making
an effective solution towards the research issue. From the data, it is addressed that
communication is a vital tool that aids to keep awareness about passengers' safety for meeting
their organizational purpose. Hence, it is mandatory for the manager to improve the
communication level among employees due to keeping the coordination level among the
executives as well as workforces. In addition, it is also examined that communication could
provide a path to manager for conducting suitable behavior with others.
Major roles that manager can play in motivating staff for a better understanding of the
need for change management
Stolzer (2017) changes are major components that might affect the whole process of the
business. The implication of change process is vital to operate the business procedure and
make higher competitive advantages.
The modification in the accountability of the executives could directly affect the performance
of the upcoming outcome. The executives are biggest supporter of the firm as they assist the
company as well as their efforts could be really appreciated at the time of managing act as
well as implementing such modification effectively in company.
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In support of this, Sayles (2017) examined that the executives are closet to executives to the
subordinates as they are the first person who is capable to easily convince to who them
towards the specified activity. It would directly be affected by the business process of the
organization. In many areas, the modification can affect the performance of the workforce.
It is also evaluated that the employees could influence the business. Effective communication
could be imperative to make changes in the business process. It can be vital in meeting
organizational tasks.
On the other side, Hinterhuber & Liozu (2017) illustrated that the aviation industry has been
changed in relation to the safety of passengers and hence the executives are accountable for
sharing the information about the changes in the organization to workforces. It would be
effective for the employees to effectively dealing at the time of changes in the organization. It
is also found that accountability for changing ineffectively. It could also affect organizational
productivity. Moreover, it is examined the executives could play an imperative in the
organization to operate the business process and make a reliable decision. It will be
imperative in improving the efficacy of firm as it assists to control the air traffic effectively.
Maskell Baggaley & Grasso, (2017) stated that ATCOs performance could be negatively
affected by the different factors. In addition, it is also examined that traffic controllers can
affect company performance. It is evaluated that the air traffic control system could
negatively impact on the aviation industry performance. it can be examined that calculation
could directly impact on security of aviation industry performance. It is illustrated that such
factors can be vital in collecting reliable information towards research matters. In addition,
the air traffic model that is flowed by controller air traffic that can lead to improvement of
working ability of employees by act structure of acts. The model can be vital in getting a
feasible result. This industry could take higher time and cost at least time and cost. It is also
illustrated that this model could offer a way by which the organization could choose effective
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method for evaluating the research matter. It is also examined that the traffic could be
controlled by considering the imperative tool. It would allow getting a positive outcome in
less time and cost.
On the other side, Heinicke, Guenther, & Widener, (2016) illustrated that ACT structure
could allocate clear duty to the person who is the part of the business caused by eliminating
the probability of safety risk. It would be affected by the perspective of the business. It is also
found that company could be confronted many concerns related to managing their acts. It is
also found that there are different perceptive of change management that are identified the
CEO and senior management could play an imperative role in the top-down change while
subordinates could manage bottom-up change. It is also addressed that the ACT structure
model is effective for making an imperative tool for the organization to get positive reactions.
Kavanagh, & Johnson, (2017) stated that the human resources department could play an
imperative role in operating business activities. The manger could also assist the employees
to work at the time of making changes in the working place. It is also illustrated that the
human resource could play an imperative role in managing the changes in the organization
and support to meet the organizational task. HR could determine the capability of people who
are part of the firm as it also facilitates to make competitive advantages. It is examined that
human resource section could manage many acts named as training and development,
recruitment, and employee performance. There are certain perspectives wherein the human
resource could play an imperative role as it should consider much concern that is associated
with the human resource.
In support of this, Seamster & Redding (2017) examined that the human resource department
has assured that workforces are inspired to comprehend the change as well as inspire in the
change management structure. It is also stated that management is an essential part of the
study as it could play a vital role in meeting the company’s task. There are diverse
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components that are entailed by the organization like Intel and Yahoo for the person who
believes in the change. These tools could be supported to make higher competitive
advantages.
On the other side, Olins (2017) examined that the human resource manager could recruit a
suitable person to effectively operating the business process and supported to get higher
competitive advantages. These are key components of effective change management
approach and this could be imperative in meeting the organizational task. It is also examined
that the organization could play an imperative role in separating the person from conducting
their acts. It is also found that people manage could nurturing the talent of employees as well
as mentoring the employees to meet their organizational tasks. For illustration, in the aviation
industry could manage line executives. It would directly influence the performance of firm.
Brown, Smith, Wiseman & Handmer, (2019) argued that the primary aim of the manager
could play an imperative role in the attainment of the organizational task. It is illustrated that
the human resource manager could also empower the act has been expected by them towards
the organizational goal as it would also influence the performance of organization. The
human resource manager might encourage the people who are part of the organization due to
increasing safety at the working place. The higher motivated employees could coordinate
with each other for working on the solution as opposed to organizational success. It is also
examined that the human resource manager could play an imperative role to meet the
organizational task. Moreover, HR department could be imperative in operating the business
process in one direction and support aviation as well as other industries to make higher
benefits.
In support of this, Martin & Siebert (2016) examined that the Grete organization could have
effective leaders that could have bene capability to address the problem that negatively
affects the organizational performance. The leader of the organization could address different
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methods that could be imperative in eliminating the existing issues related to safety and
increase the number of passengers for the long term. Thus, it can also be said that
organization should use this tool to meet their organizational tasks. The last perspective of
recognition and reward is final component ineffective management plan as well as if the
workforces that are actively participating in change initiatives, which are effectively
rewarded as well as suitability identified. It is also found that the added incentives for the
employee could lead to change. It is examined that the human resource requirements are
more supporting acts as well as instead might be review as integral to the organizational
change management approach.
On the other side, Daft & Marcic (2016) illustrated that the organization could make an
effective policy for operating the business. It is also found that most of the organization has
been working in change management due to operating the business process. The organization
made an eco-friendly atmosphere due to making positive decisions towards the organizational
purpose. It is also examined that there are certain components that are considered by the
organization for operating business performance.
Hale & Heijer, (2017) depicted that motivation level is a component that directly affected to
organizational performance. This factor could facilitate an employee for increasing their
retention level in the organization. It is found that this factor could remove the probability of
failure for the organization. It could be procedure of inducing the workforces is the company
to act as a predetermined desired way so as to meet the organizational purpose.
There are certain elements which might be entailed by the organization named as motivation,
motivators, and motive. It is examined that the motive could be referred to as the inner
perception of the person for doing well in the working place. It could be associated with the
employee’s needs. Further, it is examined that the procedure of stimulating acts by
comprehending needs of workforces and by using its motives.
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In support of this, Kierzkowski & Kisiel (2017) examined that motivator is a tool that is
practiced for inspiration named promotion, pay bonus among others. It is the procedure of
inspiration could play an imperative role in the working place named as profit and loss. In
addition, it is also examined that managerial procedure of the direction is driven by the
procedure of inspiration as it could develop in the mind of workforces the desire for working
in the direction identifies by the executives.
In oppose to this, Fewings & Henjewele (2019) illustrated that motivation could lead to a
leader to effectively increase employee productivity. It is also examined that the inspiration
meets the employee needs and it creates the drive for working to the best of their capabilities.
It is also examined that a well-structured employee to get more effort into the organization as
compared to the disheartened worker. It is also illustrated that the motivation could play an
imperative role in managing employee attitudes in the working place. In addition, it is also
examined that a leader could deal with diverse kinds of people by using effective motivation.
On the other side, Ansoff, Kipley, Lewis, Helm-Stevens, & Ansoff, (2018) illustrated that a
well-inspired employee is a loyal employee as they affected the performance of the
organization. It is also examined that the inspiration workforces have higher level of
commitment as well as moral commitment about the organization and their objectives.
Inspiration could be imperative in getting a reliable outcome. It is examined that inspiration
could indirectly impact on reducing employee turnover as well as reducing need for constant
initiation of new workforces.
Hickman & Silva (2018) stated that direction is an effective managerial act and forms one of
their core functions. Inspirations as the already mentioned are the vital part of the direction. It
is examined that direction is being a procedure that involves directing action on behalf of
work effectively. It is also addressed that an organization could use imperative tool for
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making effective action towards the organizational purpose. It could motivate to employee
for the attainment of the organizational task in limited time and cost.
Aviation incidents regarding ATC system can be reduced by change management
Bratton & Gold (2017) recommended that the Air Traffic Management system could lead the
firm to improve its culture of Air traffic and increase safety in working place. Moreover, it is
illustrated that organization could use navigation structure that could affect the overall
performance of the organization. It can directly impact the performance of the organization. It
is also examined that national infrastructure of air traffic management investigators has
determined safety culture as it is one of minor incidents.
Kantowitz & Casper (2017) employee recognition programs as well as, rewards tailored for
particular actions and company value offer incentives to some employees to engage them into
change. Furthermore, incentives also support in reinforcing the behavior and takes action that
upper management is looking for in this time of upheaval. This favorable model of change
management could be used for appreciating the workforces at the complex time of change.
As per the opinion of Mitchell, (2015) safety management is defined as applying a set of
principles, structure, and procedures as well as, measuring to detect the injuries, accidents as
well as, other adverse consequences. It could be caused by the application of products and
services. This approach is beneficial for support for managers in better discharging their
accountabilities for operational system designing as well as, executing via either deficiency
of prediction in the system before errors occur and detection as well as, correction of
deficiencies of system by professional assessment of safety occurrences.
On the other hand, Schermerhorn Jr, Davidson, Woods, Factor, Junaid, & McBarron, (2019)
evaluated that safety management considers the systematic strategy to manage safety such as
required organizational structure, policies, procedures as well as, accountabilities. The
primary emphasis of safety management within aviation is on the safety of flight that
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considers all related and support facilities that can have impact on safety such as air
navigation facilities, and aerodrome operations management. Furthermore, occupational
safety as well as, related health and environmental concerns fall outside the scope related to
safety management. It is also dealt with the separate management system. The aspect of
proactive safety management in the context of aviation is established in the year of 1990s. It
also entails the business such as management approach regarding safety of flight operations.
As per the opinion of Hepworth, Rooney, Rooney, & Strom-Gottfried, (2016) emphasis was
considered on intensive training, individual risk management as well as, accident research.
Since, this strategy was gradually replaced through a new system based concept. From the
year 1970 to mid-1990, the adopted model was highly focused on progressive technology as
well as, shifted the issues with respect to human errors. This emphasize was to consider and
avoid human error via training and regulation, as well as, lessons were learned through
incident research as well as, other industries. Despite substantial investment of resources into
mitigation of human error, the key reason related to safety breakdowns is continued for
attributing towards unsatisfactory human performance as a persistent factor.
On the other hand, Hongisto, Haapakangas, Varjo, Helenius, & Koskela, (2016) evaluated
that from the mid of 90’s onward, a new strategy related to supervision of safety adopted and
proactively uses and assessing routinely gathered safety-related information. Furthermore,
safety management focuses on the significance of managing safety in a systematic, proactive
as well as, explicit way. Systematic indicates that safety management practices are conducted
with respect to predetermined as well as, well-documented plan as well as, implemented
inconsistent way during an organization. The availability of integrated as well as strong
company culture is significant enables for attaining the consistency.
As per the view of Drew, McCallum, & Roggenhofer, (2016) strong and uniform company
culture develops high morale between workforces together with makes good
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interdepartmental links with the company. In such a manner, proactivity indicates
implementing the strategy that focuses on avoiding through detection of hazards as well as,
initiation of risk measures before risk event exists and adversely influences the performance
of safety. If this type of company practices exist in working culture that focuses on accident
and incident anticipation as compared to responsive culture that only emphasizes solving
issues after they exist, then SMS could be easier for executing.
On the other hand, Dennis, Wixom, & Roth, (2018) evaluated that SMS system could allow
all the systems to perform well with respect to meeting any task. Moreover, they should be
transparent both to inter and organizational stakeholders. It should be performed
independently from other management practices. Safety is becoming uniform emphasize for
company as compared to afterthought as well as, accountability for their management is
delegated to particular structural unit while, it is pervasive in practices of company as whole.
As per the opinion of Turner, (2016) safety management in the aviation sector is the
integration of two ways such as traditional as well as modern. The responsive safety
management strategy is significant while manging with technological failure, and unusual
events. It considers different characteristics such as focus is on compliance to minimum
safety needs, and the level of safety has relied on reported occurrence of safety with the
inherent limitations like assessment of actual failures only, inadequacy of information for
determining the safety trends, as well as, insufficiency of insights about the chain of causal as
well as, contributory events with existence and responsibility of latent unsafe conditions.
On the other side, Lueg & Radlach, (2016) evaluated that the proactive approach is related to
safety management and is relied on a given risk management approach. This approach could
deeply evaluate the risk that could create accidents in the working place along with finding
the ways by which the safety risks have been declined. There are some elements related to
safety management strategy such as unambiguous safety policy making sure the commitment
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related to senior management to safety, detection of hazard as well as, risk assessment with
using state of art risk evaluation techniques. Another element is safety reporting system
practiced for gathering, assessing and sharing the operational safety associated information.
As per the opinion of Saunders (2015) competent research related to safety, occurrences helps
to address the systematic safety deficiencies, dedicated safety training for workforces, as well
as, safety lesion dissemination. It is also contributing to best practices between operators and
service providers. Furthermore, the aim of safety observing and mistake is to recognize safety
performance as well as, avoid the problem areas. It is stated that managers can develop the
corporate safety culture in aviation that enhances good safety practices as well as, motivates
safety communication with non-punitive atmosphere. None of these elements would meet the
expectations for enhanced aviation safety management.
On the other hand, Starkie (2016) evaluated that integrated practices related to components
would gain the resistance of the system for unsafe act as well as, conditions. The consistent
integration related to elements of proactive safety management is called a safety management
system (SMS). The increasing recognition related to role and significance of safety
management has led the progressive execution of safety management systems through
aviation services provider companies such as air navigation service providers, airport
operators as well as, airlines in last few periods.
As per the opinion of Teece (2018), this procedure is monitored and managed through the
state via dedicated safety initiatives in the context of International Civil Aviation
Organisation (ICAO). It can improve corporate safety performance through proactively
manage the safety related to provided services is increasing the recognized through all
aviation field as a prerequisite for sustainable business management as well as, operational
growth.
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On the other hand, Flouris & Oswald (2016) evaluated that risk management is related to the
system based that emphasizes on detection of exposures entailed in all aspects related to
operations whether it entails the aircraft flight operations, cockpit process, aircraft
maintenance, ticketing, scheduling, and baggage handling. It is found that safety
management is mainly required in the operation department as there is higher probability of
safety risk. From the application of safety management tools, the organization would be able
to deal with diverse kinds of issues effectively.
2.2 Conclusion
For conducting the significant aviation operation and to be aware of safety based factors,
operators should have change and risk management as per safety systems. In addition to this,
operators in the aviation sector should enhance as well as, keep high extent of safety by
proactive management of risk. There is also holistic integration of change management for
avoiding accidents in airline operations. This conceptual investigation indicates that SMS is
an aspect that has developed the academic literature for some. In addition to this, its
application in the aviation sector in transforming current safety compliance systems is tied for
application of transformation and risk management principles for administering the SMS
process. It is illustrated that existence related to strong organizational culture will create
change management and risk management is developing SMS systems entertain higher
possibilities of achievements.
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3 Chapter 3: Research methodology
3.1 Introduction
This study section is supportive in creating the best knowledge towards different approaches,
philosophies, strategies, data collection methods, data evaluation analysis. It is vital for the
researcher to select effective research tools as well as strategies with respect to the research
justification (Flouris & Oswald, 2016).
In favour of this study, the study's purpose is viral perspective for scholar works that used by
research scholars to get valid and reliable information towards particular scenarios. It would
be imperative in meeting the study objectives in a systemic manner. This section could
extremely organized procedure and the conceptualization examination of diverse tools that
are imperatively executed in the study section (Anderson, 2016). It is illustrated that the
research tool that is used by the researcher to identify the research questions and creating the
association between the research matter and research procedure which can be vital to
determine the research matter. Moreover, it can be illustrated research tool could determine
the research issue. This research will also be vital in obtain depth data towards research
concerns (Altieri, Nicholls, Henao, & Lana, 2015).
This chapter could be vital for research to get depth information in the context of research
issue. This section can make the research tool outline that could enable to accurate examine
the data and make decision effectively. Moreover, it can be significant in the attainment of
the research objectives (Bourne, 2016). These are demonstrated below:
3.2 Research philosophy
Research philosophy is vital to examine specific concerns during the pooling of data about
the study if adding value to increase the probability of success of a study. It can be vital in
increasing the depth knowledge of research concerns (MorrisonRoss, Morrison, & Kalman,
2019). Moreover, the research could imply diverse philosophy of the study as per the research
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study, which is based on requirement of the file named interpretivism, positivism, and realism
research philosophy. These philosophies can be different from each other in different ways
that are related to nature's scope (Kanki, 2019).
With the purpose of this research report, the research scholar practices interpretivism
philosophy as compared to other methods. This philosophy is imperative for getting a higher
competitive advantage. It would assist to get views as well as opinion of the investigator in
the favor of styles purpose. This study is imperative in getting depth information and
conducting the study in one effective direction. This method of study is beneficial for
research scholars to operate the study process (Fadlullah, Tang, Mao, Kato, Akashi, Inoue, &
Mizutani, 2017).
This philosophy is effective in determining the sample size and get the beliefs of the huge
number of people about research matter. The interpretivism methods could support to identify
the research matter. This method could be imperative in collecting reliable data for the
research issue. In addition, it is examined that primary data is obtained by considering
interpretivism philosophy will be related with higher level of reliability and validity because
this philosophy is more reliable and trustworthy as compared to another method (Hærem,
Pentland, & Miller, 2015).
Further, it can be stated that interpretivism philosophy is practiced to deeply evaluating the
data that has been considered in the study to meet study purposes that could not be reliable by
practicing the realism and positivism philosophy. This philosophy is practiced to obtain
theoretical data by developing the theory towards specific concerns. Apart from this, it is
examined that the positivism philosophy is not considered as there is no need to get scientific
information towards research issue. It is examined that the realism research philosophy is not
used by the investigator as there is no need to emphasizing the societal information towards
the research issue (Smither, Houston & McIntire, 2016).
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3.3 Research Approach
The research strategy is the section of research methods that are practiced by the investigators
to comprehend the reason behind selecting the particular method. Moreover, the different
research approaches can be practiced by the researcher named as an inductive and deductive
tool.
An inductive approach is practiced over the other approach (deductive) for conducting this
study and meeting its purpose in an effective way. It aids the researcher to deeply evaluate
information and develop the theory about study (Bailey, Mankin, Kelliher, & Garavan,
2018). It is also imperative for addressing the roles of managers in implementing change
management in air traffic control system.
3.4 Research Strategy
The research strategy could be the mode of collecting the figures and facts effectively. It
could make sure the data exists to meet the study objectives. For completing the study
incomprehensible manner, a wide volume of approaches is practiced by the investigator
named as focus, observation, literature review, content analysis, and grounded theory (Josey,
2016).
These approaches would be real in the accomplishment of organizational tasks. The research
design is implemented by scholar to meet the aim of the study. Through this tool, diverse
internal methods are addressed by the investigator such as annual reports, organizational
websites and organizational reports. It is also examined that the external sources are
addressed by investigator named as internet, government source, and competitor’s data
(Kagermann, 2015). The LR is practiced by the researcher to showed views and opinions of
others about study topics. This approach is also practiced to comprehend diverse theories in
favour of research and obtain reliable results. Moreover, it is found that literature review
develops comprehensive tool to examine the research matter caused by the explanatory nature
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of the study (DeCenzo, Robbins, & Verhulst, 2016). This approach facilitates the investigator
to evaluate the relationship between implementing change management and air traffic control
system performance. Hence, it can be illustrated that exploratory study is imperative in
improving capability of company to manage with efforts of organization (Cherrafi, Elfezazi,
Govindan, Garza-Reyes, Benhida, & Mokhlis, 2017).
3.5 Research Design
This is another approach that is practiced to get facts towards study issues. It can be vital in
meeting purpose of study. This research could entail many tools and techniques named as
mixed, quantitative, and qualitative research tools. With the purpose of this study, the
research scholar practiced qualitative research design over quantitative and mixed research
design methods. This method is imperative to get the theoretical information of concern. It is
also illustrated that the quantitative method has not considered by the investigator to get
statistical information about the research issue (Grant, 2016). It is examined that the
qualitative design is practiced to evaluate role of manager in change management execution
and performance of Air Traffic Control System. This method could decline the barrier of the
research methods and provides the best opportunity to obtain higher advantages in limited
time and cost. This design is vital in getting conceptual data towards the role of manager in
effectively implementing change management in aviation for increasing safety (Bromiley,
McShane, Nair, & Rustambekov, 2015).
Apart from this, the quantitative study method has practiced by investigators as its mandate to
made structured questionnaires with closed-ended questions that could take higher time and
cost hence this tool will not be used by investigator. It could impact on the quality of the
research result. Thus, this method would also make mandate to the researcher for evaluating
the responses of participants, which could be unreal as it would be depended on the mood of
participants (French & Rees, 2016).
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In addition, it is also examined that the non-statistical source will be more appropriate as
over other tools due to making accuracy in the research outcome. It is found that the
statistical data collection tool could be more complex as compared to the qualitative data
gathering tool. This tool too could also assist to make competitive advantages. The
quantitative method is imperative for accomplishment of study aim. It would assist to make
accuracy in the research outcome. It would also facilitate to get the data towards issues in
minimum time and cost. It is found that effective reaction that is depending on the research
issue as compared to another method (Benevolo, Dameri, & D’Auria, 2016).
3.6 Research Purpose
Research purposes could enable scholars to develop and enhance comprehension regarding
research issues. Through this, the researcher could consider different methods like
explanatory, exploratory, and descriptive research design methods that could be implied on
behalf of research outcome. With purpose of this research, descriptive study design is used by
investigator to get data towards the study. This study method is vital to get the depth
information by evaluating the role of manger in implementing change management in the
aviation industry and improve the air traffic control system. It is also examined that
exploratory research design is not used by investigator as there is no need for evaluating
importance of study. It affected the overall performance of the outcome (Wehrmeyer, 2017).
3.7 Data Collection Method
For completing the aim of this research, the researcher will use secondary data collection tool
is chosen due to getting theoretical evidence by entailing existing information about the
study. It is also illustrated that the secondary data is collected by internal and external
sources. These types of tools could be quite costly but this method is more reliable as
compared to the primary data collection method. Further, it is found that secondary data is
gathered by considering the literature review method (Abeyratne, 2017). It can be significant
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in getting depth knowledge towards the role of the manager in implementing change
management to improve the security structure of the organization. It is also illustrated that the
secondary data is a kind of information which is already published in the newspapers, online
portals, journals, and magazine. Moreover, it can be explained that the secondary data
evaluation could secure time which would be vital for obtaining qualitative information
towards the research matter. In the research methodology, the quality databases which would
be practiced to get facts towards research matter (Johnston & McDonald, 2017).
It is stated that social and economic change supported to get qualitative information with the
favor of study. It can enable to get depth information towards research matter. It is also
examined that the primary data examination can be less significant for collecting the
information for the study. It could support to get depth information towards the research
matter. It is illustrated that clear could be imperative for obtaining the non-statistical factors
towards concern (Maurino, Reason, Johnston, & Lee, 2017). The researcher could use certain
sources named as case studies and literature review. It would enable to get higher competitive
advantages. The information might have been practiced in statistics and published texts and
the information could be promoted to bring in useful individual associates. The secondary
data could be generally pre-established degree of reliability as well as validity that needed to
be re-examined by the research scholar that is practiced in evaluating data towards the
research issue. In addition, it is evaluated that secondary data is the concept of data
enrichment that is where datasets from the secondary sources connected to the study dataset
to enhance their precision by entailing values and attributes (Eckart, McPhee, & Bolisetti,
2017).
It is also illustrated that one of the major benefits of practicing secondary data evaluation is
its price effectiveness. The researcher does not requisite of investing time and money into the
data collection phases of their study. It is illustrated that a secondary data collection method
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might be purchase by the investigator looking to practice it to inform the study that might be
created by investigator to investigate the information for conducting the study. It is also
examined that the investigator would develop the same information by scratch. It is also
examined that secondary information could be vital in accomplishing the company’s purpose
(Liebler & McConnell, 2016).
This method could also make liable to attaining the research task. It could also be evaluating
the information towards research Moreover, the secondary data collection method could be
imperative over the primary data collection tool as secondary data support to get valid and
reliable data towards research matter (Rumane, 2017).
It would also support effectively operate the research acts and meet the research purpose. For
illustration, the leveraging findings from the study that management has conducted that offer
investigator with discovers to the data volume which would have easily been unbearable for
the investigator to accumulate themselves. It is also examined that longitudinal information at
this scale is tremendously influential. It is illustrated that the management can have been
obtaining the information on the single population for the long term. It is also illustrated that
government is publically available information to perfume the secondary data evaluation
(Northouse, 2018). The research scholar could avoid intensive labor.
It is also examined that the initial benefit of practicing the secondary data collection method
could save time and cost. In the current internet era, it could be imperative for meeting the
organizational purpose. Further, it is depicted that the secondary data collection is practiced
to require many hours’ library corridors tracking. It is also examined that the new tool could
offer revolutionized at the global level. This procedure could have been simplified. It is also
examined that precise data might be obtained by considering the search engines. It is also
examined that the data collection could be vital to meet the study task. It is evaluated that
secondary data is easily accessible that could decline the additional cost of the researcher and
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supports to get positive outcome (Richards, 2017). It is additionally assessed that web is
viable hotspot for gathering the information for the examination issue. It could prompt
making a positive outcome for the examination matter. It is assessed that a web association is
much of the time used to meet the necessity of the examination. Furthermore, it is analyzed
that the basic snap is basic for the exploration researcher to meet the motivation behind
investigation. Additionally, it is inspected that the specialist would have the option to get
solid data towards research issue. The analyst would get immense data towards the
investigation. It would likewise empower to meet the motivation behind the authoritative
undertaking (Rauter, Jonker, & Baumgartner, 2017).
It is illustrated that a secondary data collection is a tool that could support to save money. In
addition, it is found that this method is less expensive as compared to other data collection
tools. It is illustrated that the data collection tool could be created by the government survey
with lack of extra cost (Hoyle, 2017).
3.8 Sampling Procedure
The investigator used diverse sampling tools named as a probability as well as a non-
probability sampling tool (Quirke, 2017). These tools are practiced to choose the appropriate
source of secondary study. Further, it is illustrated that research scholar has practiced non-
probability sampling tool to increase their depth knowledge towards the research matter.
With respect to this study, the investigator could use convenience sampling tool in which
sources are chosen on the basis of convenience of study. In this, the researcher has selected 3
articles that were practiced by the research scholar as the sample size of study. In addition, it
is examined the articles could be effective in evaluating articles. Consequently, the data is
significant in getting data about valid as well as reliable outcomes.
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3.9 Data Analysis Methodology
The data analysis methodology is imperative to collect depth data about the research issue.
The data evaluation tool is imperative in collecting feasible data facts about research. It is
imperative for the research methodology that is effective in obtaining suitable as well as valid
research results (Helfat, & Peteraf, 2015). In the wake of gathering the information, the
examination researcher has decided the authentic information by considering the substance
investigation device. In this assessment, the examiner has drilled the substance examination
caused by subjective nature of the investigation (Sträter, 2016). This assessment instrument is
polished to assess the reason just as impact relationship among factors. This technique is
basically as it helps to assess the data about the examination matter. It would be basic in
gathering the motivation behind the investigation. In directing this examination, the examiner
will rehearse summative substance assessment to get legitimate information towards research
matter. In this, the research scholar is used the content evaluation techniques which is
practiced to meet the research task (Hughes, Newstead, Anund, Shu, & Falkmer, 2015).
For gathering the quantitative data, the research scholar practices the statistical evaluation
tool to demonstrate the data by entailing the graphs, charts, and tables. It is examined that the
secondary data could be easily accessible that could be effective in meeting the
organizational task. In the current era, it is mandatory for the researcher to select this method
caused by research context. The investigator could use this tool and assist to make the study
purposeful. It is examined that the majority of secondary sources could be absolutely free for
the practices. It would also assist to get competitive advantages (Snell, Bohlander, & Morris,
2015).
The secondary data collection is leading to make higher competitive benefits. The secondary
data collection sources are crucial for increasing the depth information to complete all
activities of research and meet research purposes. It could support to save time and cost to get
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the depth information. It is illustrated that the qualitative data evaluation tool could be vital in
encashing the consistency and accuracy of the research outcome (Davis, 2016).
Moreover, it is stated that the quantitative data evaluation tool could be expensive as
compared to the research issue. From the comparison of quantitative data evaluation method,
the qualitative data analysis tool would be more reliable as this method permit the
investigator to examine the information in the lack of money. It would be imperative in
meeting the research purpose. Moreover, it is illustrated that quantitative data evaluation tool
could imperative in evaluating data through existing sources that could be imperative in
meeting the organizational purpose (Berland, Shiflett, Shuster, Garmestani, Goddard,
Herrmann, & Hopton, 2017).
Ethical Consideration
In this study, ethics could determine a way by which the researchers would perform suitable
behavior with the research candidates. The ethical problems could be eliminated by entailing
the research. Moreover, secondary information is captured by journals, articles, books, and
websites could create an ethical issue. It would be affected by the real outcome. It is practiced
by the research scholar with respect to references and in-text situation (Englund & Graham,
2019).
Moreover, it is depicted that such resources are imperative in declining plagiarism problems.
It would influence the quality of research results. For eliminating the ethical issue about data
manipulation as well as plagiarism, the investigation would imply secondary data gathering
tool. It would facilitate to effectively conduct the study and obtain a higher competitive
result. The researcher scholar has given suitable citations in each paragraph for making
accuracy in the research outcome. It could also be imperative for maintaining the study
accuracy in outcome. Consequently, the researcher could avoid ethical consider for getting
higher competitive benefits (Stailey & Hondl, 2016).
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The investigator has used ethical norms that enable to effectively conduct suitable behavior
with others. It is examined that the ethical issue could be eliminated by practicing ethical
norms. Moreover, it is depicted that certain elements are considered to meet the research
purpose of the research issue. These could consider certain sources named as access,
informed consent, and participant protection (Abdullahi, S., Mahieddine, & Sheriff, 2015,
July). These are shown below:
Informed consent
Investigator provided freedom to the researcher before performing the research study. It
would be imperative in obtaining best understanding of research candidates in the favor of
research issue. Before performing this survey the researcher provided depth data in the favor
of study which will be vital in obtaining the study in favor of research issues (Duru, Therond,
Martin, Martin-Clouaire, Magne, Justes, & Sarthou, 2015).
Participant protection
The researcher has collected suitable rules for the study participants to inform their valid and
reliable name on the survey through questionnaires and encouraging them for sharing their
data in favor of targeted concern. The researcher also ensures to the participants that their
data will be kept during and after the research study (Skorupski & Uchroński, 2015).
Access
The researchers have confronted different evaluation issues at the time of meeting the
secondary data named as higher cost as well as time investment. It could be imperative in
evaluating the data in an effective way. It is also illustrated that due to lack of needed
resources, there are different complexities are confronted in obtaining the depth data towards
research matter (Hillson, & Murray-Webster, 2017).
Research limitations
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The research scholar used the following elements named as time constraints and funds. The
appropriate time to accomplish the research act could attract the productivity of outcome. The
researcher attended its classes during the study that affected to overall study outcome. It is
examined that lack of time and resources could also reflect on the overall productivity of
research results (O'brien, 2019).
Conclusion
From the evaluation, it is addressed that methodology could play an imperative role in
collecting depth information towards research matters. The research methodology could
assist the investigator to select suitable tools for obtaining reliable facts in the context of
research issue. It would also support to select suitable sample size to conduct this study in an
effective way. It can also be illustrated that the qualitative research design could assist to get
conceptual data in favor of the concern. This data collection tool would aid to make accuracy
in the research outcome. This method will lead to the research scholar in accomplishing the
research task. It can also be summarized that the research scholar will use this tool to meet
the research purpose in effective manner.
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4 Chapter 4: Data Analysis
5 Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Article 1: Human Capacity Must Be Central Consideration: in Automation of Air
Traffic Control System
This article talks about the human capacity that might be considered as the central
consideration: in the automation of air traffic control systems. Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) should not provide pilots with greater control on routes until the
agency determines the plan that would be safe as per the new report from the panel of the
National Research Council. From the analysis, it has been found that the plan has been
formed for the free flight. This plan needs large modernization as well as mechanization
effort for being followed by the FAA. This article presents that all choices are linked to
automation. This automation is required to monitor by required elements to compensate for
the vulnerability and exploit a strong point within the human. It has been found that
automation, as well as free flight, could assist the FAA to form a more reliable and efficient
system that can increase capacity in the air (NEWS, 2019).
Along with this, it reduces the delays that occur due to poor weather as well as inefficient
routes that are said by panel chair Christopher Wickens who is head of the Aviation Research
Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Although before any major changes in
the system it is essential to control the system of air traffic. It is crucial that to test the way
controllers and pilots that, would reply to the new demands that are being placed on them,
which is possible with the support of managers (NEWS, 2019).
In the article, the panel has determined a wide range of the plans that are made for the
automation and modernization at FAA which consist of free flight and host for the updated
technologies to assist air traffic organizers to manage the space in the air. It is proposed to
support the agency who cope-up with the burdens from an ever-rising number of outdated as
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well as flight tools. This finding presents the role of managers in applying change
management in the air traffic control system (NEWS, 2019).
The report presented by Panel about The Future of Air Traffic Control: Human Factors and
Automation, summarise about the present needs as well as available technology rationalize of
the automaton in most of the areas but says that capacities of human must be a fundamental
consideration (NEWS, 2019).
It has been found that the report shows that Federal Aviation Administration managers must
emphasize on the automation that would assist in acquiring, integrating, or presenting details
for the controllers based on the decision that is formed. It has been determined in the article
that it is required to support controllers to deal with the conflicts that are present in the air. In
addition, it is required to keep proper spacing in the final stages of approach to landing.
Along with this, it is essential to consider the changes that took place within the routes to
enhance the efficiency that is required to grow more crowds (NEWS, 2019). It is evaluated
that the FAA should pursue the updated level of automation for actions as well as decisions
that include the relatively high level of risk and uncertainty related to the air traffic control
system like tracking the weather. The ending decision for high-risk assessment should still be
made by the managers on the ground-based (NEWS, 2019).
Article 2: REACH FOR THE ONESKY, AUSTRALIA’S INTEGRATED AIR
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The article is related to reach for Onesky, Australia's integrate Air traffic management system
in the market. The article shows that approx. $1.2 billion joint civil-military for controlling
the Air traffic system, which is now under development that offers a basis for a new
generation of Australian air traffic management. In the year 2009, government aviation policy
was proposed for benefits of operations and business that would come from the integration
between Air services Australia and Defence (Aviation, 2019).
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It has been found that organizations have ATM (air traffic management) system due to the
replacement at around the same time. It offers generational opportunity majorly for the
businesses that can link with their ATM system and achieve benefits from different areas of
harmonization. It has been found that Air Services presently depend on Australian Advanced
Air Traffic System (TAAATS) of software as well as hardware for its control towards the
traffic. On the other hand, Defence makes use of ADATS, the Australian Defence Airtraffic
System (Aviation, 2019).
In the article, this has been examined that Thales Australia has been awarded as the prime
contract to provide updated Civil-Military Air Traffic Management System (CMATS), which
is a national, single, as well as integrated Air traffic management system that is possible
because of the managers (Aviation, 2019). It has been found that CMATS can provide
harness to advantages and capabilities for an overall program that is named as OneSKY. For
instance; Air services aim to maximize advantages that are present under the program to
implement the major changes in the overall business. It has been found that the present
TAAATS system comprises of the two Air traffic control centers that are present at
Melbourne and Brisbane. It is evaluated that every center is liable for about half the airspace
across Australian continentals.
The article presents findings about two traffic control centers that will have the independent
data processing systems available for flights and offering the terminal control radar as well as
tower services at major places that include the major area of responsibility, which is taken by
the manager, as accordingly they will make the changes (NEWS, 2019).
It is evaluated that presently defense operates a network of control towers as well as approach
radar locations. Although radar method facilities for Pearce, Richmond, and Edinburgh are
offered from, Air services facilities. ADATS and their managers presently incorporate the
sensors of radar (fixed and deployable), display and software system, radar simulators and
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communications systems majorly for the school of air traffic control as well as the military
approach units (Aviation, 2019).
It has been found that change management is considered due to which a new ATM system is
introduced. CMATS included its foundation in United States’ Next Generation Air
Transportation System (NextGen) and Europe’s Single European Sky ATM Research
(SESAR) program. It has been examined that both programs present the common goals with
the motive to offer for a threefold rise in capacity which is required to enhance safety by a
factor of 10 and to deliver a 10% decline on the impact of environmental per flight. Along
with this, it reduces ATM costs to users by 50% (Aviation, 2019). The managers contribute to
Change Management in the Air Traffic control system that includes the generational changes
which are essential to the system of ATM as well as procedures to accomplish objectives and
goals. It has been examined from the article that CMATS combine military as well as
Australia's civil ATM functions with both running off similar flight data processing system.
The changes have been witnessed with the single flight information region (FIR) that will
replace the present two FIRs plus defense ATM system. It has been found that this single
FIR, comprise of the oceanic airspace as well as domestic airspace which will encompass
11% of Earth's surface. Although air traffic control centers will still be situated in Melbourne
and Brisbane, system combination permits for vibrant switching of major functions
performed by the air traffic control between the two locations (NEWS, 2019).
From the article, this has been analyzed that any terminal or control tower position and civil
or military en-route sector can be quickly configured to manage the traffic in the air,
considering the portion of airspace in Australia. The flexibility allows overcoming events of
disaster, staff storages, or issues with the equipment and allocating the resources to provide
the routes that are under changes as per the condition of weather and wind (Aviation, 2019).
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It has been analyzed that level of control function gets combine under one flight system of
processing the data that has not been undertaken by the different major air navigation service
providers (ANSPs). NATS, the United Kingdom ANSP, for instance; three flights are
operated which include data processing system among its domestic airspace that includes the
London terminal control as well as area control along with area control of Scotland. Along
with this, it has been found that the United States functions 20 en-route control centers that
make use of the separate data processing system of the flight (Aviation, 2019).
From the article, it has been found that Deloitte Company has performed the cost-benefit
analysis that is determined approx. $1 billion benefits of economic more than the operational
life of CMATS through cost reductions that are allied to the higher efficiency of the
operations. It has been evaluated that aircraft flying desired routs as well as at most efficient
levels of flight that leads to a rise in complexity of workloads leads to Air traffic workloads
(Aviation, 2019). It has been found that managers perform role by using software tools which
are essential to support controllers to determine the conflicts that took place among the flight,
as well as the providers, alters when the aircraft is not following any kind of clearances. The
major tools that are used by CMATS include a satellite-based data link, arrival management
systems, formation flight and clearance management for providing the detection related to the
conflict that can be managed by the managers (Aviation, 2019).
It has been analyzed that the flexibility in allocating as well as configuring within the sectors
of Air traffic controllers is predicted to provide a reduction in cost through higher personnel
competence. It allows the assignment of air traffic managers to segment with a higher number
of aircraft. To accomplish this, the manager considers the shared system with the wide view
that remains available from all the workstations of CMATS that allows for the management
through tactics of the airspace sector configuration. It is evaluated that managers of the Air
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traffic will share a common understanding related to parameters of flight when aircraft are
intersection among the sectors of adjacent (Aviation, 2019).
Article 3: Sydney Airport delays: How air traffic controllers responded to the system
fault with all of the chaos on the ground at Sydney Airport, from the skies pilots
described "a ghost town".
The manager has a vital role in implementing the system of change management in the Air
traffic control system. It has been analyzed with the support of an article that managers rarely
see the aviation traffic on a Monday morning in a peak hour time. It has been told to ABC
that flight-planning system is the reason behind the faults that leads to the delays. It is
examined that the information from the feeds into the picture of radar is shared with the
manager, which helps in determining the plane location (NEWS, 2019). Without such radar
picture details, they cannot say about the plane. Further, failures in the systems of Air traffic
include managers /pilot responses are continued to rehearse when they go down. The article
presents that Airservices Australia is a company that takes care of the Air Traffic control in
Australia and they have commenced the cost-cutting program, Departure Company with 700
less personnel (NEWS, 2019).
It has been analyzed that this company has constantly supported its decision that might lead
to the influence on frontline staff or aviation safety but no doubt that investigation in the
present incident is required to consider irrespective of the fact that cuts performed a vital role.
It has been said by Airservices Australia that it deals with redundancy on different levels
among all the systems, which is an issue that remained unfixed by managers. Further, failure
leads to delay that is not believed to be linked with the WAM system. It is examined that
these delays are an inconvenience for passengers that remain highly skilled managers
responded. This shows that the managers have performed a major role in bringing the
changes while acknowledging the issues (NEWS, 2019).
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Findings
From the above data analysis, it can be illustrated that air traffic management field
researchers to evaluate the role of a human component named as structure could be
imperative in getting the information towards the purpose of the study in effective way.
These findings were supported by the opinion of Cook, Blom, Lillo, Mantegna, Micciche,
Rivas, & Zanin, (2015), as it was evaluated that the trustworthiness of basic just as mind-
boggling structures that are depended on the human capacity concerning dealing with such
occasions. It is inspected that the business demonstration could be basic in pulling in airport
regulation administration. Also, it is inspected that the specialized device and adequacy inside
gatherings and controllers just as administrators. It is inspected that correspondence allowed
the administrators to keep normal mindfulness. It is analyzed that the investigation
demonstrates the human correspondence hugeness in keeping common mindfulness just as
along these lines huge correspondence guarantees the travelers wellbeing. Thus, the
understanding of information, it is established that the individual's discussion may be
improved to keep organize among the officials just as workforces. What's more, it is likewise
inspected that individuals correspondence may be improved to keep up between officials just
as workforces with the goal that association security of association that can be kept up.
With respect to the above-collected data, it can be found that change, as well as evaluation,
are major components that might lead to business performance of the organization. The
collected data was supported by the views of Patriarca Di Gravio, & Costantino, (2017), as it
can be stated that change and examination are major components is imperative in getting
reliable outcome. It is examined that modification in the sole accountability of the executives
could directly be affected by the performance of the research outcome. The executives are
biggest supporter of the firm as they assist the company as well as their efforts could be really
appreciated at the time of managing as well as implementing such modification effectively in
xli

company. The organization could confront numerous issues identified by dealing with their
demonstrations. It is likewise established that there is diverse keen of progress the executives
that are recognized the CEO and senior administration could assume a basic job in the top-
down change while subordinates could oversee base up change. It is additionally tended to
that the ACT structure model is powerful for making a basic device for the association to get
positive responses.
From the data, it is found that the aviation industry has been changed in relation to the safety
of passengers and hence the executives are accountable for sharing the information about the
changes in the organization to workforces. It would be effective for the employees to
effectively dealing at the time of changes in the organization. The findings were supported
by the opinion of Maskell Baggaley & Grasso, (2017), as it is discussed that the
accountability for changing ineffectively. It could also be affected by the overall performance
of organization. In addition, it is also examined the executives could play an imperative in the
organization to operate the business process and make a reliable decision. It will be
imperative in improving the efficacy of firm as it assists to control the air traffic effectively.
With respect to the above discussion, it can be illustrated that the ACT structure team could
provide a clear duty to the person who is part of the business. It would directly be affected by
the perspective of the business. The findings were supported by the opinion of Brown, Smith,
Wiseman & Handmer, (2019) Martin & Siebert (2016) stated that the organization could face
many issues related to managing their acts. It is also found that there are different perceptive
of change management that are identified the CEO and senior management could play an
imperative role in the top-down change while subordinates could manage bottom-up change.
It is also addressed that the ACT structure model is effective for making an imperative tool
for the organization to get positive reactions.
xlii

From the evaluation of the information, it is addressed that the human resource manager
could recruit a suitable person to effectively operating the business process and supported to
get higher competitive advantages. These key components of effective change management
approach and this could be imperative in meeting the organizational task. These findings
were supported by the opinion of Heinicke, Guenther, & Widener, (2016), as it was examined
that the organization could play an imperative role in separating the person from conducting
their acts. It is also found that people manage could nurturing the talent of employees as well
as mentoring the employees to meet their organizational tasks. For illustration, in the aviation
industry could manage line executives. It would directly affect the performance of the
organization.
With respect to the above discussion, it can be concluded that the primary aim of the manager
could play an imperative role in the attainment of the organizational task. The findings were
supported by the opinion of Ansoff, Kipley, Lewis, Helm-Stevens, & Ansoff, (2018), as it
was illustrated that the human resource manager could also empower the act has been
expected by them towards the organizational goal as it would also be affected to the overall
performance of the organization. The human resource manager might encourage the people
who are part of the organization due to increasing safety at the working place. The higher
motivated employees could coordinate with each other for working on the solution as
opposed to organizational success. It is also examined that the human resource manager could
play an imperative role to meet the organizational task. Moreover, HR department could be
imperative in operating the business process in one direction and support aviation as well as
other industries to make higher benefits. The findings were supported by the opinion of
Schermerhorn Jr, Davidson, Woods, Factor, Junaid, & McBarron, (2019), as it was examined
that motivator is a tool that is practiced for inspiration named as promotion, pay bonus among
others. It is the procedure of inspiration could play an imperative role in the working place
xliii

named as profit and loss. In addition, it is also examined that managerial procedure of the
direction is driven by the procedure of inspiration as it could develop in the mind of
workforces the desire for working in the direction identifies by the executives.
With respect to the above discussion, it can be concluded that the motivation could lead to a
leader to effectively increase employee productivity. It is also examined that the inspiration
meets the employee needs and it creates the drive for working in the best of their capabilities.
These findings were supported by the opinion of Hongisto, Haapakangas, Varjo, Helenius, &
Koskela, (2016) as it was examined that well-organized representative to get more endeavors
about the association when contrasted with the dampened specialist. It is additionally
delineated that the inspiration could assume a basic job in dealing with the representative
frames of mind in the working spot. What's more, it is additionally inspected that a pioneer
could manage different sorts of individuals by utilizing a powerful inspiration. Further, a
bearing is a successful administrative act and structures one of their center capacities.
Motivations as the as of now referenced is the essential piece of the heading. It is analyzed
that heading being system that includes coordinating activity for the benefit of work viably. It
is likewise tended to that an association could utilize basic device for making viable activity
towards the hierarchical reason. It could rouse to representative for the fulfillment of the
hierarchical errand in constrained time and cost.
With respect to the above data analysis, it can be addressed that mangers should assume the
workforces would follow their own self-interests. In such a way, change management
strategy should be related to offering incentives that would motivate individuals for accepting
as well as, ultimately engaging with a new direction of firm. These findings were supported
by the opinion of Drew, McCallum, & Roggenhofer, (2016) as it was examined that
employee recognition programs as well as, rewards tailored for particular actions and
company value offer incentives to some employees to engage them into change. Furthermore,
xliv

incentives also support reinforcing the behavior and takes action that upper management is
looking at this period for upheaval. This favorable model of change management could be
used for appreciating the workforces at the complex time of change. Safety management is
defined as implying set of rules principles, structure, and procedures as well as, measuring to
detect the injuries, accidents as well as, other adverse consequences. It could be caused
through application of products and services. This approach is beneficial for support of
executives in improving their accountabilities for operational structure design as well as,
executing via either deficiency of prediction in system before errors occur and detection as
well as, correction of deficiencies of system by professional assessment of safety
occurrences.
With respect to the above discussion, it can be concluded that safety management considers
the systematic strategy to manage safety such as required organizational structure, policies,
procedures as well as, accountabilities. These findings were supported by the views of,
Fewings & Henjewele (2019) the essential accentuate of security the board inside avionics is
on the wellbeing of flight that considers all related and bolster offices that can have sway on
wellbeing, for example, air route offices, and aerodrome tasks the board. Moreover, word
related wellbeing just as, related wellbeing and natural concerns fall outside the degree
identified with security the board. It is likewise managed the different administration
framework. The part of proactive wellbeing the executives with regards to avionics is set up
in the time of 1990s. It likewise involves the business, for example, the executives' approach
in regards to security of flight activities.
From the analysis, it is also found that emphasis considered on intensive training, individual
risk management as well as, accident research. Since this strategy replaced through new
system based notion. From year 1970 to mid-1990, the adopted model was highly focused on
progressive technology as well as, shifted the issues with respect to human errors. This
xlv

emphasize was to consider and avoid human error via training and regulation, as well as,
lessons were learned through incident research as well as, other industries. Despite substantial
investment of resources into mitigation of human error, the key reason related to safety
breakdowns is continued for attributing towards unsatisfactory human performance as a
persistent factor.
The findings were supported by the opinion of Kierzkowski & Kisiel (2017) as it was stated
that the mid of 90’s onward, a new strategy related to managing safety was adopted and
proactively uses and assessing the routinely gathered safety-related information. Furthermore,
effective safety management focuses on the significance of managing safety in a systematic,
proactive as well as, explicit way. Systematic indicates that safety management practices are
conducted with respect to predetermined as well as, well-documented plan as well as,
implemented inconsistent way during an organization. The availability of integrated as well
as strong company culture is significant enables for attaining the consistency.
As per the view of Kantowitz & Casper (2017) strong and uniform company culture develops
high morale between workforces together with, makes good interdepartmental links with the
company. In such a manner, proactivity indicates for implementing the strategy that focuses
on avoiding through detection of hazards as well as, initiation of risk mitigation measures
before risk-bearing event exists and adversely influence the performance of safety. If this
kind of organizational practice exists in company culture that focuses on accident and
incident prevention as compared to reactive culture that only emphasizes on solving issues
after they exist, then SMS could be easier for executing.
With respect to the collected information, it is found that the SMS system is a fact that all
system management practices should be documented and in clear way. Moreover, they should
be transparent both to inter and organizational stakeholders. It should be performed
independently from other management practices. The collected information was supported by
xlvi

the views of Daft & Marcic (2016) safety is becoming uniform emphasize for company as
compared to afterthought as well as, accountability for its management is delegated to
particular organizational unit while, it is pervasive in practices of company as whole. Safety
management in aviation sector is integration of two described ways such as traditional and
modern. The reactive safety management strategy is significant while dealing with
technological failure, and unusual events. It considers different characteristics such as focus
is on compliance to minimum safety needs, and the level of safety has relied on reported
occurrence of safety with the inherent limitations like assessment of actual failures only,
inadequacy of information for determining the safety trends, as well as, insufficiency of
insights about the chain of causal as well as, contributory events with existence and
responsibility of latent unsafe conditions.
With respect to the above-collected information, it can be summarized that the proactive
approach is related to safety management and is relied on a given risk management approach.
It entails hazards before they materialize into incidents and accidents as well as, taking the
required actions for declining the safety risks. These findings were supported by the opinion
of Seamster & Redding (2017) as it was stated that there are some elements related to safety
management strategy such as unambiguous safety policy making sure the commitment
related to senior management to safety, detection of hazard as well as, risk assessment with
using state of art risk evaluation techniques. Another element is safety reporting system
practiced for gathering, assessing and sharing the operational safety associated information.
With respect to the above analysis, it is examined that integrated practices related to
components would gain the resistance of system for unsafe act as well as, conditions. These
findings were supported by the opinion of Kavanagh, & Johnson, (2017) as it was stated that
reliable incorporation identified with components of proactive security the executives is
called as wellbeing the board framework (SMS). The expanding acknowledgment identified
xlvii

with job and criticalness of security the board has driven the dynamic execution of wellbeing
the executive's framework through avionics administration supplier organizations, for
example, air route specialist organizations, air terminal administrators just as, aircraft in last
couple of periods. A method is checked and oversaw through state by means of devoted
wellbeing activities with regards to International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). It can
improve corporate wellbeing execution through proactively deal with the security identified
with gave administrations is expanding the perceived through all aeronautics field as an
essential for reasonable business the board just as, operational development.
These findings were supported by the opinion of Hinterhuber & Liozu (2017) as it was
illustrated that risk management is related to system based that emphasizes on detection of
hazards entailed in each aspect related to operations whether it entails the aircraft flight
operations, cockpit process, aircraft maintenance, ticketing, scheduling, and baggage
handling. As an integral as well as, required a part of the safety management system,
operational risk management formalizes this strategy by executing logic-driven procedure for
assessing the extent of risk related to identified hazards, suggesting the risk-based solution
and monitoring significance of these solutions.
With respect to the data evaluation, it can be found that the Air Traffic Management system
could lead to the firm to improve its culture of Air traffic and increase safety in the working
place. These findings were supported by the opinion of as Olins (2017) it was examined that
organization could use navigation structure that could affect the overall performance of the
organization. It could affect the overall performance of the organization. It is also examined
that national infrastructure of air traffic management investigators has determined safety
culture as it is one of minor incidents. Motivation could lead to a leader to effectively
increase employee productivity. These findings were also supported by the opinion of Sayles
(2017), examined that the inspiration meets the employee needs and it creates the drive for
xlviii

working to the best of their capabilities. It is also examined that a well-structured employee to
get more effort into the organization as compared to the disheartened worker. It is also
illustrated that the motivation could play an imperative role in managing employee attitudes
in the working place. In addition, it is also examined that a leader could deal with diverse
kinds of people by using effective motivation.
xlix

Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendation
With respect to the above conclusion, it can be summarized that Air Traffic Control Systems
is an integral section of the aviation that affected the overall aviation industry productivity.
For minimizing the incidents of the organization, the organization used the change
management tools and it would be imperative in getting a positive result. For totally
minimizing the number of risks, there is a need to make system wherein many managers and
staff have been hired for running the business in one direction and meeting the organizational
task. Executives, as well as supervisors, are imperative because of their relationship as they
have with their workforces in the working place. It can also be examined that the managers
and executives were appointed for coaching and attracting the workforces by their own
procedure. In addition, it is also examined that workforces want to make amendments in the
change messages towards how its work and its team will be influenced by the change from
the individual they report to. In addition, it is evaluated that a workforce’s supervisor is the
major channel of data towards the firm, the work which is done as well as changes to that
operate work outcome by initiatives as well as projects. It can be summarized that the
executive, as well as another member, supported to achieve the goal in an effective way. The
primary aim of this study is to improve the performance of the organization by implementing
the change management procedure. It is illustrated that the team of change management could
facilitate to engage the consumers, managers, and executives in the business acts. The change
management team could develop the customized services to engage as well as manage the
modification first with executives as well as supervisors because they are the person who
changes the whole team effectively. It can be summarized that it is also examined that
executives could make an effective relationship with their subordinates offering to make an
effective team and complete the desired task in the least time. It is also examined that the
provided data could towards the report could be imperative for project of their workforces to
l

the team. In addition, it is also examined that executives are best position to provide usability
outcomes as well as workforces feedback on the specific phases of outcomes. It is also
examined that the executives are positioned to determine as well as raise the reliable
functionality needs as well as concerns at the time of implementing the project phase. It is
also examined that resistance executives could present the biggest section of different
executives from role they are historically played in the working place. Moreover, it is
examined that coaching of workforces by change as well as determine the management
resistance to modify the need for new skills set. It can be summarized that an effective
executive has face complexity at the time of making a positive relationship with their
subordinates. It would also assist to make a reliable outcome. It is illustrated that
management plays an imperative role in the change management process. It could directly
make connection between employee as well as top management as it would be affected by the
overall productivity of the firm. This research will be effective to deeply evaluating the role
of executive in the aviation in change management. From the data, it can also be addressed
that there is positive relationship between the manager acts and change management success
in the aviation industry. It would be effective in increasing safety in the evaluation industry.
It can also be examined that Safety culture is one of the main reasons for fatal accidents as
well as minor incidents in the Aircraft. The mid-level and higher-level managers are directly
responsible for maintaining the best safety culture. It can be summarized that Change
management could be effective for organizations when the management can take all the
internal and external stakeholders together to drive the change in the organization. From the
data, it can also be found that human resource factors are effective in controlling and
developing the safety measures in the difficult structures that have been effective concern
among the research scholar. In addition, it is evaluated that the targeted two executive groups,
and consisting of the middle as well as higher subjects. It could be affected by the overall
li

productivity of the organization. It can also be summarized that air traffic management field
researchers to evaluate the role of human component named as structure could be imperative
in getting the information towards the purpose of the study in effective way. It is evaluated
that the dependability of critical as well as complex structures that are relied on human
capability with respect to handling such events. It is examined that business activities could
be imperative in attracting air traffic control management. In addition, it is examined that the
communication tool and effectiveness within groups and controllers as well as executives. It
is examined that communication permitted the operators to keep common awareness. It is
examined that the study indicates human communication significance in keeping mutual
awareness as well as thus significant communication ensures the passenger's safety. Hence,
the accordance with data, it is found that the people's conversation might be improved to keep
coordinate among the executives as well as workforces. In addition, it is examined that
people's communication might be enhancing to maintain relationship between executives as
well as workforces as it would lead to getting a favorable result. It can also be recommended
that the aviation industry has been changed in relation to the safety of passengers and hence
the executives are accountable for sharing the information about the changes in the
organization to workforces. It would be effective for the employees to effectively dealing at
the time of changes in the organization. It is found that accountability for changing
ineffectively. It could also be affected by the overall performance of organization. In
addition, it is also examined the executives could play an imperative in the organization to
operate the business process and make a reliable decision. It will be imperative in improving
the efficacy of firm as it assists to control the air traffic effectively.
Role of a manager in implementing change management in the air traffic control system
It can be recommended that managers should need to increase the interest level of employees,
which would be effective in getting higher competitive advantages. In such way, change
lii

management strategy is effective for encourage the workforces that would be effective in
making the decision towards the research issue. A manager should be related to offering
incentives that would motivate individuals for accepting as well as, ultimately engaging with
new direction of firm (Avgerou & Walsham, 2017).
It is evaluated that employee recognition programs as well as, rewards tailored for particular
actions and company value offer incentives to some employees to engage them into change.
Furthermore, incentives also support in reinforcing the behavior and takes action that upper
management is looking for in this time of upheaval. This favorable model of change
management could be used for appreciating workforces at the complex time of change
(Stacey, 2016).
It can be suggested that the manager should focus on redefining the cultural values as it
drives the workforces for participating in change. This kind of change management approach
has relied on an underlying assumption that an individual as social beings wishes to ‘fit in’ as
well as, ‘go along’ with the cultural values and norms (Hopper & Bui, 2016).
It can be recommended that a manager can develop the culture of continuous enhancement is
one of the methods for transforming the minds and hearts of workforces to ask the change in
their work. In this illustration, workforces may be highly receptive to new modes of working
when they have already considered the idea about continuous enhancement as well as, up-
healing that comes with the transformation (DeFries & Nagendra, 2017).
It can be suggested that managers should rely on how serious the requirement for
transformation is, a firm can select to exercise its authority for declining opposition of
workforces and get employees for adhering new standard procedures as well as, cultural
norms as promptly as possible. When threat is grave sufficient that imminent change is
required for survival, companies can simply not have time for investing in incentive
initiatives or culture change programs (Bahr, 2018). The coercive approach could be fastest
liii

manner for executing changes ‘my way or highway’. However, it could consider resentment
as well as, opposition between some workforces may become problematic in future.
It can be recommended that people are quick for opposing the transformation especially
transformation they view as undesirable and disruptive, they often quicker for implementing
a new atmosphere. Managers can obtain the benefit of this adaptability by developing new
structure, complete with new procedures, values, workflows as well as, gradually transfer
workforces from old one (Aarons, Ehrhart, Farahnak, & Hurlburt, 2015).
This strategy could be effective for situations entailing radical and transformative
organizational change. In addition, it is illustrated that the management structure could be
imperative in operating the business process in a systematic manner. Workforces are faced
with the vision of adapting to new conditions and being left behind to ‘die on vine’ with old
companies (Sydow, Schüßler, & Müller-Seitz, 2015).
It can be suggested that a manager can recruit the champions of change. Along with this,
radical change is met with high extent of resistance however the probabilities of success
could be enhanced when the voices championing change is related to employees as well as,
not exclusively upper management (Lundin, Arvidsson, Brady, Ekstedt, Midler, & Sydow,
2015). Recruiting frontline workforces for sharing the requirement for change and sharing its
benefits with the peers can speedily engage the workforces in change as well as, declines the
degree of resistance, and serves as a mechanism to gather feedback as well as, disseminate
the data about planned change programs. When a manager identifies the requirement for
change within the company, business enterprise mapping could be supporting them to address
the enhancement opportunities that lied buries in the process of breaking. Managers can also
demonstrate how business process mapping can decline the extent of resistance to change as
well as, supportive for developing the basis for radical change (O’Donnell, Lamond, &
Thorne, 2017).
liv

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