Improving Effective Communication: Literature Review and Research Methodology
31 Pages10507 Words488 Views
Added on 2020-06-06
About This Document
This article discusses the literature review and research methodology for improving effective communication. It covers communication theories, including Aristotle's communication model and transactional communication model, their criticisms, and a comparison between them. The research methodology covers research philosophy, paradigm, method approaches, strategy, choices, time horizons, method and design, ethics, and sampling strategy.
Improving Effective Communication: Literature Review and Research Methodology
Added on 2020-06-06
ShareRelated Documents
Improving the Effective
Communication
Communication
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................1
2.1 Communication Theories.................................................................................................1
2.1.1 Aristotle’s communication model.................................................................................1
Criticism of Aristotle's Model of Communication.................................................................3
2.1.2 Transactional communication model............................................................................3
Criticism of Transactional model...........................................................................................4
2.1.3 Shannon Model of Communication...............................................................................5
Criticism of Shannon model of communication.....................................................................6
2.1.4 Social media integration theory model..........................................................................7
Criticism of social media integration theory model...............................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................12
3.1 Research philosophy.......................................................................................................12
3.1.1. Ontology.....................................................................................................................13
3.1.2. Epistemology..............................................................................................................13
3.1.3. Axiology.....................................................................................................................13
3.1.4. Research philosophy...................................................................................................13
3.2 Research paradigm.........................................................................................................14
3.2.1. Research paradigm for this research...........................................................................14
3.3 Five major philosophies.................................................................................................14
3.3.1. Positivism...................................................................................................................14
3.3.2. Critical Realism..........................................................................................................14
3.3.3. Interpretivism.............................................................................................................14
3.3.4. Postmodernism...........................................................................................................14
3.3.5. Pragmatism.................................................................................................................14
3.3.6. Main research philosophy for this research................................................................15
3.4 Research Method Approaches........................................................................................15
3.4.1. Inductive.....................................................................................................................15
3.4.2. Deductive....................................................................................................................15
3.4.3. Abductive...................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................1
2.1 Communication Theories.................................................................................................1
2.1.1 Aristotle’s communication model.................................................................................1
Criticism of Aristotle's Model of Communication.................................................................3
2.1.2 Transactional communication model............................................................................3
Criticism of Transactional model...........................................................................................4
2.1.3 Shannon Model of Communication...............................................................................5
Criticism of Shannon model of communication.....................................................................6
2.1.4 Social media integration theory model..........................................................................7
Criticism of social media integration theory model...............................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................12
3.1 Research philosophy.......................................................................................................12
3.1.1. Ontology.....................................................................................................................13
3.1.2. Epistemology..............................................................................................................13
3.1.3. Axiology.....................................................................................................................13
3.1.4. Research philosophy...................................................................................................13
3.2 Research paradigm.........................................................................................................14
3.2.1. Research paradigm for this research...........................................................................14
3.3 Five major philosophies.................................................................................................14
3.3.1. Positivism...................................................................................................................14
3.3.2. Critical Realism..........................................................................................................14
3.3.3. Interpretivism.............................................................................................................14
3.3.4. Postmodernism...........................................................................................................14
3.3.5. Pragmatism.................................................................................................................14
3.3.6. Main research philosophy for this research................................................................15
3.4 Research Method Approaches........................................................................................15
3.4.1. Inductive.....................................................................................................................15
3.4.2. Deductive....................................................................................................................15
3.4.3. Abductive...................................................................................................................15
3.4.4. Research Method Approach for this Research...........................................................15
3.5 Research strategy............................................................................................................15
3.5.1.Experiment..................................................................................................................16
3.5.2. Survey.........................................................................................................................16
3.5.3. Case study...................................................................................................................16
3.5.4. Action research...........................................................................................................16
3.5.5. Grounded Theory........................................................................................................16
3.5.6. Ethnography...............................................................................................................16
3.5.7. Archival research........................................................................................................17
3.5.8. Research strategy for this research.............................................................................17
3.6 Research Choices............................................................................................................17
3.6.1. Mono Method (Qualitative and Quantitative)............................................................17
3.6.2. Mixed Method (Simple and Complex).......................................................................17
3.6.3. Multi Methods (Qualitative and Quantitative)...........................................................17
3.6.4. Research Choice for this Research.............................................................................17
3.7 Research Time Horizons................................................................................................18
3.7.1. Cross Sectional...........................................................................................................18
3.7.2. Longitudinal...............................................................................................................18
3.7.3. Research Time Horizon for this Research..................................................................18
3.8 Research Method and Design.........................................................................................18
3.8.1. Data collection methods.............................................................................................18
3.8.1.1. Focus groups............................................................................................................19
3.8.1.2. Observations............................................................................................................19
3.8.1.3. Interviews................................................................................................................19
3.8.1.4. Questionnaires.........................................................................................................19
3.8.1.5. Research Method and Design for this research.......................................................19
3.8.2. Research Ethics..........................................................................................................19
3.8.3. Sampling strategy.......................................................................................................19
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................28
3.5 Research strategy............................................................................................................15
3.5.1.Experiment..................................................................................................................16
3.5.2. Survey.........................................................................................................................16
3.5.3. Case study...................................................................................................................16
3.5.4. Action research...........................................................................................................16
3.5.5. Grounded Theory........................................................................................................16
3.5.6. Ethnography...............................................................................................................16
3.5.7. Archival research........................................................................................................17
3.5.8. Research strategy for this research.............................................................................17
3.6 Research Choices............................................................................................................17
3.6.1. Mono Method (Qualitative and Quantitative)............................................................17
3.6.2. Mixed Method (Simple and Complex).......................................................................17
3.6.3. Multi Methods (Qualitative and Quantitative)...........................................................17
3.6.4. Research Choice for this Research.............................................................................17
3.7 Research Time Horizons................................................................................................18
3.7.1. Cross Sectional...........................................................................................................18
3.7.2. Longitudinal...............................................................................................................18
3.7.3. Research Time Horizon for this Research..................................................................18
3.8 Research Method and Design.........................................................................................18
3.8.1. Data collection methods.............................................................................................18
3.8.1.1. Focus groups............................................................................................................19
3.8.1.2. Observations............................................................................................................19
3.8.1.3. Interviews................................................................................................................19
3.8.1.4. Questionnaires.........................................................................................................19
3.8.1.5. Research Method and Design for this research.......................................................19
3.8.2. Research Ethics..........................................................................................................19
3.8.3. Sampling strategy.......................................................................................................19
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................28
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Communication Theories
Communication concept is a set of information conception and mathematics which
examines the study of technical procedures of information within process of human
communication. According to Shockley-Zalabak, (2014) improving effective communication is
required for managing and controlling business in a better manner. Effective communication is
the major key of interpersonal skills and also learn how to improve their communication and
analyse its benefits.
2.1.1 Aristotle’s communication model
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who was born in Stagira, Northern Greece. He studied
physics, analytic, mathematics, etc. while exploring the human nature in a scientific manner.
Aristotle is developing a linear model of communication for oral communicating with another
person which is known as Aristotle’s Model of Communication. It is considered as the first
theory of transmission and it is most widely accepted among all models of transmit. Aristotle's
model is mainly concentrated on speech and speaker. It can be divided into five prime
components such as speakers, speech, occasion, audience and outcome. Aristotle's model of
communication is speaker oriented theory where speaker plays an important role and he is one of
the active persons. This model helps in improving the effective communication for attracting a
large number of audience. So, the speech can be prepared and audience can be convinced or
determined from such voice communication.
As per Weller, Boyd and Cumin (2014) this model assists in developing public speaking
skills and making an appropriate information at the specific time. So, this will concentrate less
on interpersonal and intra-personal communication. This assists in improving effective
communication for flowing accurate information from one person to another in a specific
manner. Content should be correct and design the message in proper way which creating
effectively flow of information and data. There are some advantages and disadvantages of
Aristotle's communication model which are given as below:
Advantages:
Aristotle's theory can be defended because it is created by the examination of natural
world and make it reliable.
1
2.1 Communication Theories
Communication concept is a set of information conception and mathematics which
examines the study of technical procedures of information within process of human
communication. According to Shockley-Zalabak, (2014) improving effective communication is
required for managing and controlling business in a better manner. Effective communication is
the major key of interpersonal skills and also learn how to improve their communication and
analyse its benefits.
2.1.1 Aristotle’s communication model
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who was born in Stagira, Northern Greece. He studied
physics, analytic, mathematics, etc. while exploring the human nature in a scientific manner.
Aristotle is developing a linear model of communication for oral communicating with another
person which is known as Aristotle’s Model of Communication. It is considered as the first
theory of transmission and it is most widely accepted among all models of transmit. Aristotle's
model is mainly concentrated on speech and speaker. It can be divided into five prime
components such as speakers, speech, occasion, audience and outcome. Aristotle's model of
communication is speaker oriented theory where speaker plays an important role and he is one of
the active persons. This model helps in improving the effective communication for attracting a
large number of audience. So, the speech can be prepared and audience can be convinced or
determined from such voice communication.
As per Weller, Boyd and Cumin (2014) this model assists in developing public speaking
skills and making an appropriate information at the specific time. So, this will concentrate less
on interpersonal and intra-personal communication. This assists in improving effective
communication for flowing accurate information from one person to another in a specific
manner. Content should be correct and design the message in proper way which creating
effectively flow of information and data. There are some advantages and disadvantages of
Aristotle's communication model which are given as below:
Advantages:
Aristotle's theory can be defended because it is created by the examination of natural
world and make it reliable.
1
The major cause which can be applied to different things such as improvement in
communication and maintain accurate flow of information.
This model helps in increasing the productivity and reducing wastage of
misinterpretation.
Also provides satisfaction to their employees or workers and make an effective
relationship with their audience.
There is no anomalies to contradict for making argument while doing communication
with another person.
Disadvantages:
This model is based on experience and so, this is unreliable because experience can be
changed from one to another individual.
Aristotle's model has no factual information which has to be transferred from another
person in a proper manner.
If prime mover does not interact with the world, it is very different from another moving
of information.
Barriers of Aristotle's communication model
There are major three elements which are creating barriers and conflicts within
organisation. These are as follows: Ethos- It is the attribute which makes an individual more credible in front of large
audience. According to Goetsch and Davis, (2014) if there is not much credibility, so the
audience does not consider speaker thinking and cannot convinced by them at any more.
Position and expertise provide them more quality to a person. A large number of people
will not listen to the dishonorable people promises, but if an individual is already known
for their deeds and there are high changes in his speech that will be heard. Pathos- This is one of the major barriers because in this, if anyone says such matters to
them and they cannot connect with it, then they will more concerned for thinking that
they are more credible. This will directly affect the communication level where they need
to make proper improvement in transmission of correct information.
Logos- It is termed as logo. People consider only when if they trying to understand the
major issues by which improvement does not possible in communication. An individual
can easily find out logical factors in everything. In this model, if communicator always
2
communication and maintain accurate flow of information.
This model helps in increasing the productivity and reducing wastage of
misinterpretation.
Also provides satisfaction to their employees or workers and make an effective
relationship with their audience.
There is no anomalies to contradict for making argument while doing communication
with another person.
Disadvantages:
This model is based on experience and so, this is unreliable because experience can be
changed from one to another individual.
Aristotle's model has no factual information which has to be transferred from another
person in a proper manner.
If prime mover does not interact with the world, it is very different from another moving
of information.
Barriers of Aristotle's communication model
There are major three elements which are creating barriers and conflicts within
organisation. These are as follows: Ethos- It is the attribute which makes an individual more credible in front of large
audience. According to Goetsch and Davis, (2014) if there is not much credibility, so the
audience does not consider speaker thinking and cannot convinced by them at any more.
Position and expertise provide them more quality to a person. A large number of people
will not listen to the dishonorable people promises, but if an individual is already known
for their deeds and there are high changes in his speech that will be heard. Pathos- This is one of the major barriers because in this, if anyone says such matters to
them and they cannot connect with it, then they will more concerned for thinking that
they are more credible. This will directly affect the communication level where they need
to make proper improvement in transmission of correct information.
Logos- It is termed as logo. People consider only when if they trying to understand the
major issues by which improvement does not possible in communication. An individual
can easily find out logical factors in everything. In this model, if communicator always
2
based on logic so they cannot properly involved in this. They can present facts and
figures to their audience for them.
Criticism of Aristotle's Model of Communication
There are certain criticisms involved in this model. These are described as under:
There is no concept of failure in communication such as barriers and noise.
This model can be used in public speaking.
There is no concept of feedback and so, it is the one way from speaker to audience.
2.1.2 Transactional communication model
Transactional model of communication is the transaction of message in between
transmitter and receiver where this can be taken convert to send or receive content in proper
manner to each other. On the other hand, both sender and receiver are also known as
communicator and their major roles can be exchanged at each time within effective process of
communication where both procedures can be send and receive which can arises at the same time
period. As per McLeskey, Rosenberg and Westling, (2017) for improving effective
communication, they need to analyse common and mutual transmission among different people.
Transactional model is that process which continuously changes and transforms each and
every elements which has been changing such as their environment, people and intermediate
which is utilised. Because of this, it helps in anticipating communicators which is independent in
that way which they want. Hence, sender and receiver are essential for continue the connection
which involve in transactional model, the person totally dependent on each other.
On the other hand, transactional communication is not achievable if receiver is not
hearing the transmitter individual. Transactional mode of communication is the most generic
communication model. It is effective for communicators with same environment and single
person factors. Communication between people are well known to each other which is more
efficient so they can share the similar social system. In transactional model, reliability and
efficiency of interaction message which totally depend on the usage of medium. For example,
same message might not be detected by an individual when it can be present through with
telephone and it provide face to face communication.
There are various advantages and disadvantages of Transactional model of
communication that are discussed as below:
Advantages:
3
figures to their audience for them.
Criticism of Aristotle's Model of Communication
There are certain criticisms involved in this model. These are described as under:
There is no concept of failure in communication such as barriers and noise.
This model can be used in public speaking.
There is no concept of feedback and so, it is the one way from speaker to audience.
2.1.2 Transactional communication model
Transactional model of communication is the transaction of message in between
transmitter and receiver where this can be taken convert to send or receive content in proper
manner to each other. On the other hand, both sender and receiver are also known as
communicator and their major roles can be exchanged at each time within effective process of
communication where both procedures can be send and receive which can arises at the same time
period. As per McLeskey, Rosenberg and Westling, (2017) for improving effective
communication, they need to analyse common and mutual transmission among different people.
Transactional model is that process which continuously changes and transforms each and
every elements which has been changing such as their environment, people and intermediate
which is utilised. Because of this, it helps in anticipating communicators which is independent in
that way which they want. Hence, sender and receiver are essential for continue the connection
which involve in transactional model, the person totally dependent on each other.
On the other hand, transactional communication is not achievable if receiver is not
hearing the transmitter individual. Transactional mode of communication is the most generic
communication model. It is effective for communicators with same environment and single
person factors. Communication between people are well known to each other which is more
efficient so they can share the similar social system. In transactional model, reliability and
efficiency of interaction message which totally depend on the usage of medium. For example,
same message might not be detected by an individual when it can be present through with
telephone and it provide face to face communication.
There are various advantages and disadvantages of Transactional model of
communication that are discussed as below:
Advantages:
3
This model displays mutual field experience of the receiver and transmitter.
Transactional theory is taken by evaluator as the most organized communication model. Transactional model ascertains about coincidental content sending, response and sound.
Disadvantages:
It is a difficult model where effective communication is not possible sometimes.
Both receiver and sender must understand the codes sent by others. So, they can possess
the same level of communication.
Criticism of Transactional model
Without verbal response, sender cannot ensure that receiver get the message which has
been supposed. Another is feedback which is essential element in the communication
procedure, particularly in interpersonal communication which provide space for explain
disagreement.
Transactional model provide possibility for lot of noise due to this communication is
synchronous. For example, when most of the people are talking at the same time in the
meeting, also the main objective of the meeting will not completed.
Comparison between Transactional model and other models:
Transactional model- This model is used for interpersonal communication. Receivers
and senders are called as communicators which they interchange their roles and duties. It
includes roles of business environment and under context. This will involves communication
barriers and noise determined as major aspects. Perrott (2014) in this transactional model,
organisation can more discuss about non-verbal communication and attain feedback.
Other model- This is used for interpersonal, intra-personal and group or collective
communicating. Both sender and receiver are various people and analyse the role of context and
major surroundings which are not mentioned in another models. It is related to the noise concept
and also disregard non-verbal connexion skill. Response mainly involves in interaction model
and it is not included in linear model of transmission.
There are certain factors which are affecting the transactional model. These are described
as below:
There are many factors which directly or indirectly affect the communication procedure
in a transaction model. Such can be environmental barriers which occurs within the society.
Environmental noise such as physical sound, physiological and psychological sound.
4
Transactional theory is taken by evaluator as the most organized communication model. Transactional model ascertains about coincidental content sending, response and sound.
Disadvantages:
It is a difficult model where effective communication is not possible sometimes.
Both receiver and sender must understand the codes sent by others. So, they can possess
the same level of communication.
Criticism of Transactional model
Without verbal response, sender cannot ensure that receiver get the message which has
been supposed. Another is feedback which is essential element in the communication
procedure, particularly in interpersonal communication which provide space for explain
disagreement.
Transactional model provide possibility for lot of noise due to this communication is
synchronous. For example, when most of the people are talking at the same time in the
meeting, also the main objective of the meeting will not completed.
Comparison between Transactional model and other models:
Transactional model- This model is used for interpersonal communication. Receivers
and senders are called as communicators which they interchange their roles and duties. It
includes roles of business environment and under context. This will involves communication
barriers and noise determined as major aspects. Perrott (2014) in this transactional model,
organisation can more discuss about non-verbal communication and attain feedback.
Other model- This is used for interpersonal, intra-personal and group or collective
communicating. Both sender and receiver are various people and analyse the role of context and
major surroundings which are not mentioned in another models. It is related to the noise concept
and also disregard non-verbal connexion skill. Response mainly involves in interaction model
and it is not included in linear model of transmission.
There are certain factors which are affecting the transactional model. These are described
as below:
There are many factors which directly or indirectly affect the communication procedure
in a transaction model. Such can be environmental barriers which occurs within the society.
Environmental noise such as physical sound, physiological and psychological sound.
4
Transactional model relates to communication for analysing social reality of a person or group of
people in cultural, social and relational context of an organisation. The feedback cannot be
estimated because they have different background and other mental status. According to
O'hagan, (2014) communication pattern totally depends on several factors which include social,
cultural, physical, psychological, emotional, etc. There are major three factors such as cultural
systems, social scheme and relational situations which are the most powerful elements of
communication within transactional model, when physical and psychological context has been
considered to be effective on increasing it.
2.1.3 Shannon Model of Communication
Shannon Weaver communication model found in the year 1948 and when Shannon write
an article “A mathematical Theory of Communication”. Shannon was American mathematical
where Weaver was a scientist. The Mathematical theory came to known as Shannon Weaver
model of communication or it is called as “mother of all models”. It is that model which is more
technical rather than other lineal concept.
Concept in Shannon Model of communication Sender- They are the persons who make content, select the channel and send correct
message. Transmitter- Encoder is the sender who will use machines which converts message into
signals or other binary information. It is directly affected to the device. Channel- It is the medium which is used for sending message.
Receiver- Decoder is that device which is used for change over sign or binary data into
content or receiver which will render the content from effective communication.
Barriers of Shannon model of Communication
There are three important barriers of communication of Shannon Weaver that are
described as below: Technical issue- It explain that how to channel causes for effective problems Semantic problem- The actual meaning of message is different while sending or
receiving.
Effectiveness problem- How does it effectively cause the reaction of message.
Advantages of Shannon Model of communication
5
people in cultural, social and relational context of an organisation. The feedback cannot be
estimated because they have different background and other mental status. According to
O'hagan, (2014) communication pattern totally depends on several factors which include social,
cultural, physical, psychological, emotional, etc. There are major three factors such as cultural
systems, social scheme and relational situations which are the most powerful elements of
communication within transactional model, when physical and psychological context has been
considered to be effective on increasing it.
2.1.3 Shannon Model of Communication
Shannon Weaver communication model found in the year 1948 and when Shannon write
an article “A mathematical Theory of Communication”. Shannon was American mathematical
where Weaver was a scientist. The Mathematical theory came to known as Shannon Weaver
model of communication or it is called as “mother of all models”. It is that model which is more
technical rather than other lineal concept.
Concept in Shannon Model of communication Sender- They are the persons who make content, select the channel and send correct
message. Transmitter- Encoder is the sender who will use machines which converts message into
signals or other binary information. It is directly affected to the device. Channel- It is the medium which is used for sending message.
Receiver- Decoder is that device which is used for change over sign or binary data into
content or receiver which will render the content from effective communication.
Barriers of Shannon model of Communication
There are three important barriers of communication of Shannon Weaver that are
described as below: Technical issue- It explain that how to channel causes for effective problems Semantic problem- The actual meaning of message is different while sending or
receiving.
Effectiveness problem- How does it effectively cause the reaction of message.
Advantages of Shannon Model of communication
5
End of preview
Want to access all the pages? Upload your documents or become a member.
Related Documents
Importance of the Methodology- Literature Reviewlg...
|37
|9986
|445
Role of Microbusinesses in Poverty Eliminationlg...
|114
|32337
|96
Impact of Interest Rate Fluctuation on Commercial Banks in Tajikistanlg...
|78
|33590
|89
digital twin on a sector of an organisationlg...
|69
|19929
|37
Project Management of an Integrated Resort Research Paper 2022lg...
|114
|24458
|20
Communication in Quality & timely Delivery of Project Assignmentlg...
|20
|4320
|29