The Theory of Inclusive Learning, Teaching and Assessment

This report covers the theories, principles, and models of learning, communication, assessment, curriculum development, reflection, and evaluation. It also explains how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences enables inclusive teaching, learning, and assessment.

The theory of inclusive
learning teaching and
assessment

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK A...........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Analyse theories, principles, models of learning and models of learning preferences... .1
1.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to
teaching, learning and assessment .........................................................................................3
1.3 Analyse models of learning preferences...........................................................................4
1.4 Explain how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences
enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment.............................................................5
TASK B ..........................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Analyses of theories, models and principles of communication applied in teaching,
learning and assessment.........................................................................................................6
2.2 Explaining the ways in which theories, models and principles of communication applies to
teaching, learning and assessment..........................................................................................9
Task 3 ............................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Analyses principles, theories and models of the assessment..........................................10
3.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of the assessment can be applied in
assessing learning.................................................................................................................12
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................12
4.1 Analyse theories and models of the curriculum and development................................12
4.2 Explain ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be applied in
developing curricula in own area of specialism ..................................................................14
TASK 5 ...........................................................................................................................................1
5.1 Analyses theories and models of reflection and evaluation.............................................1
5.2 Explaining the ways in which theories and models of reflection and evaluation can be
applied for reviewing own practice........................................................................................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................4

References:.......................................................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION
The procedure of teaching is found as the essential as it involve the process under which
important and detailed informations along with experiences have been shared or delivered to the
students or individuals. At the stage of learning, it is necessary for the individual to gain
knowledge as it leads to the overall development of individuals or learners. The process of
learning involve delivering the essential information and knowledge to the learners which is
important in the future growth and success of individuals. There are several resouce4s which are
being used in the process of learning. The chosen specialization area of this report is teacher of
hospitality management (Akimov, and Malin, 2020). It has been found as necessary for the
teacher of hospitality management to use proper instructions, theories, models and principles in
order to delivering the proper knowledge and information to the individual in an appropriate
manner. This report include the several theories and models of learning and learning preferences,
application of different theories and models, identification of account of individual learning
which enables the inclusive teaching. It also cover the theories, principles and models of
communication, application of communication theories in teaching industry. It also deals with
the several theories, models and principles of assessment, curriculum and development,
reflection and evaluation along with their application on the teaching process.
TASK A
1.1 Analyse theories, principles, models of learning and models of learning preferences.
Theories of Learning
There are various leaning theories which are being used by the hospitality management teacher
while delivering the lectures and information to the individuals. Some of them are discussed
below: Behaviorism Theory: This theory present the idea which explains the behavior of
students or individuals which is totally based on the interaction with the surroundings.
According to this theory, there are several external factors which can influence the
behaviour of students. Since, 19th century, a number of psychologists worked harder on
developing the thoughts of behaviorism. The learning process which is being adopted as
per the behaviorism theory focus only on the teachers but not on the learners. This theory

keep the teachers in the center of the learning process. Several of guidelines are being
prepared by the teachers for their learners, so that they can attain the positive experience
and practices. These guidelines provide a new shape to the information which is being
delivered to the learners. The teachers of hospitality management can arrange some
games and quizzes for the particular knowledge and information as it bring excitement in
the process of learning (Andrade, and et.al., 2020) . Humanism: It has been found that there are several similarities in the humanism theory
and constructivism theory. This theory majorly focus on the views and thoughts related to
the self actualization. In the Hierarchical need theory of motivation, self actualization
needs are consider as the top most requirements of human. At this situation, the human
feel that they met their all requirements and they are the best version of themselves. The
best learning environment leads to the achievement of all the needs of human. The
teacher of hospitality management should provide the information to the students so that
they can attain their all needs.
 Cognitivism: In the relation to the theory of behaviorism, the theory of cognitivism
majorly focus on the thoughts through which the learners process with the important
information which they get from their teachers. It helps the learners in learning the
knowledge and aspects in a better manner rather than only responding to the stimulus as
similar to the behaviorism. It is found as the evident of change in behavior but it is
consider as only a response to the thinking and process information. These theories are
being developed in the early 1900s in Germany by Wolfgang Kohler. This theory has
been take place only in the case when the learners reorganize the information or find any
new explanation not to adopt the old one. It develop several modifications in the
knowledge along with storing the memory on the place of viewing the change in the
behavior of students.
Models of learning Pedagogy: This model refers to the science of teaching and its impact on the leaning
procedure of students can be seen. It highly influence the learners to learn all the
theoretical concepts and then apply them in the real and difficult situations and conditions
of their real life. This model occupy vital role in the early education level of children.

 Andragogy: This model of learning has been developed by keeping adults in the mind.
According to this model, all the students are self driven. Hence, there is no any
requirement of detailed guidance to them. It state that the students must use the available
resources for the purpose of facing the challenges which they face during their learning
stage and overcome from those challenges (Au, and Valencia, 2019).
Models of learning preference
 Kolb Learning Style Model: Learning theory of Kolb developed four kinds of learning
style which include conccrete learning, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization
and active experimentation. Concrete learning state that the learner either learn from the
new experiences or goes through the fluctuation of old experience. Reflective observation
is related to the stage under which the learner reflects on the said experience. This is
completely based on the personal interpretation. On the basis of the understanding of
learners, the students pass from the abstract conceptualization and helps in developing
new ideas or bring any modification in the old ideas. Now, the learner know about all the
aspects. At the stage of active experiments, learner apply these learning in their real life
(Blau, and Shamir-Inbal, 2018).
 The Honey Mumford Model: Some of concepts of honey Mumford model are similar
to the learning style of Kolb because it also include four types of learning style as the
Kolb learning style include. Those four learning style include activists, theorists,
pragmatists and reflectors. Active learners always prefer to do practice and learn to gain
knowledge from them and these learners comes under activists. Theorists are the persons
who prefer to learn the concepts through the use of already existing facts and figures
which fall into categories. Pragmatists category involve those individuals who
conceptualized and execute experiments along with the ideas and then learn the
observations. Reflectors involve all those people who reflect the result and state that what
they see and learn from the experiments and ideas as well.
1.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to teaching,
learning and assessment
The above mentioned are the theories, models and principles of learning and it is necessary for th
teacher of hospitality management to apply these theories and models in an learning assessment
effectively so that the information and facts can be delivered to the students in an effective and

efficient manner. Below mentioned are the application of different theories in the learning
assessment: Application of behaviourism theory: It has been found that the process of learning is
based on the group or set of methods which plays an important role in drilling all the
important informations in the memory bank of learners. It also include the process of
getting the positive and accurate feedback from tutors and teachers along with the
educational institutions. On the success of children or learner, several rewards have been
provided for the positive enhancements. It also state that the special attention is required
to be provided to the unsuccessful children (Blumberg, P., 2019). Application of Humanism Theory: By keeping in mind that the nature of human is good,
the theory of humanism state that the learning environment should focus on the
encouragement of self fulfilment. The effective learning environment result in meeting
the needs and requirements of learners. They are also free to develop their own goals and
targets which help the teachers in attaining the desired goals and objectives. Application of Pedagogy: It permits the students in gaining the deeper understanding of
several matter of subjects and then it help them in applying those understandings and
leanings in their personal life to gain the real life experience. The teacher of hospitality
management can work together with the learners to develop the best way for studing the
hospitality management (Brown, S., 2020).
 Application of Andragogy: The application of andragogy state that the teacher of
hospitality management have to develop some scenarios in the classrooms which
encourage the learners for utilizing the theoretical experiences in order to solve the
problems in an effective and efficient manner. The teacher of hospitality management can
develop the case as per the hotel and ask the students to manage as a manager of hotel.
1.3 Analyse models of learning preferences
One of the model of learning preference is VARK Learning Styles. It helps to know about
various types students. This models helps to about the learning styles of the students. The types
of learning are as follows:
Visual learners: These are the learners who are able to learn effectively by looking at the
images and diagrams. There is need of learning according to the images and visuals as they are

able to retain the information for longer duration of time (Dewsbury, and Brame, 2019). They are
good at formulating flow charts and diagrams to revise the topics.
Auditory learners: This another model of learning under which the students are able to
learn with the help of hearing. The audio clips and lectures help them to understand better. The
teachers must use audio so that the students are able to learn properly. There is key role audio in
their lives and enhance their retaining power (Cañadas, L., 2019).
Read and write learners: These are the learners who are able to read and write to
memorise the topic. This is necessary for these students who read the topic again and again and
make notes in order to remember the information (Molbaek, 2018). This is necessary for them as
they will be able to enhance their skills.
Kinesthetic Learners: This is another learner who are able to learn through experience.
They become part of the activity and enhance their knowledge by participating in the same.
These are the different type of learners. All of them have their own learning preferences
that make them learn properly.
1.4 Explain how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences
enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment
A teacher plays a vital role in the learning process of the students Learning can be defined
as the process of overall development of the individual. It makes them competent in the studies
and the person is able to carry on the work effectively. It is the continuous process in which
skills and knowledge of the students is enhanced (Craig, and Yousuf, 2018). The teacher has a
major role in understanding the student and providing them proper training so that they are able
to learn. Inclusive teaching helps a teacher to include all the students in the classroom and let
them learn. The disable students must also be given proper rights so that they are able to manage
their working. All the learners are different and the teacher has to identify their preference in
order to provide them proper guidance. There is need of knowing about their skills and strengths
in order to make the students a good learner (Djigunović, J.M., 2019). It is analysed that there
are different learning preferences of the students. There are learners who are able to retail the
information that they have seen. The teacher must make the presentation full of diagrams, charts
and graphs. The learners are able to retain the information for longer time period. They must be
given assignment in which they are able to enhance their learning experience. The assessments
must be designed according to the level of the students.

The another category of the students is auditory learning preference. They are the one who
are able to remember what teacher has told them during lectures. They do not prefer to read
books and revise from presentations. There is key role of pitch and sound that helps the students
to remember the words and information of the students. The use of proper skills will help the
students to remember the information (Farrell, and Marshall, 2020) The students that are good
at reading and writing have less need of teacher. They are in need of good study material that
helps them to learn properly. They keep on making their own notes that will help them to
remember the topic. The teachers must suggest them best books and authors that will enhance the
learning pattern of the students. In case of sports and physical activity, there are Kinesthetic
Learners. They are able to learn by participating. They require practical experience that will
make them effective and are able to develop the skills. Those students must be given such
opportunities in which they are able to learn properly. This is necessary for the students to carry
on the work with available skills and knowledge and enhance their working. These are necessary
for the overall development of the students. The learning needs of the students must be fulfilled
according to the requirement of the students.
TASK B
2.1 Analyses of theories, models and principles of communication applied in teaching,
learning and assessment.
In order to perform any task in a effective way the communication is very important
which act as the backbone for any activity that is having relation which physical, mental,
emotional and psychological. The communication terms defines to the exchange of thoughts,
ideas, information and meanings between individual by having common system of symbols. In
order to avoid misunderstanding the effective communication is important that offers the
guidance to people as well (Gan, and Leung, 2020). The teacher is requited to have better
communication skills for facilitating the students success in the life of academic and
professional. The instructions are communicated by the teachers in classroom orally with their
students. There are several theories, models and principles of communication in framework to
teaching, learning and assessment which is mentioned below-

Communication is necessary activity that helps in the process of teaching and learning. The
use of effective communication makes the students understand the topic effectively. The students
who are good are able to remember the topics properly.
Transactional analysis: The use of effective communication helps the students to
communicate properly. The use of healthy communication makes the students able to remember
the information and carry on the activity effectively. The teacher must work on building relations
with the students so that they are able to carry on the overall work effectively (Pace, 2022). All
the teacher must forget the ego factor in order to teach the students properly. The use of healthy
communication is beneficial for the students and enhance their power to remember. The adults
must be given effective communication so that the students are able to memorise (Guthke, J.,
2020).
The communication cycle is all about how a listener and speaker will regulate their
conversation. All the communication strategy are interrelated with other to clearly convey
messages, ideas and thoughts. In teaching and learning, communication plays vital role in
delivering necessary information and knowledge to the students. The essential stages of
communication cycle is described below:
 Sender: as per this process, the sender is the host party of the communication who
deliver the information to the receiver. They ensures that the receiver has successfully
received it and expect in something in return.
 Encoding: this process involve the most suitable way to deliver the message and
information to the receiver. The main aim here is to discard any barriers and issues which
stop the message to get delivered (Haigh, M., 2020).
 Message: The message is the main information which receivers get. It is a crucial factor
of the communication that creates a whole base for the communication cycle.
 Medium (channel): The channel plays vital role in sending messages to the receiver. It is
how the information will be conveyed.
 Receiver: the recover is the end party of the conversation which gets all the information
through various modes.
 Decode: In this step the message is being decoded by the receiver with the help of
signals. It helps in understanding the message in proper manner and retaining the
information.

 Noise: It can be defined as the hindrance in the path of communication. Noise included
the barriers due to which the receiver is unable to understand the message or
misinterprets the same (Irons, and Elkington, 2020).
Theories of communication
The communication theory refers to the description of communication phenomena. This
helps in offering the way of communicating along with develop analysis of key events,
procedures and commitments which collectively forms communication. The following are
theories of communication-
 Communist theory- The Karl Mac developed this theory in which it defined the
doctrines of aristocratic class or ruling class which are ruling ideas. This theory consider
the education as primary with the purpose of mass media. The media is means of
promoting knowledge that helps in educating people rather than providing the
information. The education is teaching regarding the production which offers labour
training, working experiences to youngsters while it is secondary and higher education.
 Communication accommodation theory- In this theory it states that way of
communication is changed of people or they make adjustment in their style of
communication with other peoples. The change in communication takes place in the form
of verbal and non-verbal that is done through convergence and divergences. The
convergences is used by individual for seeking social approvals along with concentrates
on coordinating communication style with the person to whom they speak. For
highlighting the differences in group the divergence is basically used (Itow, R.C., 2020).
Models of communication
The communication model helps in explaining the human communication process which
represents the picture and visual representation of complex interactions. The following are
models of communication-
 Shannon and Weaver model- As linear process the communication is described in this
model which is developed in 1948. This model explains in what way dissemination of
information take place and determines what can be wrong while communicating. In order
to send the message their is use of transmitter by individual to another. The sender is
considered as source of message that consist of sounds, words and behaviour. The noise
can be considered as obstacle in communication (Khalifah, and Celenza, 2019). The

human communication is broke down into six elements such as sender, encoder, channel,
noise, decoder and receiver which argues this as mathematical theory of communication.
It is another method of communication that was given by Shannon and Weaver. In this
model the sender is the first person who has to share the information. He encodes the
message and use signals. Then a media is selected to send the message and the message is
given to receiver (Méndez, and Colomina, 2020). The receiver decodes the message and
uses the signals in order to decode the same. The real destination is receiver of the
message and this is overall process of communication. The parties work to avoid noise.
 Transactional model- The communication is achieved by both sending and receiving the
messages which is dynamic model of commination. The communication is leaded in
cooperative action by creating process, outcomes and effectiveness of interaction through
communicator. On the field of experience this model is having much emphasises. It is
also constituted that messages influence the responses, subsequent messages produced in
communication interaction. This model involves encoding & decoding process,
communicator, messages, channel & noise which has interdependent processes and
elements.
Principles of communication
It is considered that communication is important for effectively achieving the goals which
involves the 7Cs of communication. It involves clarity, Correctness, Conciseness, Courtesy,
Concreteness, Consideration and Completeness. The effective communication principles
involves procedure, content and context (MacSwan, and Faltis, 2019). This involves the
complex process along with meaning which involves the components such as sender, receiver,
message, channel and in final feedback. The prime purpose of communication is to create
understanding of messages which is communicated to receiver. The principles of communication
helps in knowing audience, purpose, objectives, topics, gaining trust with learners and
communicating at right pace.
2.2 Explaining the ways in which theories, models and principles of communication applies
to teaching, learning and assessment
The communication can be in the form of verbal and non-verbal in whivh several ,people
reacts. The verbal communication definers to taking use of words in order to pass the messages
and ideas that involves the usage of video in order to review session within classroom. There is

effective use of voice for passing the messages across to students and providing them significant
news and lectures (Pastore, and Andrade, 2019).. The motivational language is used for lifting
words that informs and transforms to make listener a person. In non-verbal communication other
methods are used for communicating messages instead of words such as body language which
has verbal expression that is meant for communicating. There is use of several emotions such as
anger smiles, to convey messages or ideas. There can be use of handout and digital materials for
teaching, learning and assessment The teacher is allowed by the use of models and theories of
communication in understanding & recognising the importance of good communication skills.
To implement the principles of communication it would be taken as part of culture as it will be
adopted in class which will people in follow them as organisation culture. The continuous use of
these theories and models in practice will help in making people familiar with the procedure that
may help in developing effective learning process (Petillion, and McNeil, 2020).
Task 3
3.1 Analyses principles, theories and models of the assessment
An assessment of the information should be based on significant classroom procedures
and outcome when the students or learners study and work pattern, understand that what they are
learning and gaining. An assessment learning looks to the assessment content of teaching and
learning process to set students accomplishment levels against the standard. Standardized tests is
included because of the summative nature that is used for rating schools or teachers and ability to
move the student accomplishment based on an outcome. There are several principles, model and
theories of the assessment when assessing learning. An organisation implement all these process
to make an evaluation on changing and development area to improve the organisational
performance within internal operation (Rink, B., 2020) .
Theories and models of the assessment
in 1998, two specialist of teaching named as Black and Wiliam introduce the radical
approach towards the learning. These assessments help in the better learning. Both the specialist
take the help of information which was gathered from marketing or other resources of
assessment as a feedback for the purpose of doing modifications in the practices of learning
which are being undertaken by the teacher. Through the use of this approach, the teachers can
also provide comments to the students which state the ways in which the learners can develop

their work rather than working only on upgrading the grades. This model is basically based on
the conception of all learners through which they can improve and adopt a spirit of cooperation
in the classroom through actively involving students in their own learning. This formulation from
investigation evaluate incontestable that it can modify both acquisition & examination outcome.
 Formative assessment- It refers to a process used by teacher when monitoring the
student's practices and learning by using in class discussion, low stakes group work,
weekly quiz and clicker. This theory or model hold that learning and thinking process is
helpful when students are given feedback and information in context of the learning
standard and criteria through which they are assessed. It is an ongoing assessment that
include putting together a series of the quick fire question and exercise to help in
monitoring the learner's progress during their course. Without the formative assessment,
it is impossible for teachers to recognise when students are struggling and offer right
support. Formative practice can be developed through peer and self assessment,
questioning, marking and many more (Stanny, C.J., 2018).
 Summative assessment- This process is used by teacher to evaluate effectiveness of the
student's learning in end instructional unit. For instance, in end of the assessment process,
students learning competence and understating of the lessons that can be examined by
take use of the exams, final project or standardised test. Those process help them to
assess proficiency, performance and knowledge of the students by comparing that what is
being learned by them and what they know. It is aligned with learning objectives and
goals of the course along with this certifies student's competences in participial subject
matter. It can be developed by end of term examination, creative portfolio, in class
cheaper test and so on.
 Diagnostic assessment- This assessment is used to provide understanding of the levels at
which students working. It provide opportunity to know how best a teacher can work
with the students and apply the needed strategies for development and learning purpose.
This form of pre assessment allow a teacher to determine strength and weakness of
students. It is mainly used to diagnose student's problems and guiding curriculum
planning.
Principles of Assessment

 Practicality- It is related to the constraint of cost and time at the tome of administration
and construction of assessment instrument. It is essential that test should be in
economical form which is very simple for students to understand. It increase skill of
students in solving test within a given time period.
 Reliability- Several raters and along with the stability of scoring overtime has been
included in the respective principle. It is essential principals as it lead to ensuing
consistency level of the students.(Sumardi, and et.al., 2020)
 Validity- Test of measures has been done under this principle. The success of students
can be measured through outcome of their learning which is assessed summative.
Majorly it include criterion, consequential, content, face validity and constitution.
 Wash back- It refer to implication of assessment on the process of teaching and learning
that take place within classroom. This wash back can be in two term i.e. negative and
positive.
 Authenticity- This assessment instrument is very authentic when it is relevant,
containing natural language, interesting topic and contextualised.
3.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of the assessment can be applied in
assessing learning
Through usage of the theories, model and principles of an assessment, assessing learning
provide various benefits as it increase possibilities and connect an initial assessment to the
diagnostic assessment. So merits or benefits are initial assessment as these applied by tutors and
provide basis of where my learners or students ought for beginning their study. It is essential and
imperative in process of the agreeing individuals learning objectives as it enable students to
measure and proceed their learning rates. Certain of methods employed by an initial assessment
are organisation of the educational activities, one on one assessment of group work, variation of
the questionnaires, quizzes. Ways obtained from the diagnostic assessment are very specific skill
and talent that provide a measure to encourage teacher with relevant knowledge for measuring
strength and weakness of students (Wanner, and Palmer, 2018).
TASK 4
4.1 Analyse theories and models of the curriculum and development
Models of the curriculum development

 Process model- This development model state that creation is very crucial rather than the
outcome. Analogy is refer to a journey that is essential as compares to destination. It is
analysed that this model is very significant the creativity skills and engagement along
with getting people thinking for an improvement within Priam goals and objectives.
There is not any concern towards the final outcome. If quality of the final outcome is
found poor and cheap then students may also deem successful because of their
performance. This model is able to apply on personal life as everyone face s pressure of
completing their work and getting a final product or outcome that can be access
individual's final performance (Wu, and Jessop, 2018)
 Thematic model- this model is mainly concern for the implementation of various theses
in a class. This model is most effective for learners as they enjoy their interested themes
when breaking monotony of the class. Frequently, topic and subject matter taught by
teacher become own interest for a learners. Beside it, this model also contain some
negative aspect in which if learners does not take interest in a specific theme, they may
feel this topic very irrelevant and ignore that material. Due to this, when when this theme
is applied within class based on certain specific skill, it result in biased because of
knowledge of teacher related to a particular theme. It may become relevant for me to
utilise this model when delivery a web development classes to students (Xiao, and et.al.,
2019).
Theories of Curriculum development Tyler Development: This theory has been developed by the American teacher named as
Ralph Tyler in 1940s. Majorly, it perform the function of describing the process of
developing objectives related to the education. In addition to this, it also explain how to
organize all of the objectives in order to attain them in an effective and efficient manner.
Tyler represent four levels of curriculum rationale which include identification of
objectives of schools, determination of experience of education which have the relation
which the decided objectives, organizing all the experiences and knowledge and the last
one is evaluation of all those purposes. This model is found as the best model because of
its wider and oldest form. This idea of Tyler come from the administrator of education
who often use the procedures of administrative.

 Taba Theory: A famous curriculum theorist, a curriculum reformer and a famous teacher
named as Hilda Taba developed the concept of Taba Theory. She suggest that the
teachers should follow the inductive approach in order to curriculum the development
which authorities the beginning with the specific building towards a journal system. This
model of curriculum introduce 6 different stages related to the learning which include
diagnosis of needs, formulating objectives, selecting content, organizing content,
selecting learning experiences, organizing learning and experiences and evaluation.
4.2 Explain ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be applied in
developing curricula in own area of specialism
In the context of curriculum, teaching is found as the important in teaching the subject of
hospitality management as it enhance the creative and potential power in an individual which is
found as essential in aesthetic thinking and conscious institution. From a recent report, it has
been found that teaching is the process of attending requirements of people, feeling sand
experiences for the purpose of learning particular information and knowledge. Basically, it
include several components which help the individual in learning the things i.e. questioning,
giving information, showing a skill or process, assisting learning practices, listening, explaining
few phenomenon, capacity of testing and understanding and many more. In the modern era, the
major aim of teaching is to implies the full support to the learners in the terms of emotional,
social development along with the intellectual. The curriculum has been developed in the process
of teaching of hospitality management under which several courses are being developed because
of changes in community (Hairon, and et.al., 2018).
Majorly, the development of curriculum has been done for the purpose of developing
curriculum along with ensuring the evaluation of the requirements of students. These curriculum
are related to the development and improvement of students in the learning institution. Humanist
approach is found as the major basis of teaching and development of curriculum curriculum and
this approach is based on the self actualization and self development which is found as essential
determinants in teaching industry. It is also found as essential to determine the current issues and
problems in the in curriculum, classifying teams of specialist along with new curriculum,
choosing content, developing and implementing the experimental procedures in institution,
evaluation of requirements, setting best possible result and many more in order to apply the
curriculum theories and models in the in the teaching institution in the particular and specific

procedure. Only after applying the curriculum in the real life, its efficiency can be analyses and
evaluated in an effective and positive manner (Handelzalts, A., 2019).
In the teaching industry, the result of learning is found as the evaluating point which help
the teacher in evaluating the success criteria of curriculum which are being applied in the
procedure of learning. This process is being found as important because it helps the institution in
starting the process of designing with improving the further process in the development of
curriculum process. It has been also analyzed that the result of anticipated learning is the only
basis of the development of process of assessment. This guidance has been provided by the
teachers of hospitality management and it helps the learners in dealing towards the way of
honesty and truth which also help the individuals in completing their formal education.
TASK 5
5.1 Analyses theories and models of reflection and evaluation.
In order to review practices in training and eduction the evaluation and reflection is
significant step that offers materials and resources for proper& adequate aliment. In education
theories and models review practices effectively which benefits in efficient reflection and
evaluation. In the education process it is important to implement personal reflection in order to
assess operations and process that is followed in procedure of learning. The individual capability
is improved with the help of reflection process so that performance in several functioning can be
enhanced. In this way reflection is used in education sector that provides effective knowledge
and training. The Klob and Gibbs reflective cycle is used for assessing personal experience in
certain projects of operations. The reflection process helps in evaluating the conditions that are
faced in operations and techniques for addressing different situations. The students and techers
get opportunities in analysing methods and other approaches in effective manner with reflection
process. Therefore, the person learns more about effective strategies that can be used in similar
process in order to have high productivity (Joshi, and et.al., 2020)
The evaluation is the systematic assessment of design, implementation or results of
initiative for learning or decision making purpose. The successful evaluation generates valid and
reliable outcomes & indicate directions and actions for development. In evaluation model it
comprises of Kirkpatrick and stufflebean model that helps in measuring effectiveness which is
used in training programs. The kirkpatrick model has focus on reaction, learning, behaviour and

results whereas Stufflebeam has major contribution in improvement and support of the
assessment occupation. This was responsible for developing the first model for systematic
evaluation the CIPP model which stands for context, inputs, processes and products.
5.2 Explaining the ways in which theories and models of reflection and evaluation can be
applied for reviewing own practice.
Reflection models and theories
Gibbs reflective cycle
This model helps in reflecting personal experience so that there can be better learning
process that needs to follow-up the proper mode for reflecting experience in order to have better
understanding and learning. This model is recognised as effective process which involves several
stages in learning process-
 Description- This stage explains the complete experience by using important information
which is associated with experience and recognised as reflection. In the process of
reflection all aspects related to experience is considered (Page, and et.al., 2019).
 Feelings- In this stage the person is expected to explain its feelings at the time of
experience. This is important in analysing and learning reactions at time of experience
that can help in making further analysis in reflection process. The feelings of person is
important at all stages before, during and after.
 Evaluation- The experience is evaluated at this stage which is performed for assessing
actions & results to know how effective experience is in learning process. The learning
from experience is enlightened from such analysis.
 Analysis- This helps in evaluation of own performance and reactions for the situations
that is used to have analysis of own performance at the time of experience.
 Conclusion- This stage helps in summarizing complete experience by taking into account
all positive and negative aspects of experience in the process of conclusion. This is mot
important for evaluation of learning process in reflection cycle.
 Action plan- There is implementation of learning from experiences in this stage for the
further process. To improve learning and experience action plan is taken that person use
foe better performing in next situation (Page, and et.al., 2019).
Klob's reflective model

This model is described as experimental learning in which personal experience in
systematic order is reviewed, analyzed and evaluated in order to analyze learning value within a
particular task. In this model it involves four stages that is performed to analyses and evaluates
the personal experience.
 Concrete experience- The person in this stage prepares proper notes according to
situation and condition that is faced by them. The complete situation is described in this
stage as well as feelings & thought procedures is evaluated in order to have better
overview of specific conditions.
 Reflective observation- In this stage there is in depth analysis and offers proper
reflection of experience. Through the reflection procedure the process of work done in
experience, success and failure is analyzed. At the time of performing task there is
evaluation of actions for assessing own behavior at specific time (Banks, S., 2018).
 Abstract conception- In order to create theory it conducts the logical analyses that can
help in explaining the observations. For individual this is much easy to discover various
ways for achieving similar task while having learning from experience.
 Active Experimentation- In this stage the person take utilization of theories of learning
in command to carry task and conception that is acquire in procedure of reflection which
is accepted at time of execution.
Hence, the Kolb and Gibb Reflection cycle can be used to complete the self-assessment
operation in this manner. Through this appraisal procedure individual person's activities can be
improved.
Evaluation model and theories
Kirkpatrick evaluation model
In 1959 this idea was published in the articles in Journal of American Society of training
directors. This article was involved in the book of evaluating training programs. With reaction
this model starts where evaluation in this level measures how learner reacts to learning. After
mots training classes the attitude questionnaires measure is passed out. The leaning is next which
is extended to the participants changing attitudes, improvement of knowledge and increase of
skills with the outcome of participating in the learning process (Cennamo, and Kalk, 2019).
There is need of some type of post-testing in evaluation of learning in order to accelerate what
skills are learn at time of training. The next stage is behaviour which involves the evaluation of

testing capabilities of students in order to perform learned skills while on job, rather in
classroom. There is determination of correct performance. At last, the consequence and
effectualness are measured in training program to knowing what has influenced in achieving
training. The effect involves such items like monetary, efficiency, moral and teamwork.
Stufflebeam CIPP model
This is model of broad nature which leads the formative and summative measure in
regards to projects, programs, personnel, products, institutions, and systems. In giving to this
section this structure attempts for devising assessment straightly which is relevant to necessarily
of decision making during the several stages and action of program. In the CIPP approach, for
devising evaluation helpful, it must address those question which a key decision maker asks and
should be address in such way & language that decision maker will easily understand (Conkling,
and Mocella, 2019). According to Stufflebeam, assessment should be a procedure of
determining, collecting and communicating useful information to decision-makers with the
vaulting goal of improving a programme or initiative. The reflective practice is calling of my
teaching which I can adopt for attaining my teaching purposes. This is accurate in terms of
learning results and students acknowledge curriculum along with I will take use in “Reflecting
on own practice”.
CONCLUSION
From the above it is being concluded that learning, teaching and assessment re very
important part in education for the students that helps in developing their knowledges, skills and
capability. This helps the students in their academic and professional life as teacher provides
several information in the classrooms. In the report several theories, models and principles of
learning, teaching and assessment is provided along with their applications. There is been
analysis of learning, communication, assessment and curriculum development theories, models
and principles with its application. Further, reflection & evaluation theories and models is
carefully explained in reviewing own practice in order to have complete perceptive of entire
conception of theories, principles and models in education & training of teaching. All the
theories of communication, assessment, learning has its own importance in the process of
learning as it aids the teachers in delivering the knowledge and lectures to the learners in an
effective and efficient manner, so that the learners can grab the opportunities which they are
going to get in the near future. It also help the learners in developing their career in the

hospitality sector as the teacher of hospitality management will apply several approaches and
theories while delivering the knowledge related to the subject of hospitality management.
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