Health and Social Care Research

The assignment delves into the multifaceted world of health and social care, encompassing topics such as values-based commissioning, workplace learning strategies, interprofessional teamwork, and the importance of individual rights. It emphasizes the integration of health and social care services, while also exploring challenges like improving access to mental health care in developing countries. The assignment references numerous academic publications and texts, providing a comprehensive overview of current best practices and emerging trends in the field.

Indigenous Culture and Haemodialysis: A discussion
paper.

Table of Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................3
Introduction......................................................................................................................................4
Methods............................................................................................................................................4
1. Data collection method.......................................................................................................4
2. Methods for improving services.........................................................................................5
Burden on chronic disease affecting indigenous Australians.........................................................6
The things that require improvement...............................................................................................7
Discussion........................................................................................................................................9
Results............................................................................................................................................10
Conclusion....................................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

Abstract
Chronic haemodialysis diseases has Higher ratio in indigenous population worldwide.
The relative incidence of final haemodialysis disease in Aboriginal people in Australia is higher
the non resident People. It is very much challenging to provide services to non resident people
residing in Australia. It is very much difficult to provide services to such people as they belong
to different culture and they have different languages. Cultural and language create barriers in
offering services to them. The study has focus on explaining and identifying the perception of
Non resident patient suffering from Haemodialysis disease. The purpose of the report is to
examine the perception of health care providers about their experience. The discussion paper
aims at identifying the ways and methods for making improvement in services to Non resident
kidney patients.

Introduction
Indigenous people world-wide experience a significantly high incidence of haemodialysis
sickness leading to final stage kidney disease. Kidney disease is defined as the kidney condition
whereas individual has evidence of kidney damage and its improper functioning. The aboriginal
people in Australia suffer eight time the incidence of kidney failure. Majority of Australian
people require kidney replacement treatment as compared to non resident Australian. The major
challenges faced by heath care institution in providing accessible, acceptable, efficient and
effective treatment to Aboriginal Australians suffering from serious kidney disease. A lack of
cultural safety measures by the heath care services providers may lead to high risk to the life of
patient suffering from serious chronic diseases. The delay in treatment to such patients may lead
to increase in morbidity and increase in death rate.
Social determinant of health can be examined by analysing the discrimination towards
resident people. Racism is the biggest cause of lack of faith and trust on hospital based services
by Australian Citizen. This has developed fear in mind of patients that if they will visit hospital
they be admitted. This has further lead to avoidance of undergoing treatment in hospitals and not
presenting themselves for treatment. Racism has created the clash of culture between resident
and non resident people in the country>this has great effect on health of patients.
Patient from different culture has to struggle in order to get support from various
government regimes related to haemodialysis diseases, family supports enable them to remove
various barriers that has occurred in getting treatment for the diseases. The project aim at
providing various measures and method that can be used by healthcare provided by healthcare
for providing services to patient. This report will assist heath care representative to develop
culturally appropriate and approachable services for different cultural group (Alhatmi,2011)
The assignment intends to provide service improvement area based on customer
perspective and advice from healthcare service providers.
Methods
Psychosocial factors affecting compliance in dialysis for indigenous patients
There are different types of psychological factors exists that affect compliance in dialysis
for the indigenous patients. Several elements such as tobacco, alcohol, opioid, etc. impact that

enhance drug abuse with decisions of several elements (Rix, Barclay, Stirling, Tong & Wilson,
2013). They are follows:
Psychological factors: This factors includes personality, presence of the psychiatric
which could be impact on the indigenous patients. In this context, several types of elements
exists that impact on the public health particular heart disease. Adverse risk profile determines in
the term of psychological elements with general social advantages. In addition to this, it also
includes several elements such as mental states, psychological traits and aspects of social
environment (Brand, 2012). With this regard, exposure influence to particular evidence that
associated among the psychological factors and physical health. Consensus arisen that create
evidence robust to form basis of health policy. In respect to developing the addictive disorder or
decreasing the risks, cognitive and behavioural research undertaking basic principles of learning
and conditioning that are used to modify drug taking behaviour. In this aspect, research reviewed
in the report and monographs (Clark, 2011).
Media strongly influence on the drug use and abuse. Therefore, adolescents typically use
of the drugs with the close friends. Peer influence on the drug use also occurs in a cycle. Child
chooses friends with similar interest and attitudes. Community environment is also played
crucial role where children living in the community (Earls & Myers, 2010). Drug using peers
generally accepted that more likely to abuse the drugs. On the other hand, drug abuse also found
as the complex relationships among the family and community factors. For example, Mexican
American creates risks of the drug abuse that higher for the children from lower socio-economic
group families living in the regions (Emerson & et.al., 2012). In contrast, female from the
families also strongly identified with cultural seem. It protected and engage in the drug abuse in
less numb.
In addition to this, changing in the environment conditions also associated that use drug
and withdrawal for the individual efforts. For instance, drinking cup of coffee after the meal is
associated with smoking. It is important for breaking of association in the working and another
system (Glasby, 2012). Moreover, it is also known as treatment that providers to patient in
recovery from the addiction that give higher chance in the environment to reduce number of drug
users. In the considerable research, it has been found that personality of the alcoholic users

addicted to the other people. In the multidisciplinary research, it has been identified that specific
risks and protective factors interact with the biological vulnerability.
Further, there are high co-occurrence of the alcoholic and illicit drug which dependence
with the psychiatric disorders. There are some experts believe that drug amount to motivate
manifested (Rix, Barclay, Stirling, Tong & Wilson, 2013). The two common psychiatric disorder
observed in the person with addictive and antisocial personality with depression. In the research,
also suggest that drug problem occurs due to addition or alcoholism which appear before the
problem. In the precise nature, concurrence of the drug issues continuously increasing that affect
compliance for indigenous patients.
In order to focus on the issues and factors that impact on it need to be preventing mental
disorders with committee concept. New definitions for the various level enhancing that prevent
interventions and recognise continuously treatment and maintenance. Apart from the classical
categories, primary, secondary and tertiary preventing with using committee that defined
universal, selective and indicated levels of prevention (Rix, Barclay, Stirling, Tong & Wilson,
2013). Individuals can also includes interventions for the entire population. Selective members
has aimed towards individuals those members of subgroup and populations. They are known as
the higher risks accomplish effective results through operate several functions (Glasby, 2012).
Indicated interventions are those who perceive their functions and operations to protect teenagers
to prevent drug abuse or drinking. It indicates intervention for the individuals to exhibit several
aspects such as risk factor, condition, etc.
Burden on chronic disease affecting indigenous Australians
Chronic kidney disease refers to the progressive loss in kidney functions over a period.
The increase in level of creatinine signals a lower glomerular rate of filtration that leads to
reduction in capacity of kidney to execute waste products from the body. This disease is common
and preventable .Burt when it reaches to final stage than it can cause even death. The various
factors such as obesity, drinking alcohol, smoking habit by person can results in high blood
pressure, and individual can lose up to 90 percent of their kidney functions (Heginbotham,,
2012)
The burden of these diseases is suffered by all persons belonging to different culture. It is
required by Australian people to consider these symptoms in order to avoid negative

consequences of these factors on their health. It is required by individual to take treatment as
soon as the symptoms of such disease has been recognised. Taking proper treatment at early
stage will assist patient in preventing themselves from complications.
It has been identified that Disproportionate level of chronic kidney disuse has been
experienced by Australian people regardless of urban or rural community..Aboriginal those who
are treated with Eskd has experienced various barriers in receiving treatment.
There are various high risk factors includes in this disease includes diabetes, high blood
pressure. The symptoms of this disease are inadequate nutrition, skin infection, streptococcal
throat and poor living conditions (Jackson & et.al., 2011)
The disproportional chronic disease has lead to increase in considerable demand for
Aboriginal and Torres strait islander families and communities. It has increases the demand for
family and communities in order to remove barriers in receiving treatment. It is required by to
patient to adopt as to follow proper diet and take multiple medications (Keeling & et.al., 2013)
The things that require improvement
The heath care institutions are required to adopt various strategies in order to address
effective results of various services provided to patient suffering from kidney disease. These
strategies and chronic management system will help heath care providers in reducing various
barriers such as economic, cultural aspects .It will also enable them to decrease morbidity and
morality rate. This strategy will provide them opportunity to improve their services and will aid
in identifying the area of improvement. The chronic management system can be used by
hospitals for analysing the need and problems faced by patient suffering from kidney disease in
taking treatment. This system will allow healthcare institution in demonstrating the positive
effect of their services. This system will assist patients in overcoming their fear of being
hospitalise and related to treatment. This will further lead to eliminating of risk associated with
these diseases (Liveng, 2010)
There are various factors that contribute to improvement in healthcare services-
Strategic heath policy-
Strategic health policy--It has been realised that it is required by Australian department of
healthcare to make improvement in various heath care policies, It is needed by the administrative
department in heath care institution to formulate such policies that provides services to patients.

The policies related to Haemodialysis disease should be such that can be provide benefit and
support to patients in order to eliminate various barriers that are being faced by them in getting
treatment for disease. Coordinated strategic response is demanded by population in order to
prevent kidney diseases (Lloyd & Marjorie., 2010)
It has been analysed by one of the heath plan that kidney disease is the major heath issues
faced by majority of Australian people.
Assistant minister of heath has taken initiative to improve heath care services by
announcing the implementation of plan to improve aboriginal and Torres strait people health.
Awareness and prevention of Chronic kidney disease-The various programmes and event can
be conducted by various heath care institution in order to generate information about the
symptoms of the disease and to provide them information about various preventive measures.
This will enable people to adopt various preventive methods in order to reduce the development
and progression of this disease. This the duty of heath care industry to develop awareness among
people about various risk associated with kidney diseases (Lu & et.al., 2010)
Appointment of workforce-Implementation of plan and strategies require various resources and
workforce. The competent and skills workforce will help hospital in implementing plans and
strategies in effective manner. There is demand of employees cat all level of system. The
talented and knowledgable workforce provides training to hospital staff in order to develop skills
and assist them in delivering effective services to patients.
Integration of support services-The Australian people have to migrate from one place to
another in order to get themself treated. This is due to lack of treatment facilities in the remote
areas. This is the challenge that has to be faced by medical representative as well in order to
provides services to people living in rural areas (McKeown & et.al., 2011)
The migration from one place to another this has major biological, social, economical
effect and this process has negative impact on the heath of patients. This procedure has bad
consequences on patient but it has great influence on their families and communities to which
they belong.
The minister of Australian healthcare department has decided to provide support services
for Aboriginal people that are suffering from kidney diseases. The customers and their families is
requires accessing and integrating the limit of dislocation. This can be done by them by adopting

psychological support services, transportation and accommodation services that are being
provided by government (McSherry & Pearce, 2011. )
Discussion
Aboriginal patients receiving treatment related to kidney disorder and medical
representative has made important contribution in sharing their opinion in making improvement
in various heath care services. The both parties has shown their concern about various medical
services. It has been analysed from there opinion that there is requirement of early screening of
disease in order to avoid its effect the patient health. The various fears have been described by
the customer that they feel while approaching hospital for treatment. Medical representatives has
explained various challenges that are being faced by them while delivering services to patient
belonging to different culture. The patient those who were facing the serious kidney problems
has demonstrated the importance of family support. The patient consider treatment and practical
issues as dominant (Morgan, 2013)
The other identification has focus on considerable agreement between patients suffering
from haemodialysis problem and medical representative that aims at enhancing and rendering
services to patient belonging to rural areas. It has been realised by medical representative that
there in insufficient fund is creating barrier in improving quality of services by them. They
considered that availability of funds will assist hospital organisation in improving quality of
services and in introducing various facilities in hospital that is located in rural areas. It has been
examined that there are many patient those do not have family support neither they are being
helped by government. Such people required support of medical staff. It has been determined by
the discussion that there is increase is demand for nursing staff and workers in order to provide
support to rural patients. It has been suggested by various heath carte institution to introduce
incentive programmes should be initiated in order to encourage nursing staff to increase their
performance and to provide quality services to patients (Ndetei and Gatonga, 2011)
The discussion on increasing rate of kidney problem among Australian people has
included various argument related to the heath care concept. Thee argument was on the need of
primary screening and prevention measures. The various reasons has been discussed in order to
explain the need of considering various factors such as social, economic dimensions in heath
care system (Preston-Shoot and Kline, 2012)

Results
It has been considered by the that patient that there is requirement of early universal
screening of people suffering from kidney disorder. It has been analysed that it is essential for
government to make evidence based heat care policies in order to provide support and affordable
services to aboriginal people. The workforce has been appointed by Federal government in orer
to assist legal authority to provide training to medical employees in order assist them in
delivering effective services (Rasheed, 2013)
The federal government has taken initiative to make major changes in heath care services.
Aboriginal people suffering from disease has been identified by government ans it has decided to
kept such people at priority. It has been realised by the patients and heath care providers that
many main stream services needed to become flexible , focus on family care the involves the
pathways that are being supported by the role of workforce in health care industry. In order to
gain support from medical staff home HD was being suggested by one of patient suffering from
haemodialysis disease (Reeves & et.al., 2011).
The other methods have been recommended by various patients such separate pre dialysis
pathway method can be adopted and heath worker role should be supported in order to encourage
in order to motivate patient to take treatment and services. This method will also assist hospital
organisation in minimising the cost and expenditure that are being incurred by the patients when
taking treatment for diseases. The cost associated with treatment of chronic kidney disease can
be minimised by eliminating the admission procedure through early diagnosing.
Early screening of disease assist patient in eliminating the risk associated with the
problem and has minimised the chance of development of the problem. The saving scheme has
encouraged number of customers to take treatment in hospital (Röthlin , 2013)
The saving that has been gained by patients has increased. Earlier it was evaluated as
Australian $ 40000 was being saved by hospital annually, after providing training to their
employees which cost estimated $20000.
The discussion has presented that when customers are given responsibility for their own
treatment that will always result is good quality of services.
The nurses support to patients has helped heath care institution in retaining their customer
and has assisted them in generating high profitability. The discussion has resulted into
formulation of various policies in order to generate awareness among population about the

chronic kidney diseases. The government has made mandatory for employees those who are
working in health care institution to develop and enhance their knowledge in order to create
positive change (Scott & Spouse, 2013)
Conclusion
It has been concluded by the report that medical representative believes that presents
services are not effective and they are need to be improved. It has been proved that still there are
various areas that are to be improved and hospitals are required to have focus on improving their
quality of services. It has been concluded that there are many major challenges that have been
faced by medical staff when delivering services to patient.
It has been realised that some support mechanisms needs to be developed. It has been
identified by the report that the hospital are rendering their services in such areas that provides
opportunity to them to earn profit.
The study has provided various measures and method that can be adopted by heath care
institution in determining the area of improvement. The report has recommended hospital
industry and government to formulate effective policies to support patient suffering from kidney
disorder. It has been advices to organisation to deliver flexible services at reasonable cost to
consumers.
The medical institution are recommended to appoint workforce to make improve in heath
care services and to assist medical staff to generate positive outcomes.
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