Individual Determinants of Health
Added on 2023-01-17
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Individual Determinants of Health
Question 1
Question 4
Question 3
Question 2 (A), Rob’s Helpful Actions
References
Social Isolation, as a critical behavioural problem
As Alcohol use disorder is identified as critical addiction and physical reliance on alcohol thus resulting to deterioration in mental
condition in teens, it is highly essential for medical practitioners to adopt medical techniques for aiding patients with compulsive alcohol
abuse- Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) and contingency management for developing behavioural patterns of patients.
According to Ong, Uchino & Wethington (2016), MET therapists primarily seek to communicate respect for the client. It is vital to note
that it is imperative that the therapist must not reflect the impression of convincing clients of the error of their ways. On the other hand,
therapist’s role must show a combination of supportive listener as well as knowledgeable consultant. Cruwys et al. (2014) have noted
that significant part of MET relies on listening rather than telling. Empathic listening in addition to precise reflection is critical in
developing change.
However, in the case of Lauren, if she develops a feeling of being understood and accepted by Rob, she will invariably show great
openness to viewing Rob as a valid consultant to their personal change progression and efficiently follow his recommendations and
guidelines.
Moreover, MET has also been implemented successfully with alcohol-dependent teens and adults when combined with cognitive-
behavioural therapy thus representing a highly comprehensive treatment approach.
On the other hand, Rob can implement Contingency Management based interventions (CM) while assist Lauren in addressing alcohol
consumption.
Gámez-Guadix (2014) has claimed that CM interventions have chiefly involved the utilization of positive reinforcement. Medical
practitioners while dealing with teens with alcohol consumption must focus on negative punishment which involves removal of an
affirmative circumstance or condition such as reduction in the value of rewards that could be earned or reduction of privileges which is
contingent on evidence of the occurrence of an undesirable behaviour.
Adolescents and teens seldom seek treatment on their own but rather tend to involve into treatment because their parents, school or
the judicial system insistence. Authors have noted that majority of adolescents tend to exhibit low motivation towards detrainment.
Thus, they remain abstinent and do not typically see their use a significant problem in need of treatment. CM interventions can offer
clear incentives for quitting that are designed to enhance or engender initial or long-term motivation to abstain (Hawkley & Capitanio,
2015).
Moreover, for Lauren in successfully dealing with her growing substance use, CM intervention can be seen as effective mechanism.
As depression and anxiety identified as serious health problems affecting significant number of adolescents, medical practitioner
practices are considered to be effective in aiding teens with extensive range of behavioural problems (Cruwys et al., 2014).
Considering the case of Lauren where her physician has shown developing frustration in successfully continuing her treatment, it is
important for a person-centred counsellor to focus on significant capabilities within Lauren for self-development.
According to Gámez-Guadix (2014), the person-centred counsellor primarily supposes that individuals are not unalterable thus their
attitudes and behavioural can be modified or transformed. On the other hand, rather than losing liveliness and interest in dealing with
teens suffering from social isolation, substance use as well as other physical illnesses, it is imperative for counsellors to copiously aid
teenagers by showing utmost legitimacy. Furthermore, as per studies of Khatri et al. (2014), capable and competent medical
practitioners engage in offering total acceptance by exhibiting non-judgmental approach and exhibit an empathic understanding by
efficiently realizing, empathising as well as communicating directly with patients.
Medical practitioner is highly vital for school children due to rising mental health problems which tend to impede their goals and result
in disrupt learning, underpinning tendency of absenteeism and augmenting rates of school exclusion. These factors thus critically results
to low temperament, severe mood fluctuations, depression and rising consumption of alcohol.
Drawing relevance to these factors to the case of Lauren, Rob being her physician must show ultimate efficiency in aiding her to
successfully cope with behavioural and emotional obscurities, and in therapeutically assisting her to develop from criticalities of social
isolation and depression.
Psychotherapy can be used by medical practitioners as a collaborative process, where psychologists and patients work mutually in
order to successfuly recognize specific concerns and further modify and improve concrete skills and strategies for coping with social
isolation, anxiety and depression (Ong, Uchino & Wethington, 2016). Patients in particular teens through psychotherapy can develop
competence to practice their new skills outside of sessions in order to sustain social isolation, depression, anxiety in situations along with
substance use.
On the other hand, while treating teens to reduce alcohol addiction, medical practitioners must use Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
(CBT).
Likewise, in the case study, Lauren’s therapist, Rob must adopt CBT which will help him to successfully seek methods to anticipate
issues through considering personal patterns and further developing healthier coping strategies within 16 years old Lauren.
According to Cruwys et al. (2014), underlying theory in CBT depends on the maladaptive behavioural patterns of patients like substance
abuse come from the individual’s learned beliefs as well as coping means. Authors have noted that unconstructive experiences in
teenage tend to critically result to develop depressing and harmful thoughts.
Thus, identifying is identified as an initial step in developing or modifying their deteriorated behavioural patterns. Thus, drawing
relevance to these factors, medical practitioners like Rob, must work with his client Lauren in humanizing her behavioural responses to
negative thoughts or emotions thus aiming to reduce the risk of setback or severe relapse.
While treating depressed or declined mental condition teens, medical practitioners during treatment for severe substance use must
proficiently aid clients in successfully confronting their challenges and involvement with alcohol by taking into consideration the
unconstructive impact on associations, physical wellbeing and academic development if teenagers tend to show persistent reliance on
substance use (Bishay & Sawicki, 2016). At this juncture, medical practitioners must efficiently guide teen patients through successful
management of challenges, issues and discomfort such as desire for alcohol rather than showing inclination towards healthier
behavioural patterns and social association.
Humans are social beings. However, for majority of adolescents and teens, school is the most central social arena.
Reports of Lamblin et al. (2017) have revealed, teenagers between 13 and 19 years the degree of mental health problems among
adolescents.
In the case of teenagers, the fear of social rejection is highly significant. Moreover, rejection by their parents or peers shows a
propensity to be highly severe amongst teenagers. In addition authors have confirmed such fear and irritability often leads to teenage
isolation (Bhui, Everitt & Jones, 2014).
Drawing relevance to Lauren’s case, it can be understood that her increasing anxiousness and suspicion of being suffering from
glandular fever or low energy has led her to be confined within the four walls of her room, thus getting indulged into severe loneliness.
However, from Lauren’s case it can be claimed that empirical investigation on teenagers and adolescents shows an association
between loneliness and depression. Furthermore, SmithBattle and Freed (2016) have found that anxiousness and severe fatigue tends
to be more explanatory for depressive symptoms among adolescents.
It is important to note, that among teenagers like Lauren, various types of loneliness elicit diverse coping responses. Adolescents in a
chronic state of loneliness tend to engage in more avoidance coping mechanisms related to alcohol consumption.
Drawing relevance, to Lauren’s increasing alcohol consumption, it can be mentioned that socially disinterested adolescents like
Lauren tends to show higher degree of vulnerability to drunkenness when compared to sociable youth. Such behavioural patterns
remained consistent while consideringfor relevant risk as well as protective factors.
Considering critical factors in lack of motivations and experiences in addition to differences in social and behavioural outcomes
among isolated teens, it has been noted that teens with different isolation types may perceive and cope with their marginalized
positions in a different way, which tend to draw out unreliable responses towards alcohol use (Baker & Algorta, 2016).
Rob, renowned GP while reviewing Lauren’s case, has found the way Lauren’s increasing doubtful behaviour towards her health
constraints and her increasing fatigue and weakness has led her to be in severe isolation and indulge into high rate of substance use.
Moreover, research conducted by Bhui, Everitt and Jones (2014) have revealed that peer associations during adolescence change as
well as adapt significantly over time.
Such associations tend to influence are also influenced by increased alcohol and cigarette use as youth age into adulthood.
Drunkenness and cigarette use are only two dimensions of youth risk-taking behaviour.
Considering, the case of Lauren and her indulgence towards substance use, it can be mentioned that there has been a change in
adolescent drinking behavioural in recent years such that, while the overall proportion of lifetime users such as adolescents who
indulge in drinking tends to decline in health condition.
Declined mental health condition tends to range from severe substance abuse with increasing levels of anxiety, irritability, self-mutilation
and social isolation.
It is imperative to treat social isolation. According to Allen, Uchino and Hafen (2015), social isolation if not treated can continue into
adulthood. Improving lives medical practitioner services primarily treats mental health disorders, behaviour disorders and further
diagnoses and treats the phobias related to seclusion, isolation, and loneliness. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment can improve mental
conditions of teenagers suffering from severe social isolation.
Considering the case of Lauren, Rob has noted that it is highly essential for Lauren to engage in physical activity which will help her to
reduce substance usage. Such an improvement can only be embedded in Lauren through successful medical practitioner.
Reports of Baker and Algorta (2016) have noted that physical benefits of exercise range from improving physical condition and fighting
disease. Such exercises have long been reputable and physicians always promote patients in maintaining healthy and undemanding life
for teens.
Rob, Lauren’s physician while evaluating her mental symptoms and deteriorating health condition, has recommended similar activities in
order to bring her increase her energy and frame of mind, so that she can come out from severe isolation.
Studies of McMahon et al. (2017) have noted that physical exercise is typically considered fundamental for maintaining mental strength
and further can reduce stress. Furthermore, authors have shown that it is highly effective at reducing fatigue, improving alertness as well
as concentration and effectively improving overall cognitive function.
Such physical recommendations can be essentially effective for patients like Lauren whose level of energy and temperament has been
depleted in addition to her ability to concentrate. At this point, it is vital to note that, such severe fatigue has deteriorated Lauren’s
academic growth and willingness to attend school.
Answer 2 (B)
Social isolation is among the most treatable of mental disorders. Reports of authors have revealed that 70%-80% of teens and
adolescents suffering from depression or social isolation effectively respond to treatment. Such effective treatments aid patients
to attain certain level of relief and respite from their symptoms (Cruwys et al., 2014).
However, studies conducted on mental illness have noted that depressed patients especially teens tend to show severe lack in
supporting their physicians during treatment procedure (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2014). Such persistent lack of support with rising
irritability of patients often results to cause frustration within physicians.
Similar evidences can be drawn from Lauren’s case, where her continual lack in following Rob’s medical recommendations
resulted to significant delay in Lauren’s treatment. This delay critically impacted Lauren’s mental condition and indulged her more
in substance use and elevating asthma issues.
However, it is highly imperative for GP’s and counsellors to maintain their focus and efficiently progress teenagers to distinguish
their issues and necessary treatment to cope with these challenges.
According to Cruwys et al. (2014), physicians due to raising dissatisfaction while treating depressed teenager patients often fail to
focus on medication treatment. Medication, regardless of its side effects is considered as an effective mechanism in treating
depression. However, authors have found no effective medication which can completely prevent depression from reoccurring.
At this juncture, it is important to note that Rob should have capably focused on medication to support other actions which
Lauren has been persuading.
Question 2 (B), Rob’s Unhelpful Actions
Allen, J. P., Uchino, B. N., & Hafen, C. A. (2015). Running with the pack: Teen peer-relationship qualities as predictors of adult physical health. Psychological science, 26(10), 1574-1583.
Baker, D. A., & Algorta, G. P. (2016). The relationship between online social networking and depression: a systematic review of quantitative studies. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social
Networking, 19(11), 638-648.
Bhui, K., Everitt, B., & Jones, E. (2014). Might depression, psychosocial adversity, and limited social assets explain vulnerability to and resistance against violent radicalisation?. PloS one, 9(9),
e105918.
Bishay, L. C., & Sawicki, G. S. (2016). Strategies to optimize treatment adherence in adolescent patients with cystic fibrosis. Adolescent health, medicine and therapeutics, 7, 117.
Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2014). Social relationships and health: The toxic effects of perceived social isolation. Social and personality psychology compass, 8(2), 58-72.
Chu, B. C., Rizvi, S. L., Zendegui, E. A., & Bonavitacola, L. (2015). Dialectical behavior therapy for school refusal: Treatment development and incorporation of web-based coaching. Cognitive and
Behavioral Practice, 22(3), 317-330.
Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G. A., Haslam, C., & Jetten, J. (2014). Depression and social identity: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(3), 215-238.
Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G. A., Haslam, C., & Jetten, J. (2014). Depression and social identity: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(3), 215-238.
Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G. A., Jetten, J., Hornsey, M. J., Chong, E. D., & Oei, T. P. (2014). Feeling connected again: Interventions that increase social identifica tion reduce depression
symptoms in community and clinical settings. Journal of affective disorders, 159, 139-146.
Gámez-Guadix, M. (2014). Depressive symptoms and problematic Internet use among adolescents: Analysis of the longitudina l relationships from the cognitive–behav iora l
model. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(11), 714-719.
Hawkley, L. C., & Capitanio, J. P. (2015). Perceived social isolation, evolutiona ry fitness and health outcomes: a lifespan approach. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological
Sciences, 370(1669), 20140114.
Khatri, N., Marziali, E., Tchernikov, I., & Shepherd, N. (2014). Comparing telehealth-base d and clinic-based group cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with depression and anxiety: a pilot
study. Clinical interventions in aging, 9, 765.
Lamblin, M., Murawski, C., Whittle, S., & Fornito, A. (2017). Social connectednes s, mental health and the adolescent brain. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 57-68.
McMahon, E. M., Corcoran, P., O’Regan, G., Keeley, H., Cannon, M., Carli, V., ... & Balazs, J. (2017). Physical activity in European adolescents and associations with anxiety, depression and well-
being. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 26(1), 111-122.
Ong, A. D., Uchino, B. N., & Wethington, E. (2016). Loneliness and health in older adults: A mini-review and synthesis. Gerontology, 62(4), 443-449.
SmithBattle, L., & Freed, P. (2016). Teen mothers' mental health. MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 41(1), 31-36.
Question 1
Question 4
Question 3
Question 2 (A), Rob’s Helpful Actions
References
Social Isolation, as a critical behavioural problem
As Alcohol use disorder is identified as critical addiction and physical reliance on alcohol thus resulting to deterioration in mental
condition in teens, it is highly essential for medical practitioners to adopt medical techniques for aiding patients with compulsive alcohol
abuse- Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) and contingency management for developing behavioural patterns of patients.
According to Ong, Uchino & Wethington (2016), MET therapists primarily seek to communicate respect for the client. It is vital to note
that it is imperative that the therapist must not reflect the impression of convincing clients of the error of their ways. On the other hand,
therapist’s role must show a combination of supportive listener as well as knowledgeable consultant. Cruwys et al. (2014) have noted
that significant part of MET relies on listening rather than telling. Empathic listening in addition to precise reflection is critical in
developing change.
However, in the case of Lauren, if she develops a feeling of being understood and accepted by Rob, she will invariably show great
openness to viewing Rob as a valid consultant to their personal change progression and efficiently follow his recommendations and
guidelines.
Moreover, MET has also been implemented successfully with alcohol-dependent teens and adults when combined with cognitive-
behavioural therapy thus representing a highly comprehensive treatment approach.
On the other hand, Rob can implement Contingency Management based interventions (CM) while assist Lauren in addressing alcohol
consumption.
Gámez-Guadix (2014) has claimed that CM interventions have chiefly involved the utilization of positive reinforcement. Medical
practitioners while dealing with teens with alcohol consumption must focus on negative punishment which involves removal of an
affirmative circumstance or condition such as reduction in the value of rewards that could be earned or reduction of privileges which is
contingent on evidence of the occurrence of an undesirable behaviour.
Adolescents and teens seldom seek treatment on their own but rather tend to involve into treatment because their parents, school or
the judicial system insistence. Authors have noted that majority of adolescents tend to exhibit low motivation towards detrainment.
Thus, they remain abstinent and do not typically see their use a significant problem in need of treatment. CM interventions can offer
clear incentives for quitting that are designed to enhance or engender initial or long-term motivation to abstain (Hawkley & Capitanio,
2015).
Moreover, for Lauren in successfully dealing with her growing substance use, CM intervention can be seen as effective mechanism.
As depression and anxiety identified as serious health problems affecting significant number of adolescents, medical practitioner
practices are considered to be effective in aiding teens with extensive range of behavioural problems (Cruwys et al., 2014).
Considering the case of Lauren where her physician has shown developing frustration in successfully continuing her treatment, it is
important for a person-centred counsellor to focus on significant capabilities within Lauren for self-development.
According to Gámez-Guadix (2014), the person-centred counsellor primarily supposes that individuals are not unalterable thus their
attitudes and behavioural can be modified or transformed. On the other hand, rather than losing liveliness and interest in dealing with
teens suffering from social isolation, substance use as well as other physical illnesses, it is imperative for counsellors to copiously aid
teenagers by showing utmost legitimacy. Furthermore, as per studies of Khatri et al. (2014), capable and competent medical
practitioners engage in offering total acceptance by exhibiting non-judgmental approach and exhibit an empathic understanding by
efficiently realizing, empathising as well as communicating directly with patients.
Medical practitioner is highly vital for school children due to rising mental health problems which tend to impede their goals and result
in disrupt learning, underpinning tendency of absenteeism and augmenting rates of school exclusion. These factors thus critically results
to low temperament, severe mood fluctuations, depression and rising consumption of alcohol.
Drawing relevance to these factors to the case of Lauren, Rob being her physician must show ultimate efficiency in aiding her to
successfully cope with behavioural and emotional obscurities, and in therapeutically assisting her to develop from criticalities of social
isolation and depression.
Psychotherapy can be used by medical practitioners as a collaborative process, where psychologists and patients work mutually in
order to successfuly recognize specific concerns and further modify and improve concrete skills and strategies for coping with social
isolation, anxiety and depression (Ong, Uchino & Wethington, 2016). Patients in particular teens through psychotherapy can develop
competence to practice their new skills outside of sessions in order to sustain social isolation, depression, anxiety in situations along with
substance use.
On the other hand, while treating teens to reduce alcohol addiction, medical practitioners must use Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
(CBT).
Likewise, in the case study, Lauren’s therapist, Rob must adopt CBT which will help him to successfully seek methods to anticipate
issues through considering personal patterns and further developing healthier coping strategies within 16 years old Lauren.
According to Cruwys et al. (2014), underlying theory in CBT depends on the maladaptive behavioural patterns of patients like substance
abuse come from the individual’s learned beliefs as well as coping means. Authors have noted that unconstructive experiences in
teenage tend to critically result to develop depressing and harmful thoughts.
Thus, identifying is identified as an initial step in developing or modifying their deteriorated behavioural patterns. Thus, drawing
relevance to these factors, medical practitioners like Rob, must work with his client Lauren in humanizing her behavioural responses to
negative thoughts or emotions thus aiming to reduce the risk of setback or severe relapse.
While treating depressed or declined mental condition teens, medical practitioners during treatment for severe substance use must
proficiently aid clients in successfully confronting their challenges and involvement with alcohol by taking into consideration the
unconstructive impact on associations, physical wellbeing and academic development if teenagers tend to show persistent reliance on
substance use (Bishay & Sawicki, 2016). At this juncture, medical practitioners must efficiently guide teen patients through successful
management of challenges, issues and discomfort such as desire for alcohol rather than showing inclination towards healthier
behavioural patterns and social association.
Humans are social beings. However, for majority of adolescents and teens, school is the most central social arena.
Reports of Lamblin et al. (2017) have revealed, teenagers between 13 and 19 years the degree of mental health problems among
adolescents.
In the case of teenagers, the fear of social rejection is highly significant. Moreover, rejection by their parents or peers shows a
propensity to be highly severe amongst teenagers. In addition authors have confirmed such fear and irritability often leads to teenage
isolation (Bhui, Everitt & Jones, 2014).
Drawing relevance to Lauren’s case, it can be understood that her increasing anxiousness and suspicion of being suffering from
glandular fever or low energy has led her to be confined within the four walls of her room, thus getting indulged into severe loneliness.
However, from Lauren’s case it can be claimed that empirical investigation on teenagers and adolescents shows an association
between loneliness and depression. Furthermore, SmithBattle and Freed (2016) have found that anxiousness and severe fatigue tends
to be more explanatory for depressive symptoms among adolescents.
It is important to note, that among teenagers like Lauren, various types of loneliness elicit diverse coping responses. Adolescents in a
chronic state of loneliness tend to engage in more avoidance coping mechanisms related to alcohol consumption.
Drawing relevance, to Lauren’s increasing alcohol consumption, it can be mentioned that socially disinterested adolescents like
Lauren tends to show higher degree of vulnerability to drunkenness when compared to sociable youth. Such behavioural patterns
remained consistent while consideringfor relevant risk as well as protective factors.
Considering critical factors in lack of motivations and experiences in addition to differences in social and behavioural outcomes
among isolated teens, it has been noted that teens with different isolation types may perceive and cope with their marginalized
positions in a different way, which tend to draw out unreliable responses towards alcohol use (Baker & Algorta, 2016).
Rob, renowned GP while reviewing Lauren’s case, has found the way Lauren’s increasing doubtful behaviour towards her health
constraints and her increasing fatigue and weakness has led her to be in severe isolation and indulge into high rate of substance use.
Moreover, research conducted by Bhui, Everitt and Jones (2014) have revealed that peer associations during adolescence change as
well as adapt significantly over time.
Such associations tend to influence are also influenced by increased alcohol and cigarette use as youth age into adulthood.
Drunkenness and cigarette use are only two dimensions of youth risk-taking behaviour.
Considering, the case of Lauren and her indulgence towards substance use, it can be mentioned that there has been a change in
adolescent drinking behavioural in recent years such that, while the overall proportion of lifetime users such as adolescents who
indulge in drinking tends to decline in health condition.
Declined mental health condition tends to range from severe substance abuse with increasing levels of anxiety, irritability, self-mutilation
and social isolation.
It is imperative to treat social isolation. According to Allen, Uchino and Hafen (2015), social isolation if not treated can continue into
adulthood. Improving lives medical practitioner services primarily treats mental health disorders, behaviour disorders and further
diagnoses and treats the phobias related to seclusion, isolation, and loneliness. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment can improve mental
conditions of teenagers suffering from severe social isolation.
Considering the case of Lauren, Rob has noted that it is highly essential for Lauren to engage in physical activity which will help her to
reduce substance usage. Such an improvement can only be embedded in Lauren through successful medical practitioner.
Reports of Baker and Algorta (2016) have noted that physical benefits of exercise range from improving physical condition and fighting
disease. Such exercises have long been reputable and physicians always promote patients in maintaining healthy and undemanding life
for teens.
Rob, Lauren’s physician while evaluating her mental symptoms and deteriorating health condition, has recommended similar activities in
order to bring her increase her energy and frame of mind, so that she can come out from severe isolation.
Studies of McMahon et al. (2017) have noted that physical exercise is typically considered fundamental for maintaining mental strength
and further can reduce stress. Furthermore, authors have shown that it is highly effective at reducing fatigue, improving alertness as well
as concentration and effectively improving overall cognitive function.
Such physical recommendations can be essentially effective for patients like Lauren whose level of energy and temperament has been
depleted in addition to her ability to concentrate. At this point, it is vital to note that, such severe fatigue has deteriorated Lauren’s
academic growth and willingness to attend school.
Answer 2 (B)
Social isolation is among the most treatable of mental disorders. Reports of authors have revealed that 70%-80% of teens and
adolescents suffering from depression or social isolation effectively respond to treatment. Such effective treatments aid patients
to attain certain level of relief and respite from their symptoms (Cruwys et al., 2014).
However, studies conducted on mental illness have noted that depressed patients especially teens tend to show severe lack in
supporting their physicians during treatment procedure (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2014). Such persistent lack of support with rising
irritability of patients often results to cause frustration within physicians.
Similar evidences can be drawn from Lauren’s case, where her continual lack in following Rob’s medical recommendations
resulted to significant delay in Lauren’s treatment. This delay critically impacted Lauren’s mental condition and indulged her more
in substance use and elevating asthma issues.
However, it is highly imperative for GP’s and counsellors to maintain their focus and efficiently progress teenagers to distinguish
their issues and necessary treatment to cope with these challenges.
According to Cruwys et al. (2014), physicians due to raising dissatisfaction while treating depressed teenager patients often fail to
focus on medication treatment. Medication, regardless of its side effects is considered as an effective mechanism in treating
depression. However, authors have found no effective medication which can completely prevent depression from reoccurring.
At this juncture, it is important to note that Rob should have capably focused on medication to support other actions which
Lauren has been persuading.
Question 2 (B), Rob’s Unhelpful Actions
Allen, J. P., Uchino, B. N., & Hafen, C. A. (2015). Running with the pack: Teen peer-relationship qualities as predictors of adult physical health. Psychological science, 26(10), 1574-1583.
Baker, D. A., & Algorta, G. P. (2016). The relationship between online social networking and depression: a systematic review of quantitative studies. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social
Networking, 19(11), 638-648.
Bhui, K., Everitt, B., & Jones, E. (2014). Might depression, psychosocial adversity, and limited social assets explain vulnerability to and resistance against violent radicalisation?. PloS one, 9(9),
e105918.
Bishay, L. C., & Sawicki, G. S. (2016). Strategies to optimize treatment adherence in adolescent patients with cystic fibrosis. Adolescent health, medicine and therapeutics, 7, 117.
Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2014). Social relationships and health: The toxic effects of perceived social isolation. Social and personality psychology compass, 8(2), 58-72.
Chu, B. C., Rizvi, S. L., Zendegui, E. A., & Bonavitacola, L. (2015). Dialectical behavior therapy for school refusal: Treatment development and incorporation of web-based coaching. Cognitive and
Behavioral Practice, 22(3), 317-330.
Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G. A., Haslam, C., & Jetten, J. (2014). Depression and social identity: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(3), 215-238.
Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G. A., Haslam, C., & Jetten, J. (2014). Depression and social identity: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18(3), 215-238.
Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G. A., Jetten, J., Hornsey, M. J., Chong, E. D., & Oei, T. P. (2014). Feeling connected again: Interventions that increase social identifica tion reduce depression
symptoms in community and clinical settings. Journal of affective disorders, 159, 139-146.
Gámez-Guadix, M. (2014). Depressive symptoms and problematic Internet use among adolescents: Analysis of the longitudina l relationships from the cognitive–behav iora l
model. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(11), 714-719.
Hawkley, L. C., & Capitanio, J. P. (2015). Perceived social isolation, evolutiona ry fitness and health outcomes: a lifespan approach. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological
Sciences, 370(1669), 20140114.
Khatri, N., Marziali, E., Tchernikov, I., & Shepherd, N. (2014). Comparing telehealth-base d and clinic-based group cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with depression and anxiety: a pilot
study. Clinical interventions in aging, 9, 765.
Lamblin, M., Murawski, C., Whittle, S., & Fornito, A. (2017). Social connectednes s, mental health and the adolescent brain. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 57-68.
McMahon, E. M., Corcoran, P., O’Regan, G., Keeley, H., Cannon, M., Carli, V., ... & Balazs, J. (2017). Physical activity in European adolescents and associations with anxiety, depression and well-
being. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 26(1), 111-122.
Ong, A. D., Uchino, B. N., & Wethington, E. (2016). Loneliness and health in older adults: A mini-review and synthesis. Gerontology, 62(4), 443-449.
SmithBattle, L., & Freed, P. (2016). Teen mothers' mental health. MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 41(1), 31-36.
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