Individual Determinants of Health

This article discusses the individual determinants of health, focusing on the impact of social isolation on mental health and substance use in teenagers. It explores the importance of social connections and effective treatment options such as person-centered counseling, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and motivational enhancement therapy.

Individual Determinants of Health
Question 1
Question 4
Question 3
Question 2 (A), Rob’s Helpful Actions
References
Social Isolation, as a critical behavioural problem
As Alcoholuse disorder is identified as criticaladdiction and physicalreliance on alcoholthus resulting to deterioration in mental
condition in teens, it is highly essential for medical practitioners to adopt medical techniques for aiding patients with co
abuse- Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) and contingency management for developing behavioural pattern
According to Ong, Uchino & Wethington (2016), MET therapists primarily seek to communicate respect for the client. Itto note
that it is imperative that the therapist must not reflect the impression of convincing clients of the error of their ways. O
therapist’s role must show a combination of supportive listener as wellas knowledgeable consultant. Cruwys et al.(2014) have noted
that significantpartof MET relies on listening rather than telling.Empathic listening in addition to precise reflection is criticalin
developing change.
However,in the case of Lauren,if she develops a feeling ofbeing understood and accepted by Rob,she willinvariably show great
openness to viewing Rob as a valid consultant to their personalchange progression and efficiently follow his recommendations an
guidelines.
Moreover,MET has also been implemented successfully with alcohol-dependentteens and adults when combined with cognitive-
behavioural therapy thus representing a highly comprehensive treatment approach.
On the other hand, Rob can implement Contingency Management based interventions (CM) while assist Lauren in ad
consumption.
Gámez-Guadix (2014)has claimed thatCM interventionshave chiefly involved the utilization ofpositive reinforcement.Medical
practitioners while dealing with teens with alcoholconsumption must focus on negative punishment which involves removalof an
affirmative circumstance or condition such as reduction in the value of rewards that could be earned or reduction of pr
contingent on evidence of the occurrence of an undesirable behaviour.
Adolescents and teens seldom seek treatment on their own but rather tend to involve into treatment because their par
the judicialsystem insistence.Authors have noted that majority of adolescents tend to exhibit low motivation towards detrain
Thus, they remain abstinent and do not typically see their use a significant problem in need of treatment. CM intervent
clear incentives for quitting that are designed to enhance or engender initialor long-term motivation to abstain (Hawkley & Capitanio,
2015).
Moreover, for Lauren in successfully dealing with her growing substance use, CM intervention can be seen as effective
As depression and anxiety identified as serious health problems affecting significantnumber ofadolescents,medicalpractitioner
practices are considered to be effective in aiding teens with extensive range of behavioural problems (Cruwys et al., 20
Considering the case of Lauren where her physician has shown developing frustration in successfully continuing her t
important for a person-centred counsellor to focus on significant capabilities within Lauren for self-development.
According to Gámez-Guadix (2014), the person-centred counsellor primarily supposes that individuals are not unalter
attitudes and behavioural can be modified or transformed. On the other hand, rather than losing liveliness and interest
teens suffering from socialisolation, substance use as wellas other physicalillnesses, it is imperative for counsellors to copiously aid
teenagersby showing utmostlegitimacy.Furthermore,as perstudiesof Khatriet al. (2014),capable and competentmedical
practitioners engage in offering totalacceptance by exhibiting non-judgmentalapproach and exhibit an empathic understanding by
efficiently realizing, empathising as well as communicating directly with patients.
Medical practitioner is highly vital for school children due to rising mental health problems which tend to impede their
in disrupt learning, underpinning tendency of absenteeism and augmenting rates of school exclusion. These factors th
to low temperament, severe mood fluctuations, depression and rising consumption of alcohol.
Drawing relevance to these factors to the case of Lauren,Rob being her physician must show ultimate efficiency in aiding her t
successfully cope with behavioural and emotionalobscurities, and in therapeutically assisting her to develop from criticalities of
isolation and depression.
Psychotherapy can be used by medicalpractitioners as a collaborative process,where psychologists and patients work mutually in
order to successfuly recognize specific concerns and further modify and improve concrete skills and strategies for copi
isolation,anxiety and depression (Ong,Uchino & Wethington, 2016).Patients in particular teens through psychotherapy can develo
competence to practice their new skills outside of sessions in order to sustain social isolation, depression, anxiety in sit
substance use.
On the other hand, while treating teens to reduce alcoholaddiction,medicalpractitioners must use Cognitive BehaviouralTherapy
(CBT).
Likewise,in the case study,Lauren’s therapist,Rob must adopt CBT which willhelp him to successfully seek methods to anticipate
issues through considering personal patterns and further developing healthier coping strategies within 16 years old La
According to Cruwys et al. (2014), underlying theory in CBT depends on the maladaptive behavioural patterns of patie
abuse come from theindividual’s learned beliefs as wellas coping means.Authors have noted thatunconstructive experiences in
teenage tend to critically result to develop depressing and harmful thoughts.
Thus,identifying is identified as an initialstep in developing or modifying their deteriorated behaviouralpatterns.Thus,drawing
relevance to these factors, medical practitioners like Rob, must work with his client Lauren in humanizing her behaviouresponses to
negative thoughts or emotions thus aiming to reduce the risk of setback or severe relapse.
While treating depressed or declined mentalcondition teens, medicalpractitioners during treatment for severe substance use mus
proficiently aid clients in successfully confronting theirchallenges and involvementwith alcoholby taking into consideration the
unconstructive impact on associations, physicalwellbeing and academic development if teenagers tend to show persistent relian
substance use (Bishay & Sawicki, 2016). At this juncture,medicalpractitioners must efficiently guide teen patients through success
managementof challenges,issues and discomfortsuch asdesire foralcoholratherthan showing inclination towardshealthier
behavioural patterns and social association.
Humans are social beings. However, for majority of adolescents and teens, school is the most central social arena.
Reports of Lamblin et al. (2017) have revealed,teenagers between 13 and 19 years the degree of mentalhealth problems among
adolescents.
In the case ofteenagers,the fear of socialrejection is highly significant.Moreover,rejection by their parents or peers shows a
propensity to be highly severe amongst teenagers. In addition authors have confirmed such fear and irritability often leads to teenage
isolation (Bhui, Everitt & Jones, 2014).
Drawing relevance toLauren’s case,it can be understood that her increasing anxiousness and suspicion ofbeing suffering from
glandular fever or low energy has led her to be confined within the four walls of her room, thus getting indulged into severe loneliness.
However,fromLauren’s case itcan be claimed thatempiricalinvestigation on teenagers and adolescents shows an association
between loneliness and depression. Furthermore, SmithBattle and Freed (2016) have found that anxiousness and severe fatigue tends
to be more explanatory for depressive symptoms among adolescents.
It is important to note, that among teenagers like Lauren, various types of loneliness elicit diverse coping responses. Adolescents in a
chronic state of loneliness tend to engage in more avoidance coping mechanisms related to alcohol consumption.
 Drawing relevance,to Lauren’s increasing alcoholconsumption,it can be mentioned that socially disinterested adolescents like
Lauren tends to show higher degree of vulnerability to drunkenness when compared to sociable youth. Such behaviouralpatterns
remained consistent while considering for relevant risk as well as protective factors.
Considering criticalfactors in lack ofmotivations and experiences in addition to differences in socialand behaviouraloutcomes
among isolated teens,it has been noted that teens with differentisolation types may perceive and cope with their marginalized
positions in a different way, which tend to draw out unreliable responses towards alcohol use (Baker & Algorta, 2016).
Rob, renowned GP while reviewingLauren’s case,has found the wayLauren’s increasing doubtfulbehaviour towards her health
constraints and her increasing fatigue and weakness has led her to be in severe isolation and indulge into high rate of substance use.
Moreover, research conducted by Bhui, Everitt and Jones (2014) have revealed that peer associations during adolescence change as
well as adapt significantly over time.
Such associations tend to influence are also influenced by increased alcoholand cigarette use as youth age into adulthood.
Drunkenness and cigarette use are only two dimensions of youth risk-taking behaviour.
Considering, the case of Lauren and her indulgence towards substance use, it can be mentioned that there has been a change in
adolescent drinking behaviouralin recent years such that,while the overallproportion of lifetime users such as adolescents who
indulge in drinking tends to decline in health condition.
Declined mental health condition tends to range from severe substance abuse with increasing levels of anxiety, irritability, self-mutilation
and social isolation.
It is imperative to treat socialisolation. According to Allen, Uchino and Hafen (2015), socialisolation if not treated can continue into
adulthood.Improving lives medicalpractitioner services primarily treats mentalhealth disorders,behaviour disorders and further
diagnoses and treats the phobias related to seclusion, isolation, and loneliness. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment can improve mental
conditions of teenagers suffering from severe social isolation.
Considering the case of Lauren, Rob has noted that it is highly essentialfor Lauren to engage in physicalactivity which willhelp her to
reduce substance usage. Such an improvement can only be embedded in Lauren through successful medical practitioner.
Reports of Baker and Algorta (2016) have noted that physical benefits of exercise range from improving physicalcondition and fighting
disease. Such exercises have long been reputable and physicians always promote patients in maintaining healthy and undemanding life
for teens.
Rob,Lauren’s physician while evaluating her mental symptoms and deteriorating health condition, has recommended similar activities in
order to bring her increase her energy and frame of mind, so that she can come out from severe isolation.
Studies of McMahon et al. (2017) have noted that physical exercise is typically considered fundamentalfor maintaining mental strength
and further can reduce stress. Furthermore, authors have shown that it is highly effective at reducing fatigue, improving alertness as well
as concentration and effectively improving overall cognitive function.
Such physicalrecommendations can be essentially effective for patients like Lauren whose levelof energy and temperament has been
depleted in addition to her ability to concentrate.At this point, it is vitalto note that, such severe fatigue has deterioratedLauren’s
academic growth and willingness to attend school.
Answer 2 (B)
Social isolation is among the most treatable of mentaldisorders.Reports of authors have revealed that 70%-80% of teens and
adolescents suffering from depression or social isolation effectively respond to treatment. Such effective treatments aid patients
to attain certain level of relief and respite from their symptoms (Cruwys et al., 2014).
However, studies conducted on mental illness have noted that depressed patients especially teens tend to show severe lack in
supporting their physicians during treatment procedure (Cacioppo & Cacioppo, 2014). Such persistent lack of support with rising
irritability of patients often results to cause frustration within physicians.
Similar evidences can be drawn fromLauren’s case,where her continuallack in followingRob’s medicalrecommendations
resulted to significant delay inLauren’s treatment. This delay critically impactedLauren’s mental condition and indulged her more
in substance use and elevating asthma issues.
However, it is highly imperative forGP’s and counsellors to maintain their focus and efficiently progress teenagers to distinguish
their issues and necessary treatment to cope with these challenges.
According to Cruwys et al. (2014), physicians due to raising dissatisfaction while treating depressed teenager patients often fail to
focus on medication treatment.Medication,regardless of its side effects is considered as an effective mechanism in treating
depression. However, authors have found no effective medication which can completely prevent depression from reoccurring.
At this juncture,it is important to note that Rob should have capably focused on medication to support other actions which
Lauren has been persuading.
Question 2 (B), Rob’s Unhelpful Actions
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