Evidence for inequalities in health outcomes in UK in relation to HIV/AIDS

This article discusses the current evidence for inequalities in health outcomes in UK in relation to HIV/AIDS, whether these differences in outcome are unfair for certain group of people, societal determinative on HIV/AIDS and the policies that exist in UK to address these inequalities.

Evidence for inequalities in health
outcomes in UK in relation to HIV/AIDS

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................1
DISCUSSION..................................................................................................................................2
Explain the current (or recent) evidence for inequalities in health outcomes in UK in relation
to HIV/AIDS.........................................................................................................................2
Explain whether these differences in outcome are unfair for certain group of people...........3
Explain the societal determinative on HIV/AIDS and the evidence for how much these report
for the inequalities in outcomes observed different population group in UK........................3
Elaborate the policies that exist in UK to address these inequalities and Measure how well
they have been implemented and effective in reducing inequalities......................................4
Recommend one political approach not already adopted by UK and how much it effective at
reducing inequalities ..............................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
HIV is describe as human immunodeficiency virus which damages the cells of individual
immune system and weakness the ability to fight against the infection and diseases. In UK, most
cases of HIV are caused by having sex with a infected person who has HIV virus and that can
bes easily pass to another person. Most of the people having sex without condom which
increases the chance of having HIV virus. AIDS is described as (acquired immune deficiency
syndrome) which can damage the immune system, enhance the potentially life threatening
infection and illness due to severely damaged of immune system by HIV virus. AIDS cannot
transmitted from one person to another person while HIV virus is transmitted from one person to
another person. In UK, most of the population is caused with the HIV virus and AIDS and there
is currently no cure for HIV expect effective drug treatment by which people with the virus live a
long and healthy life (Breslow and Brewster, 2020). Additionally, this project covers the impact
of society and politics on health inequality and inequity in UK by including current situation,
history of the condition and existing policies and approaches which reduce the impact of
diseases on UK population as well as slow down the inequalities rate in the country.
BACKGROUND
The most recent research is estimate the current situation of UK, globally 38.4 million
people were living with HIV. It is estimated that 0.7% of adults are living with HIV, approx
5,150 are undiagnosed because they are not aware about their diseases. London is the highest rate
of HIV patient in England. According to the global burden of disease almost one million people
died from HIV/AIDS. An estimated 13,500 or 95% of people living with HIV were undiagnosed
infection and they are at high risk of spreading infection because of having unprotected sex. Over
95% of all people living with HIV in the UK most likely acquired the infection through sexual
contact and causing the infection to their partner (Mowlabocus, 2020). The history of the
condition of UK population of HIV/AIDS in 2015 approximately total 2800 gay/ bisexual men
were estimated to have acquired a new HIV infection in England. With the help of research it is
estimated that with the previous five years men was at high risk of causing HIV/ AIDS infection
on average men was highly acquired HIV each year between 2010-2014. In 2015, 6095 people
were newly diagnosed. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) have negative impact on
individual health because HIV infection attacks on the immune system which reduce the ability
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to fight against diseases or virus. HIV also causes AIDS and most of the people faces difficulties
and issues in their sexual behaviour and sexual health. HIV can increases the stress, anxiety and
depression within individual person which can affect the nervous system and it will lead to
changes in behaviour and thinking. Risky sexual behaviour increases an individual risk of
contracting HIV from person having HIV positive symptoms and they spread their infection to
their partners without using protection during intercourse (Marshall and Cahill, 2022). Women
having HIV infection can causes health issues and problems which include some Gynaecological
health issues that lead to increases the risk of causing cervical cancer, this gives negative impact
on the sexual health and sexual behaviour of individual person. Due to cause of HIV/ AIDS
people facing difficulties and changes in their sexual health and sexual behaviour.
In UK population, people diagnosed with HIV /AIDS unable to increases their sexual life
due because one partner having infection have high chance of causing infection. HIV also affects
the communities and the development and economic growth of UK country. UK government
implement some approach and policies for employee so that people can get effective medical
treatment and live their long life with medicines and therapies (Aburto, Kristensen and Sharp,
2021). UK government focus on preventing employee from diseases by providing medical
facilities and other assess by which employee can improve their health by effective medical
treatment. Number of people resign from their professional due to infection and health issues
which can deceases the economic growth of the country. These issues cause disruption in
employee working which can affect the economic growth.
DISCUSSION
Explain the current (or recent) evidence for inequalities in health outcomes in UK in relation to
HIV/AIDS
The current evidence data is estimated that million of people living with HIV/AIDS and
some of them are undiagnosed with their diseases because they are not aware about their
diseases. In 2019 as per the research report , it is estimated that 105,200 people were living with
HIV infection in the UK world (Mowlabocus, 2020). New diagnosis of HIV transmission
continue to decline in the UK population because of lower transmission rates because
government developed various prevention programme. The life expectancy of people living with
HIV is general population the UK. Deaths resulting from acquired immunodeficiency
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syndrome(AIDS) are uncommon among the person who are at high risk and are undiagnosed, it
will lead to cause the infectious diseases. People belongs from low poverty background, lack of
education, and unemployment affect the health of individual people. Inequalities and inequities
are shown in people due to unfair distribution of resources among people, it will lead to give
negative impact on the health and cause various diseases. The current evidence for inequalities in
health outcomes in the UK in relation to HIV/AIDS is higher across the specific group of people
who belong from poverty, lack of education, unemployment (MacLean and Wetherall, 2021).
The HIV epidemic has represented an acute health inequality, affecting some specific
group of populations vastly disproportionately. In addition, recent declines in estimated HIV
transmissions have not been spread equally amongst all key population groups or across regions.
People with a lower education background have a high chance of causing HIV/ AIDS infection
because they are not aware of their health and do not get appropriate medical treatment. Society
impact on HIV/AIDS caused by social and economic consequences like low income, lack of
facilities for alienation of downtrodden classes (Singh and et. al., 2019). Most of the UK
population have the diseases which are undiagnosed and the risk of HIV/AIDS increases in
them. According to the research based evidence, HIV transmission is shaped by inequalities
resulting from discrimination on the basis of income, race, age, ethnicity,sexual orientation and
unequal access to health and social services. This implies that HIV disproportionately impact on
vulnerable population which include women, bisexual, men and gay, sex trade.
Explain whether these differences in outcome are unfair for certain group of people
The outcomes are unfair because of unequal distribution of resources among the people.
This is evident from the research that in the UK there is a gap among the last section of society:
marginalised sections are the ones who suffered the consequence of these diseases the most.
More than half of the UK population are unaware of their rights to become vigilant and
knowledgeable and responsible citizens (Early and et. al., 2019). This unfair distribution of
resources can be eradicate by the spread of consciousness of HIV infection among the people.
HIV continue disproportionately to impact vulnerable population, this compress young
women,gay, sex tract workers and migrants population. Marginalised population are the group of
communities that experiences discrimination at society opportunities and excluded because of
unequal power relationship across economic, political and social culture. It us analysed that
marginalised population faces inequalities and unfair distribution of health resources among
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population. Due to the lower education and economic background people faces many healthcare
issues and does not aware to get effective and better medical resources which can prevent them
from infectious diseases and improves their quality of life. According to healthcare outcomes it is
reported that marginalised group of people has been at high risk of causing infectious diseases as
compared to rest of UK population (Randolph, Coakley and Shears, 2022). Marginalised group
hit hardest by inequality because of injustice, illiteracy, lack of opportunities which directly
impact on their health and social identities. These group of people have been at high risk of
spreading infectious diseases. Government analyse the data marginalised group of people are at
high risk of infection due to unequal opportunities to take advantages of primary healthcare
services. Due to discrimination and inequality people faces many challenges and live with
diseases which lead to reduce their life expectancy and enhance the transmissions of causing
HIV/AIDS. Unfair inequality arise when incentives when incentives are not fairly distributed
which give the negative impact on the health (Loudermilk and et. al., 2021). Due to less
opportunities and unfair distribution people face difficulties to survive with their life.
Explain the societal determinative on HIV/AIDS and the evidence for how much these report for
the inequalities in outcomes observed different population group in UK
This epidemic of HIV/AIDS is forged by inequalities in society resulting from various
discrimination that are based on unequal access to health and social services, immigration status
or sexual orientation ethnicity, disability, low income, age and gender. These diseases can lead to
entrenched poverty affecting particularly women and young people (Taylor and et. al., 2020). As
evident from the outcomes of the research it is identify that rich and elite class people can afford
to acquire effective medical treatment and are aware about HIV/AIDS infection and take
preventive majors but the disadvantaged and poor background people can not afford the
appropriate treatment because of poverty, poor medical facilities available to them and lack of
awareness also leads to increases the risk of causing HIV/AIDS infection among the population
of UK (Ransome and et. al., 2022) .
Government of the UK implements some policies and approaches for preventing people
from HIV/ AIDS. From the research evidence, it is estimated that due to lower economic status
marginalised group of people have risk factor of causing infection. Due to lack of education
people does not aware about the safe practice towards intercourse such as condom use and
avoiding risk factor when one partner have symptoms of infection. Additionally, epidemiologic
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suggests wealthier people are at high risk because they have risky sexual behaviour because
they having multiple sexual partners which increases the chance of the causing infectious disease
of HIV/AIDS transmission to other people. Wealthier people have socio-economically advantage
of acquiring effective medication for improving access to treatment for HIV/AIDS.
Government identify with the help of evident data that marginalised group of people facing more
difficulties in surviving their life as compare to other existing group of people. Societal
determinants give negative impact on certain group of people who belongs from low economic
status and they faces difficulties in surviving their life. According to the evidence report, the
outcomes are analysed that inequalities in different group of people is the main cause of the
spreading HIV/AIDS transmission among the people (Sullivan and et. al., 2021).
Elaborate the policies that exist in UK to address these inequalities and Measure how well they
have been implemented and effective in reducing inequalities
There are various policies that exit in UK to address inequalities among certain group of
people which includes-
Implementation of progressive system of taxation- Government of UK reduced taxes
which helped on income being shared more equally between the population by which people can
fulfil basic needs and requirements and get better resources for their health. Implementing
policies help in reducing the inequalities between populations and give equal opportunities for
their rights. By analysing data report government reduce the taxation which are helpful for
people to afford resources for their development and improves the quality of life of individual
person. By reducing taxation and implementing different resources helps in reducing the
inequality rate. Government impose a lower tax rate on low income earners by which they can
enables to fulfil their basic needs such as shelter, food and transportation (Kelly-Hanku,
Aggleton and Boli-Neo, 2020). The main aim of this policy is to provide equal opportunities to
all people and improves their living standard, it will increases the economic growth of the
country and reduce the unemployment and inequality.
Resources for vulnerable population- Government of UK, introduced various resources
for certain groups of population which can reduce inequality. Local authorities provide homeless
services and medical services for people who belong from lower economic status (Purnell and et.
al., 2019) . This policy provides the social rights of individual people and aware them towards
their health condition. with the help of government policies people get better nutrition and a
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healthy environment which can prevent them from HIV/AIDS virus. Local authorities focused on
developing resources for vulnerable such as low cost or free of cost care centre, education for
children's and employment opportunities by which people get aware towards their responsibility
in maintaining their own lifestyle, it will lead to give positive impact of individual health
behaviour. Government develop resources which changes social environment of vulnerable
group of population that may affect the individual life and they can engage in their own health
and it can reduces the inequality in UK world (O’Brien, 2019).
Development in poorest areas:- Government started to focus on poorer areas by
introducing various policies for better development of the vulnerable population. Healthcare
providers give effective education to their children and adults which can prevent them from
infectious diseases. by developing poorer areas and providing various facilities for their needs
and requirements and reducing the inequality rate and people get aware about their social rights
(Sutton, Henty, and Damon, 2022). Education plays an important role in curing health diseases.
The government provides education facilities for vulnerable class people by which they focus on
adopting hygienic and safety at intercourse and use protection. It will lead to reducing the cause
of HIV/AIDS infection. Government can intervene to promote equity and reduce inequality and
poverty among marginalised group of population. Government develop various employment
opportunities in poorest and available various resources for individual people (Nario-Redmond,
2019). Government promote and redistribute the welfare benefits those who have lower
background of income (Barber, 2021).
Development of primary health care services:- In the UK, the government provides
primary health care services to people who are disable to get medical facilities because of a
lower poverty rate. These policies are beneficial for the people for getting better medical
facilities which can prevent them from health illness. According to the research it is estimated
that lower background people are at high risk of causing HIV/AIDS infection because they are
not aware about causes and they are undiagnosed with diseases which are dangerous because
they can transfer infection to their partnet (Solarte-Toro and et. al., 2022). These infectious
diseases need to require better medication. These policies reduce the inequality among the
society and reduce the risk of spreading infection (Gupta and Barman, 2021). The benefits of
primary health care services are providing education about common health problems and aware
individual patient to prevent and control their diseases. Healthcare provider encourage people to
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promote proper nutrition which can make them healthy and adequate to safe environment and
drink safe water. Government develop these all resources for improving the quality of life of
vulnerable group of people who lives in unhygienic society and have lower economic status
(Caraher, and Furey, 2018).
Government is responsible to regulate and implement policies which are beneficial for
the people as well as the government because it can improve the economic growth of the country.
Governments implement these policies and encourage vulnerable groups of people to get aware
towards their social rights and take opportunities for their better treatment. These all policies are
beneficial for the people and it can also improve the health condition of the people and improve
health outcomes. healthcare providers give better primary care services by which people get
aware about their cause and preventive measures of HIV/AIDS. These policies are effective in
reducing inequalities among various groups of people (Frosch and et. al.,2018).
Government provides them equal opportunities and aware them towards their social
rights , it will lead to reducing inequality. In the UK world, governments implement various
policies for reducing taxation, eliminating unemployment and providing primary services to the
people. a vulnerable group of people are aware and get engaged in their health condition and use
protection while intercourse and diagnose their illness and take appropriate medication which
can reduce the rate of negative impact of society on HIV/AIDS (Dagdeviren, Elangovan and
Parimalavalli, 2021). According to the research it is found that inequality causes various health
and social problems, from reduced life expectancy and higher infant mortality to poor
educational attainment, lower social mobility and increased levels of violence and mental illness
(Song and Zhou, 2020).
Recommend one political approach not already adopted by UK and how much it effective at
reducing inequalities
These policies are most effective in reducing the inequalities among the UK population,
government and healthcare provider aware children and adults towards their health condition.
The Health Inequalities National Support Team (HINST), it is one of the best approach for
reducing inequality gap across the country and provide equal opportunities to people for reducing
the inequality. It is recommended that HINST political approach is beneficial for the UK
population and who have more chance of causing infection diseases. Reducing these inequalities
are the major goals to improve the nation's health (Trebeck and Williams, 2019). Local
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authorities of UK focused on implementing political approaches which give positive impact on
health and reducing health inequalities. This political approach of government is an effective
approach which can helps in reducing the inequality among marginalised group of population.
The public health outcome framework is also developed in UK for reducing health inequalities
and provide primary health service care to all group of population, it will lead to give positive
impact on health (Lewis, 2020).
Government introduce these policies for eliminating inequalities rate from their country
and improves the quality of life of individual group of people. The public health outcome frame
work measured the issues of marginalised group of people and encourage them to aware about
their social right and participate in taking opportunities to improves quality of their health.
Health care provider deliver the best quality care as well as education which by which they can
prevent them from transmission of HIV/AIDS as well as acquire preventive measure to avoid
risk (Mandelli, 2022). These policies are not adopted by UK but it is effective for population and
internally it give positive impact of economic status of country (Faist, 2018). By adopting
various policies and approaches which is beneficial for the people health and they get aware
towards their life expectancy and health issues. Government provide equal opportunities for
employment and provide homeless services and primacy health care services which are
necessary requirement of the marginalised group of population. Additionally benefits of adopting
approaches and policies are better education outcomes, reduction in crime and increased
employment. However, to accomplish reduction in inequalities approaches and policies must be
delivered systematically at sufficient scale and with long-term sustainability which reduce the
risk of spreading HIV/AIDS among the people (Sandel, 2020).
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion, it is concluded that politics and society impact on health
inequality and inequity in UK is due to the government of policies and society environment
impact. Policy on health inequalities is more developed in the UK. The current situation and
evidence is estimated for inequalities in health outcomes related to HIV/AIDS. People belongs
from certain group of population faces many difficulties which are unfairly distributed among the
people. People having low income, unemployment and high crime rate are all associated with
increases the risk of HIV infection. Low economic background of society give negative impact
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on the people health which causes various diseases. People belongs from lack of education
family background faces more difficulties and suffer from various infectious diseases because
those people are not aware about their health. Most of the UK population is estimated with
undiagnosed because they are not aware about the diseases and their effective medical treatment.
Society and households affected by HIV has a high burden of illness and were substantially
poorer. There are various policies of UK which are addressing these inequalities which include
tax relief and income support or transfer, government develop different policies which include
welfare, free healthcare services and food stamps. These UK policies are more concerned about
the inequalities in health , with the help of these policies people get aware about their rights and
diseases and acquired advantages of health policies. These policies reduce the poverty and
improves the children long term outcomes. Due to cause of HIV/AIDS affect the sexual
behaviour and sexual health of the individual person because of the politics and society
environment impact. Government imposed various policies and approaches which are beneficial
for marginalised group of population for reducing inequalities and providing equal health care
facilities to individual people. Adopting various healthcare approaches give positive impact on
the people to give effective knowledgeable and give support and care.
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