Information Security: Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Bio-metrics, Cipher Text

This article discusses confidentiality, integrity, and availability requirements in ATM, maximum number of PINs entered by the thief, reasons for reluctance to use bio-metrics, seriousness of false negatives, and transposition technique for a cipher text.

Running head: INFORMATION SECURITY
Information Security
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1INFORMATION SECURITY
Table of Contents
Question1: Confidentiality, integrity and availability requirements..........................................2
Question 2: Maximum number of PINs entered by the thief before entering the correct PIN. .2
Question 3: Reasons for reluctance to use bio-metrics and possible measures.........................2
Question 4: Circumstances for seriousness of false negatives are more than false positives....3
Question 5: Transposition technique for a cypher text..............................................................3
References..................................................................................................................................5

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Question1: Confidentiality, integrity and availability requirements
Solution: The below points shows the examples of confidentiality, integrity and
availability requirements of ATM.
Confidentiality:
The example of entering PIN shows the confidentiality scenario. The customer
intends to use their card such as debit card or credit card by entering PIN to get access their
account through swiping the card into ATM system (Saxena & Patel, 2017). Thus, the
customer eventually expects that the PIN to be secure and confidential in the ATM system.
This expectation is not only while swiping but also during transactions through the
communication between the bank server and the ATM system.
The degree of importance for confidentiality is unsecure and unsafe PIN while the
transaction occurred may result in compromising of bank account. This shows that encryption
of PIN is necessary and should be done properly.
Integrity:
The example of withdrawing cash shows the integrity scenario. The customer
withdraws $350 from ATM and the account balance is $3350 (Ghafari, Arian & Analoui,
2015). The ATM if accidentally updates $2950 in the account of customer instead of showing
and updating $3350 then this causes unexpected havoc and loss of balance amount.
The degree of importance for integrity is the transaction performed in the system can
directly affect the account of customer. Hence, transaction should have integrity that is
without any accidental or malicious changes.
Availability:
The example of serving to all customers at all times shows the availability scenario.
The customer go to ATM system and wants to withdraw cash however, the system is out of
service (Salnitri, Dalpiaz & Giorgini, 2014). This can result into problems for the customer if
the customer has emergency for cash.
The degree of importance for availability is that ATM system should be available to
the customers at all times without any hassle. It can serve to all customers at all times.
Question 2: Maximum number of PINs entered by the thief before entering the correct
PIN
Solution: The thief tries to enter the correct pin however, before entering the correct
pin the thief has to try different number of PINs. The calculation for the maximum number of
PINs to be entered for getting the correct PIN number is given as follows.
The PIN is of 4 digit number and the thief has to enter between 0000 to 9999 because
0 and 9 are the lowest and highest number in the keypad of ATM. Thus the maximum
number of PINs to be entered by the thief is 5P4.
Question 3: Reasons for reluctance to use bio-metrics and possible measures
Solution: The below points provide reasons for reluctance in using bio-metrics for
people.

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 Accuracy issues- The biometrics is not accurate as there are several factors
that hinder the accuracy of bio-metrics. There is probability that bio-metrics
can control illegitimate access because of wrong matching is close to zero
(Akhtar et al., 2017). However, there is less probability that it will verify
legitimate user. The accuracy issues can be countered by using all the possible
body parts that can be used for authentication in bio-metrics.
 Cost- The cost factor is another reason because bio-metrics is costly to use and
implement at any place whether at company level or country level (Hadid,
2014). The ways to counter the cost factor is by implementing the bio-metrics
that is required for particular area and reasons.
 Single points of failure- The biometrics if fails to function will lead to halt the
entire system in an organization or ATM system or any other place where bio-
metrics is used (Martinovic et al., 2017). The biometrics recognizes people
and if it fails then all the system will stop functioning. The single points of
failure can be countered by controlling the entire system.
Question 4: Circumstances for seriousness of false negatives are more than false
positives
Solution: The two circumstances are given below for false negatives are more than
false positives.
The situation when a person is an owner of safe and the person wants to access its
safe for an emergency because the person needs money (Eberz et al., 2015). However, the
owner is prevented from accessing its safe because biometrics does not recognize the owner.
Then this causes serious false negatives which poses problems for the person.
The other situation when an employee in an organization collapses due to cardiac
arrest and the employee is unable to go out. In this situation when another employee goes to
the employee to help and at that situation when the biometric does not recognizes the
employee then the employees who is collapsed could die (Pandey & Verma, 2015). This is
the case where false negative can lead to compromise of an individual’s health.
Question 5: Transposition technique for a cypher text
Solution: The step by step demonstration for decipher of text is given below in the
following table.

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
Encrypted Text N T J W K H X K
Corresponding numeric value 14 20 10 23 11 8 24 11
Key 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3
Decoded from the substitution
cipher 12 17 6 21 8 4 22 8
Caeser cipher shift 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Decoded from the caeser cipher 9 14 3 18 5 1 19 5
Decoded Text I N C R E A S E
Encrypted Text A M K
Corresponding numeric value 1 13 11
Key 4 2 3
Decoded from the substitution
cipher 23 11 8
Caeser cipher shift 3 3 3
Decoded from the caeser cipher 20 8 5
Decoded Text T H E
Encrypted Text W W U J J Y Z T X
Corresponding numeric value 23 23 21 10 10 25 26 20 24
Key 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3
Decoded from the substitution
cipher 19 21 18 6 8 22 22 18 21
Caeser cipher shift 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Decoded from the caeser cipher 16 18 15 3 5 19 19 15 18
Decoded Text P R O C E S S O R
Encrypted Text M W K X Z K U H E
Corresponding numeric value 13 23 11 24 26 11 21 8 5
Key 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3
Decoded from the substitution
cipher 9 21 8 20 24 8 17 6 2
Caeser cipher shift 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Decoded from the caeser cipher 6 18 5 17 21 5 14 3 25
Decoded Text F R E Q U E N C Y
References

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Akhtar, Z., Hadid, A., Nixon, M., Tistarelli, M., Dugelay, J. L., & Marcel, S. (2017).
Biometrics: In Search of Identity and Security (Q & A). IEEE MultiMedia.
Eberz, S., Rasmussen, K. B., Lenders, V., & Martinovic, I. (2017, April). Evaluating
behavioral biometrics for continuous authentication: Challenges and metrics.
In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and
Communications Security (pp. 386-399). ACM.
Ghafari, Z., Arian, T., & Analoui, M. (2015). SFAMSS: a secure framework for atm
machines via secret sharing. arXiv preprint arXiv:1505.03078.
Hadid, A. (2014). Face biometrics under spoofing attacks: Vulnerabilities, countermeasures,
open issues, and research directions. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (pp. 113-118).
Martinovic, I., Rasmussen, K., Roeschlin, M., & Tsudik, G. (2017). Authentication using
pulse-response biometrics. Communications of the ACM, 60(2), 108-115.
Pandey, R. M., & Verma, V. K. (2015). Data Security using Various Cryptography
Techniques: A recent Survey.
Salnitri, M., Dalpiaz, F., & Giorgini, P. (2014). Modeling and verifying security policies in
business processes. In Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems
Modeling (pp. 200-214). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Saxena, P., & Patel, R. B. (2017). Analysis Of Distributed Environment Based Online
Banking Security.