Information Systems in Organizations: A Comprehensive Guide

This comprehensive guide explores the role of information systems in modern organizations. It delves into the information needs of different functional areas, compares various types of information systems, and investigates current trends in using information systems to solve business problems. The guide also evaluates the suitability of information systems for different functional areas and presents strategies for finding appropriate solutions. Through real-world examples and case studies, this resource provides a practical understanding of how information systems can be leveraged to enhance organizational efficiency, decision-making, and overall success.

INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN
ORGANIZATION
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Table of Contents
Introduction:....................................................................................................................................2
LO1: Understand information needs within different functional areas of organizations................3
P1.1 Evaluate the information needs of the different functional areas of an organization..........3
LO2 be able to compare Information Systems................................................................................6
P2.1 Describe different types of Information Systems................................................................6
P2.2 Investigate the current trends in using Information Systems applications to solve business
problems......................................................................................................................................8
P2.3 Evaluate the suitability of Information Systems for different functional areas of an
organization...............................................................................................................................10
M1. Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions................................................11
LO3 be able to use Information Systems to produce management information...........................12
P 3.1 Use an information system to generate valid, accurate and useful information for a given
problem......................................................................................................................................12
P3.2 Evaluate alternative methods of solving the problem.......................................................14
M2. Select/ design and apply appropriate methods/ techniques................................................16
M3. Present and communicate appropriate findings.................................................................16
Conclusion:....................................................................................................................................17
Reference:......................................................................................................................................18
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Introduction:
Information regarding any fields of an organization is a matter of concern. Lately, that
information was preserved in file-based systems or even in some cases it was maintained in hard
copy. But they had major consequences for data lost and safety. But, nowadays many
information systems are developed in order to maintain the record of data of any organization.
The advancement of new techniques for developing secure and responsive information systems
are replacing older file-based systems with those systems who use databases like i.e. RDBMS or
OODBMS to store data and information of an organization. This will improve not only
maintenance, security as well as remove redundancy, unresponsiveness.
Older information systems do not produce accurate results because of lack of searching and
sorting algorithms. The suggestive information systems produce accurate results efficiently. The
system is designed in such a manner to give results immediately by fetching data from the
responsive database. Relational databases have many properties like ACID properties which
easily update, fetch, insert and even delete data. And also user can get results by merging several
tables, that’s the only reason for producing accurate results. Also, systems use data analysis
algorithms like linear search, binary search, bubble or quick sort to handle data easily and
quickly. These algorithms work at the back-end. In the end, these information systems help in the
management of information at various level by using various OOP concepts like encapsulation in
order to hide information from intruders or attackers. Information Security System’s algorithms
like DSS will also be implemented in the systems to get information query communication safe
from attackers. Use of such systems help the organization as well as its customers to get relevant
data easily, efficiently, the maintenance cost of such systems is quite low and the information is
maintained for years.
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LO1: Understand information needs within different functional areas of
organizations
P1.1 Evaluate the information needs of the different functional areas of an
organization
TESCO is an organization that provides their service in the UK, China, and Brazil. It is
established in 2010 that provide their service on the B2C platform which allowed their seller to
sell the product country and foreign consumers. It provides their service to directly to external
consumers. Selected organization work on the high-quality grocery in the initial phase and after
it progresses slowly and slowly and provides their service in electronics, clothing, toys, financial
services, software, health service, telecoms, home decorate service, and music downloads
The organization wants to maintain their place in the market so marketing team of the TESCO
organization focus individual’s performance and work on their capabilities and skills to create
opportunities and take a place in the market. Organization also focus on the customer satisfaction
and cultural values because it makes the brand value of the TESCO organization which help to
gains maximum loyalty and trust of different geographies customers. For the brand value,
organization management team design the proper plan so team analysis and collects the market
information and try to reduce product price and provides the high quality of service.
Here, I have explained the various types of the functional areas of TESCO which need
information such as
Human Resource Department: It manages the resource allocation on the different place
according to the organization requirements. Human Resource Department in TESCO
organization covenants with new people assets, managing, offers training and also support the
organization different department. First of all, this department collects the information about
organization various departments and then analyze the information and find the actual
requirement of the organization. After that, there is making the plan for the department
recruitment process. During the people hiring, the department also focuses on the people
effective appraisal strategies that are helped the collected the additional information about the
person. Human Resource Department in TESCO organization also is careful about the
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information area, their requirements, and training session of the new joining person. It also
makes sure the new joining person capability ties and skills match with departments
requirements (Bratton, and Gold, 2017).
Finance Department: TESCO Finance Department deals with different type operation and
manages the organization resource allocation process. During the operation management, it
handles the billing system, payroll system, tracking various financial system that handles
organization different department, creating the annual reports and also manage financial audit
that are needs to calculating the income and expenditures. It analysis the organization products
demands and supply in the market. There is also need to track the funds, employees’ salaries,
human resource. For the team record, the department also needs to manage the financial
statements for one a different type of departments. During the annual report design, finance
department analysis the sales of the product on monthly, quarterly, and yearly base. All these
information are needed by the TESCO Finance Department.
Sales: Sales is an important department of the TESCO organization that deals with the
organization product and service sales in the different place. The organization makes the plan for
particular product and service of the organization. Sale Plan of the product or service wants to
boost the sale of the product in the market. First of all, sale team collected the information about
the market, product and service sale such low sale area, high sale are, which product demand in
the market, and market audience. After the collected the relevant information about the product
sale, TESCO organization sale team make the plan for the product supply and fulfilled the
customer demand. It boosts the product sale in the low sale area through the quality of product
delivery with an effective price. The organization makes strategies for marketing and sale to
defeat their competitors so it implements effective approaches in their trades’ strategies. For the
good sale, organization team should know about a marketplace where they will be giving their
service. Market knowledge is collected with the help of the customer feedback, surveys,
interviews, and questioners’ sessions. TESCO sale department coordinates with organization
market department to make the plans for sales strategies because marketing department contains
the information about the current marketing campaign which is advertising in the market form
the TESCO organization side. Marketing campaign designs the focus on the target audience,
market areas, and the predictable sales goal to be accomplished. Sale team collects the
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information from the Marketing campaign which is utilizing effective manner and set the target
for the organization (Ingram, LaForge, Williams, and Schwepker 2015).
Administration department: It is defined as the role of each employee in the organization and
creates a suitable working environment for the organization staff. Administration department of
TESCO organization gathers info about different arguments in the association, control and
monitoring the organization staff behaviors on the base of ethics and culture value of the
organization during operation execution. It takes the action against the staff misbehavior or
mishap because it affects the Tesco image in the market. It gives the fair decision of each
employee.
Training department: It is a subpart of the human resource department of the TESCO
organization but manages the different type of operation through the organization plans. These
plans are executing to perform business operations. It collects the information about the
organization loopholes, employees’ performance, and new joining technologies skills and
capabilities. Tesco training department also contains the information about the training modules
(for the organization employees) practical sessions (that gives information about the organization
resources to staff) and different type of department aspects (that needs to know organization staff
before working organization and their department) (Harper, 2015).
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LO2 be able to compare Information Systems
P2.1 Describe different types of Information Systems
Organization data is defined in a structured manner with the help of instructions, concepts, and
facts. Information is the type of data that gives the meaning full data according to requirements.
The organization collected the information through the secondary or primary sources for
example online published articles, journals, annual report, newspapers, interview, and books.
Here, I have explained the different type of the information system which is needed to TESCO
organization to performed various type of the business operations and followed the relevancy,
accuracy, and security
Executive Support System: It works for TESCO organization senior level that also involves the
DSS system of the organization with distinct software and hardware application. It enhances the
external speed of the data transmission and easy to use. ESS supports the decision-making in
defining the organization scope and vision for solving the business processes concerns. It helps
the organization to handle crisis condition and control support strategic. ESS can be specified
which decision-making process contains three phases such as design, intelligence, and choice.
Management Information system: It offers the management of the TESCO organization
information that helps the organization make the effective decision in the respect of the feedback
which is related the different type of organization operations. the MIS system focused on
financial information that is helped the organization to take a decision towards various financial
declarations. TESCO organization MIS system needs external data and internal data sources for
the organization processing and delivery of a system according to demand report which is
created in the organization when somebody appeals for convinced info about the organization
operations (Laudon, 2016).
Decision-Support Systems: TESCO organization needs the DSS system to make the decisions
in the uncertainty situations where the organization is unknown about these decision results. DSS
include techniques and tools to support collected appropriate info and exploration of the
possibilities and substitutes. DSS often include custom of intricate databases and spreadsheet to
produce "what-if" prototypes (Sharda, Delen, Turban, Aronson, and Liang, 2014).
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Data warehouse system: TESCO organization is needed a computer-based information system
which is known as Data warehouse system. It is second-hand data for an organization which
collected information from another application, external source or system. Warehouses of the
TESCO organization improve reporting tools and query of the database because it is able to
analysis organization data from disparate databases in stimulating ways. Decision makers and
managers need the accurate information about the organization and their process so they are able
to give the answers to their customer in the proper ways. This information is providing with the
help of Data warehouse system (Jaber, Ghani, Suryana, Mohammedand Abbas, 2015). In the
other words, warehouses system is an integrated, and read-only databases which are designed to
answer organization customer such as what if" questions. data warehouses and operational
databases are two different things where operational databases work on the transactions process (
data management, update, modification, delete during the transactions process) and warehouses
database are subject-oriented, analytical, and work on the aggregate transactions at a specified
time process. Application of the data warehouses uses the information technology to make
organization process digital for the decision making and business planning. An empathetic of
data warehouse system architecture will be significant in our responsibilities and roles in TESCO
organization information management (Fazal, Strutt, Gibb, Armstrong, Adendorff, and Helal,
2017).
Executive Support System, Management information system, Data warehouse system, and
Decision-Support Systems are the important system for the TESCO organization because it
manages the customer requirements and provides their service and products according to
requirements at the regular interval. It also helps to make a decision in the organization and
uncertain situation of the organization, these systems make a plan to employ and collected the
necessary information for the organization that helps the organization to understand the present
market position and emerging approaches for the future services or products for the TESCO
organization customers
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P2.2 Investigate the current trends in using Information Systems applications to
solve business problems
The organization uses the information system according to department operation trends to
resolve the organization issue in the favorable and positive manner. These systems are permitting
the business objects to acquire an economic benefit and also are extenuating with their
responsibilities and roles within the associated organization. There is make sure by the
organization information system that TESCO organization ought to have an acceptable quantity
of info that is able to support with reverence to attractive the operative resolutions and
assimilating between different departments. Deliberate level, mid-level, and operative level are
the level of an information system which is used during the access of the system. The business
issue associated with an estimate of user demand might also effortlessly resolve with the help of
these sustenance information systems. TESCO organization sales management use the decision
support system to handle department benefits. Through this system, organization sale team is
able to get info about the marketplace trend and also able to make their production and
manufacturing approaches, therefore (Whitmore, Agarwal,. and Da Xu, 2015).
The organization placed the customer order according to order location and also focused on the
order cost because organization introduced the cost-effectiveness policy. The segregation and
storage have also come to be possible at very huge scale. The organization used the knowledge-
based system for categorizes organization information or data into the different type of forms and
the substantial info might be by the organization. Mostly the manufacturing companies are able
to know the demand associated issues contained by the production or manufacture unit of the
organization. They might brawl with an estimate of obtaining of fresh material and furthermost
vitally consuming the catalog. The retail department of TESCO organization are deals with
organization supply chain or inventory management that are associated organization. There is
also need to deal with customer demand with a large variety of products (which is developed by
the organization) (Kavanagh, and Johnson, 2017).
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The organization contains work environment which is unpredictable and dynamic so there are
changing the information requirements rapidly base. There is a various organization that is
relying on to create an alignment between different information systems. This can help to
understand the projections and past trends. The future trends and projections are predicted with
the help of information system. Information systems are allowed to understand the environment
and the decisions are taken with the help of managers. To make decisions, the managers are
ignoring the problems and use strategic way. There is available the business issue which is
related low-slung of customer satisfaction (Cassidy, 2016).
According to the today's scenario, we can say that the big companies play a very vital role as
they can understand the need and the high demands of the customer up to great extent but then
also the competition is very high among the industries. The small changes in the industry change
the high demand of the customer. The information plays important role in the change of
information. The information can be of a different type like relevant & irrelevant information,
structured & unstructured information. Hence we cannot track each and every situation
individually. To remove this problem from the industry we can the enhancement and
advancement of the given information system is mandatory which works according to the
priority of an organization. The internal structure of the information system must be improved so
that it provides the flexibility to the customer. The supervisors are offering the data to each other
with the goal that the advantage of association could happen everywhere scale. Obviously, the
exercises like request preparing, stock control and keeping the records could be enhanced hugely
through exact and propelled data framework. Business strategies include these trends as this
becomes the basis of various operation levels like operational level and strategic level. This
solves the various problem of the industry faced by the big companies(Stair, and Reynolds,
2017).
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P2.3 Evaluate the suitability of Information Systems for different functional areas of
an organization
After exploration of current information systems engaged by future trends and vendors, there is
get clear information that organization used distributed information system that is designed on
the using Cloud-Computing for the organization beneficial. TESCO organization implementing
high-level information system at the organization workplace which provides a number of
features such as Scalability, Scalability, decreasing licensing and infrastructure cost and easy
install. TESCO organization used various type of information system according to organization
departments’ requirements or suitable for department process.
MIS referred to as Management Information system. For the MIS system measures, it is
successful in providing the necessities of junior, senior, and internal level managers in different
decision-making procedures, as supervision the documents manually and handling it will be a
repeated process which is a time-consuming process. Sometime it will be created the awkward
procedure for the organization managers which will be an awkward process for the managers that
will straight disturb the productivity of the operation. Hence, Management Information system of
TESCO organization is engaged to do the exploration for managers (Valacich, and Schneider,
2015).
Human Resource Information System is an important system that is used for trace the
accounts of human investment of the TESCO organization. Standardizing their appearance,
calculating salaries, performance check is a complex activity if these are done manually process.
Hence, human resource IS (information system) is a budget effective extent for TESCO
organization for handling their social investment in an effective way. HR Information System
supports the organization staff for the self-servicing in the staff's requirements. It is able to track
the staff data anytime, data transmission, time-out balances, and salary slip at organization
convenient time.
Data Warehouse System is a collection of the business organization operation. TESCO
organization uses the Data Warehouse System to manage the huge amount of information in a
structured and organized manner. It measures the appropriate place for organization data and
placed a proper memory space. TESCO organization management team use the DWS system
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which saves the time and effort the staff member. It provides the flexibility during the data
accessing process. These information systems are able to answer ‘what if ‘situation and
consequently append to its appropriateness for the TESCO organizations (Laurini, 2014).
Decision support system and executive support system are also provided the limited
management in the TESCO organizations. They are mandatory to evaluate the external and
internal elements on a systematic basis. Both information systems provided the working
environment for the organization which may handle the uncertainties conditions and changing
environments such as currency exchange, commodity, and the stock market. Decision support
system used in the finance department to formulate budget exploration and forecast future sales
of TESCO organizations in long period viewpoint. For example, ESS system is used by the
logistic branch to perform order implementation procedure in a regular manner.
M1. Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions
TESCO organizations used different type policy to resolve the organization functional areas
issue such as Management Information system, Decision support system, executive support
system, Human Resource Information System, and Data Warehouse System. All these are the
information systems that are resolved organization department issues such as bill issues, a
security issue, product issue, demand issue. It is tried to resolve the organization sale and
management issue that increased the market value of the organization. M1 is successfully
achieved in section 2.2 where defined the strategies to resolve the problems
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LO3 be able to use Information Systems to produce management information
P 3.1 Use an information system to generate valid, accurate and useful information
for a given problem
Tesco PLC organization is known as Tesco organization which is a multinational organization
where perform a number of operation in the organization. During the operation execution, there
is occurred a number of issues. The management team of the TESCO organizations faced the
problem during the synchronize business operation, supply chain management, and enterprise
integration. TESCO organizations Enterprise integration mainly covenants using various types
of applications running for performing the various industry operations on the different type of
platforms. For the effective and high levels of enterprise integration development, the
organization needs the shift shared policies. Business application of TESCO organizations is
focused on the particular functional area for example sales, CRM (customer relationship
management,) finance, accounts, and billing. Organization Information system supports the
various types of software rendering to above specified functional areas (Coronel, and Morris,
2016). After the successful implementations of the enterprise integration in the organization then
Information system does not only provide the communication system among the organization
staff members or customer through the computer systems but also in providing the
communication between organization different departments. It also helps in every application
working. Organization applications are totally assimilated with organization application system.
During the enterprise integration implementation, the organization faced some major restriction
when the numbers of application are taken the part in the assimilation process because
applications used different type packaged in the applications which are not developed on a single
process. Applications are developed according to developer and organization department
requirements (Hair, Wolfinbarger, Money, Samouel, and Page, 2015).
TESCO organizations also faced the problem when trying to resolve the organization integration
process issue. Integration process needs different integration patterns to different integration
patterns to measures the issue. Integration patterns are available on the market which does not
contain a coding format and not a software format. TESCO organizations need to hire integration
experts who have years of experience in this fields. They are evaluating the integration
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configurations in which concerns ascend during assimilation procedure and also know what are
the suitable approaches for resolving them. The organization needs an effective integration for
various type of the application. These applications need data in the substantial way to integrate it
in cooperated modus. So the integration process is categorized to fulfill the organization business
operation such as business-to-business integration, information portals, service-oriented system
architectures, data replication, shared business functions and distributed business
procedures(Abbasi, Sarker, and Chiang, 2016). TESCO organizations need specific information
during the development process of enterprise solutions which used by the ESS and MIS systems
engaged for decision-making procedure. This system collected the information or data for the
TESCO organizations which is sent the organization developer’s team that are evaluated the
essential data according to corresponding enterprise integration. In the end, teams send the data
to central headquarters of the organization which saved the data warehouse. This approach will
support the organization developers in retrieving to the info of every center in the substantial
way and applications are able to integrate, therefore (Heizer, 2016).
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P3.2 Evaluate alternative methods of solving the problem.
Enterprise assimilation is obligatory for simplifying the flow of application which is related to
the association. TESCO organizations management team is able to adopt substitute approaches
for handling different organization operations of various departments by client-server, employing
a database, artificial intelligence, and expert system at different centers. Here, I have explained
the alternative methods to resolve the organization problem such as
Database: TESCO organizations contain a number of the centers which needs their own
database to save the information. It storage the different type of information and analysis each
centers information and classified the database of the organization contents such as
bibliographic, images, full text, and numeric. Each center set the database setting which
enhanced the efficiency of the database and reduced the integration burden.
Client Server: TESCO organizations can be used in the client-server model to manage the
customer request. Each center of organization manages its own client-server to work on the
client requests which enhanced the processing speed of the organization. It makes the
relationship between front end to back end of the organization such as organization customer
sent their request with the help of the computer program which is managed by the operations
team that work in the back end side. This model will be able to reduce the Tesco organization
integration burden (Endsley, 2018).
Expert System: It is a system that evaluating the various type of human behavior within TESCO
organizations. Current TESCO organizations use the manual process to analyze the organization
employs which is a time-consuming process. There is also not able to handle issues and gripes of
the organization staffs in an individual manner. So there is introduced the Expert System for the
organization to handle the issue and is able to engage that is devoted for the comfort of the staffs.
It also manages the HR integration in the TESCO organizations.
Artificial Intelligence: TESCO organizations provide manual service such as the bill checking
process when the customer exit, security checking process when customer enter Tesco store by
the manual assistance. All these processes are managed by the centralized monitor systems that
are placed on the central headquarters. It is a time-consuming process and provides less security.
So there is suggested the artificial intelligence for each store TESCO organizations. It saves the
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time and effort of the organization staff. This approach uses the technology of the sensors to
check the bill of product and service. TESCO organizations can be used the metal sensors
entrance gate, exit, gate and organization cameras. Sensors automatically check the product tag
and recognized the product and also provide the high-level security in the organization. Artificial
intelligence arranges a number of computers systems that are not smart to make the decisions for
the organization but are considered for performing specific processes while evaluating various
elements (Bond,. and Gasser) 2014. .
Data mining: It is an approach or process which is used by the TESCO organizations to analysis
the database data from various angle and point of view or perspective after that summarizing the
data according to organization, user, or customer requirements it utilize organization cost
because this process enhance the organization revenue and cutting the unnecessary cost or some
time it process both tasks for the organization (Roiger, 2017).
Data warehouse: It is series of the commercial enterprise agency operation. TESCO business
enterprise uses the Data Warehouse System to control a large number of records in a dependent
and prepared way. It measures the correct location for employment statistics and positioned a
proper reminiscence space. TESCO employer control group use the DWS system which keeps
the time and effort the personnel member. It affords the flexibility during the records getting
access to the method. These information systems are able to answer ‘what if ‘situation and
therefore append to its appropriateness for the TESCO groups (Patil, and Mason, 2015).
MS Word: A word is castoff for editing, input, and creation of booklets and scripts. A word
processor is an overall software application that is used in the TESCO organizations for
manufacturing a script document currently time furthermost of script document is successful on
the word.
In the above section, I have defined the number of the alternative methods which reduce the
integration burden on the TESCO organizations because it is a complex task of the management
team when they manage the TESCO organizations database and warehouses. These will be
restricted to discrete chains and might be associated with organization central model in order to
modified facts to the core corporate workplace about the numerous of TESCO organizations
operations. The overhead stated approaches will be helped by the association in defining the
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efficiency of various departments in performing their processes without the support of the
external source. Different department managers have leadership qualities which help to manage
the organization department and Synchronization with another department which helps in
collecting the relevant information. There is a central system that manages by the manager of the
TESCO organizations. Synchronization of the various supply chain which belonged to different
departments will be changed by accepting such approaches as altered organization operations
will be performed at the separate level.
M2. Select/ design and apply appropriate methods/ techniques.
TESCO organizations used various type techniques to resolve the organization functional
areas concern such as Database, Client Server, MS Word, Data warehouse System, Data mining,
Artificial Intelligence and Expert System. All these are the techniques that are resolved
organization department issues for example security issue, bill issues, product issue, demand
issue. It is tried to resolve the organization management and sale concern that improved the
brand value of the organization. M2 is successfully achieved in section 3.2 where defined the
appropriate methods/ techniques to resolve the problems
M3. Present and communicate appropriate findings
M3 is successfully achieved in this report. Organization use MIS, ESS, HR, DSS, DWS, and
DMS system to resolve the problem in the organization. Organization use Database, Client
Server, MS Word, Data warehouse System, Data mining, Artificial Intelligence and Expert
System as an alternative solution to organization problem. TESCO organizations contain Human
Resource Department, Training Department, Administration department, Sales department, and
Finance Department to manage the organization operates.
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Conclusion:
The implementation of the information system in an organization is completed by selecting the
Tesco organization based in UK and China. It was established by the group. The first section of
the report includes the basic information related to the department of the organization like human
resource, sales, finance training and administrative. The different types of the information
regarding the Tesco organization include in the next part. It contains an investigation of the
Tesco organization to solve the business issues with the help of the different application. These
applications are like the executive support system, the information system of the management,
the system of the decision of support system and data warehouse system. The functional areas of
the organization are discussed in the next part of the suitability of the information system.
The last section of the report includes the source of the information that helps to get the accurate
information regarding the organization. This information is helpful to create the further report of
the information system in the organization. The last section contains the methods of solving
different issues of the organization related to the database, client-server, artificial intelligence,
expert system with the data mining and data warehousing. These methods are used to improve
the efficiency of the employees of the organization and create a future for the organization.
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