Impact of Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence on Business Operations

This report discusses the significance of information technology in business organizations, different types of software applications used by organizations, ethical and social issues in the digital world, different types of networking technologies, and the impact of artificial intelligence in enhancing business operations. The report is relevant to the CFPBUS003 course and is useful for students studying information technology and its applications in business.

INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT SUMMARY
Information technology has a significant role in lives of humans. It showcases the
different areas of business organization like analysis of data, cloud computing and many more.
With the help of information technology the business organization can effectively pull the large
customer base which results in more sales and organization profits. It mainly helps for taking of
effective and efficient decision which results in customers satisfaction. Many types of issues
such as social and ethical are resolved by the business organization like information safety,
secrecy and many more. Different networks are formulated like LAN,MAN, WAN and many
more which aids in storing info and sharing etc. Along with it the significance of artificial
intelligence in business organization aids in formulation of communication.

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
Literature review .............................................................................................................................4
Different type of software application is used by organization .................................................5
Ethical and social issues are increasingly becoming important in the digital world. Identify
and discuss the importance of them to run businesses,...............................................................7
social and ethical issues and their implication in operation of enterprise .......................................7
Identify and differentiate between different types of networking technologies.........................9
Discuss the impact of Artificial Intelligence in enhancing the business operations......................10
List and explain the different stages of software development life cycle.................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Information technology refers to the use of computer systems for getting or accessing
information. IT is accountable for huge part of our work force,operations of business and
personal access to info which consists of the daily activities of ours. IT affects the every day
lives by storage,retrieve, accessing and manipulation of info. IT is utilized by every one from
business organization to all the businesses held by single persons and local operations. Multi
national organizations utilize it for management of data and innovation in their process. Market
sellers of flea also uses credit card readers for collection of payments. Information technology is
the concept which consists of technology use for communication,transferring data and
information processing. Various trends in IT includes analytics, automation,artificial
intelligence,communication, cyber security etc. The company selected for this report is J
sainsburry plc. Which is also known as Sainsburry. It is the 2nd largest retail super market chain
in United Kingdom. It holds around 16% share in retail super markets. It was established by
Mr. John James Sainsburry in the year 1869. It was started with a shop in Drury Lane in
London and was one of the largest retailer in Uk of groceries. This report will mention the
different types of application of software and along with it the importance of different issues like
social and ethical in running of activities of business in digital world will be also mentioned. It
states the impact of Information technology in business organizations and how it aids the
managers in managing the business.
Literature review
In today's digital world information technology is the most important tool for business
organization to enjoy the benefit of competitive economy. With the use of information
technology the business organization productivity enhances and helps in saving the
efforts ,money and time. It aids in data management of workers and tracking of process which is
very crucial for the business organization. Information technology is basically related to
computing technology and IT umbrellas also the internet. Every tasks of retail super market
stores is affiliated to IT through which the business organization is able to serve consumers 24*7
all over the world. The business organization has 3 parts like data processing,support of
decisions and software of business which helps in developing the different types of skills of

business organization and technology which give employment opportunities like developer , web
designer and many. IT includes the hardware, software and networking of data including the
networks design and implementation. For maintenance and formulation of computer networks
which is crucial for developing the infrastructure which aids in managing and access to
information which results in appropriate use of services in all areas of business of retail.
Different type of software application is used by organization
Application of software is referred to software which will execute a specific task or function for
an user. When a user interacts directly with software this is called as application software. The
purpose of software application is to assist the user to perform a specific task. There are some
popular browser such as Microsoft and Excel. This is also included in the category of apps for
phone includes apps like Facebook for connecting the games such as temple run, subway surfer,
etc. (Cavallari, and Tornieri, 2018)
The functions for application software are-
Information and management of data
Management of Documents
Messages, Emails
Management of account
Management of Resource
Management of Project
Process of business management
Necessity of application software's- Many users uses the application for software in conducting
single or other activities, there are the reasons for need of application soft wares in computer-
Helping the user for completing the tasks- The application software is designed for a
user and assist them in specific task in many sector like business, education and
environment.(Balchat, and Gusov, 2022) For ex- Microsoft Word is one of the famous
software application which allows user to create, edit, delete and other activities in word
document.
Management and manipulation of data- The organization use application for
management and manipulates the worker, consumer and data bases. ERP system and
relationship of consumer is an example for software application.

Effectual organisation of info- The user will use the software application for creating
effectively and handles main data. Microsoft Excel is one of the example of software
application which allow user to manage data sheet.
ADVANTAGES
 This fulfil the consumers demand. This is to be recognize by the consumers that
they uses explicit programming for completion of task as this is explicitly planned for
same reasons.
 The companies which associates with the applications which restrict the access
and use some criteria for operations monitoring.
 With the health's logic the update from technicians for application licensed for
programming will be obtained. (Alberto, 2018)
DISADVANTAGES
 For achievement of goals in software application development is expensive for
developers and this will affect income and finance if more time is spend on worthless
goods.
 Software is being used frequently and have more virus risk.
Few of the application software's utilized by TESCO are-
 iQmetrix- This is an IT organisation which give solution for retail. The RQ
solution is cloud based PoS and solution for retail. This assist Tesco in back and front
integration end as processing of payroll, e-commerce, security of biometric, etc.
 Springboards retail- This cloud is hosted by PoS and platform for retail
management which will boost day to day business designed tools for retailers. Tesco use
this for use of resources, boost sale and increase efficiency. The feature updates
monitoring inventory and extensive tool report.
 LS Nav- This end to end system of management which give control to retailer
over business process and data access and tools. Thesco use this to reporting,
merchandising and accounting for operation of store and PoS gave then full function for
meeting need of environment retail.

Ethical and social issues are increasingly becoming important in the digital world.
Identify and discuss the importance of them to run businesses,
social and ethical issues and their implication in operation of enterprise
Information technology is used by the institutions for storage, modification and
engagement of data to be used by the the enterprise in its day to day operations. Its assumed a
primary role in almost every institution be it hospitality, health or the education sector. The
growing use of Information technology has resulted in companies gaining astronomical amounts
of data related to the customers which creates concerns regarding how that data will be used by
these companies and their implications on society and ethical use of such data. Sainsbury
maintains an industry leading system of information disclosure and maintains end use agreement
with the companies that use the data to maintain a supreme ethical standards.
Concerns regarding Ethics:
 Privy parties of information – the information collected by the enterprises and who is
made privy to such information is one of the most pressing concerns of twenty first
century, disclosures which are made to what party and to what end is governed by the
privacy policy of the platform which is why various international forums have been used
to voice concerns regarding who owns that data or whether it could be used by the
companies which often makes it conditional to divulge the data to the companies for
using their services. Moreover it assumes a significant position when such data is used to
thwart democratic institutions such as the case of Cambridge Analytica which used
swathes of data of Facebook users gained what their inclination was towards a political
party and then used that data to target those people who didn't subscribe to the view of
the republican party by sending them fake information damaging the credibility of
democratic party candidates which swayed the election result in their favour.(Wilson,
2022)
 Injury caused by technology :this may be various types such as injury to reputation by
sending fake damaging information about someone and circulating on the internet which
damages their standing in the society, further loss of crucial data which may or may not
be proprietary in nature and loss of property such as online frauds or information attacks
which restrict the use of their own information and asks for ransoms for retrieving that

information or making alteration to the information stored with a user are among the
many concerns regarding ethical use of information technology to contend with these
issues the companies have to invest heavily in security through software keeping human
resources to deal with such challenges and making upgrades to their hardware
capabilities.(Huda, 2018)
ISSUES THAT ARE SOCIAL IN NATURE:
Online Bullying: with the advent of interactions taking place online the cases of bullying have
also taken new form, the people who are looking to attack other people with their words this
involves both children and adults that may be be known to attackers or not known at all since a
person sitting on the other side of the world is physically restricted but online their reach of
hatred becomes global in nature moreover very often they can escape any kind of repercussions
of their actions since their identity remains elusive to those getting attacked.
Defaming the character : social media allows for people to make wildly inappropriate false
claims regarding someone character and has a Tendency to lower their standing in the societey
since basically every one can now read it in the old days inly some people who are closely
related to the person getting defamed would get to know about it now basically everybody can
know about the false claims. This also means they can get reposted by individuals which means
it will be monumentally insane to make legal claims against each and every person that has
reposted those claims although their actions amount to criminal defamation.
Disruption of communication: it seems counter-intuitive to think that information technology
could result in communication disruption after all it is the technology which helps people
instantly connect with people on the far side of the globe but it could be argues that close
interpersonal communication between family and by extension bond formation by people is
getting eroded. Close ties with families and the trust is replaced with getting likes on the social
media platform which is resulting in eroding societal values and the we feeling that used to exist
earlier.(Mâță, and Boghian, 2019.)

Identify and differentiate between different types of networking technologies.
There are various networking methods by which are used by bushinesses today which
are:
Local area network: this is the most widespread networking technology which is used to
coordinates different local devices which are physically very close to each other and sharing
takes place between them of information and of resources. These are most commonly used by the
businesses to link their employees.
Personal networking area: this is the simplest form of networking it uses two or more devices in
which information is coordinated such as a laptop and a printer these are typically used by the
homes or small offices.
Wireless networking area:this is the same as local area network except the devices used have
wireless technology.
Campus or city area network : campus networks are used by the educational institutions to
coordinate information between various departments and from teacher to students and vice versa
whereas city area networks cover the entire locality of a city these are owned and controlled by
the governmental institutions of the city.
Wide Area Network: This is the type of networking commonly used it coordinates actions
between devices which may be on the other side of the globe the internet is the common example
of this type of networking the main feature of such network is that its not centrally owned or
owned by one single entity rather is controlled by many organisations working in tandem.
Network for storage: in this type of set up large number of devices which have their primary
functions to store data are linked together to form a singular unit from which can be accessed it
includes cloud storage.

Private Virtual networking: in this type of set up user data is relayed through a third
intermediary party which is the private virtual network provider to gain access to content, it
serves as a way to keep the networks visited by someone private and confined since the actual
entity accessing the data is the private virtual network provider.
Discuss the impact of Artificial Intelligence in enhancing the business
operations.
Human resource management: the use of AI to induct people into businesses will be a regular
thing already enterprise use various methods to automate the mundane task which could be done
by machines in an error free way so its natural that when these companies want to induct people
into the business they will have to analyse large data and identify the candidates which fit their
criteria and set up follow up procedure.
Judgements based on data : the companies will no longer have to be dependent upon gut
feeling or shooting in the dark since machine learning will make it easier for them to make
judgements regarding the business which is based on real quantifiable data which keeps the
degree of certainty of success at a higher pedestal. The precision with which they can compute
the data and associate and generalize and make prediction based on the associative and
generalised learning is far greater than what human can do on their own. In the context of using
resource use since that level of predictions would take human way more time and crucial
resouces which can be used elsewhere.(Marr, 2019.)
Transformation in the landscape of customer support: many companies are already using
software that deal with the customers and resolve their issues since the problems are well
understood and technical knowledge is already available the software can be programmed to tick
the appropriate box and provide solutions further these software are available at all times
moreover these software's do not eat up valuable time of the customer when they are busy with
other customers and can simultaneously help a whole boatload at the same time.
Resolving issues related to supply chains : many companies including Sainsbury use the just in
time method which means they do not have to give up their valuable warehousing to the things
which don't have demand in the present the just in time method allows companies to order the

products just when they need it not earlier neither before which makes a huge difference when it
comes to the modern way of doing business. The bottlenecks of supply chain related issues can
be effectively addressed by the use of artificial intelligence by taking away the process which
have to be manually done by humans and consume time for accuracy reasons.(Akerkar, 2019.)
Enhanced security:the security could be enhanced by programming the algorithms to purify the
variety of viruses which compromise the security of their establishment in addition to protection
against cyber threats the various institutions are already using facial recognitions techniques to
determine the locations of offenders and are using machine learning to filter out the calls which
are considered serious threat to national security by looking for some certain specific terms.
Moreover these algorithms are also used to make predictions regarding possible attacks called as
predictive policing by making a pattern of their previous attacks.
Enhancing profits: the profits of the companies can be enhanced in teo possible ways firstly by
maintaining superior cousto9mer relation through providing better services since machine
learning can process large amount of reviews about their business to provide better services this
creates loyalty in the customer for a particular brand moreover the customers technical
difficulties are being addressed in better manner by machine learning since they have relatively
lag free response time and can address queries of various customers simultaneously all of which
saves the money which would have been spent on recruiting and paying salaries of dedicated
customer service representatives. Secondly using machine learning will reduce the cost of
running the business since the staff can focus on creative task and leave the mundane repetitive
task to the artificial intelligence systems which all means increased revenues for the enterprise.
(Howard, 2019)
List and explain the different stages of software development life cycle
There are various stages prior to a software being released in the market which are given
below:

Preparation : in this stage the broad parameters are defined which includes evaluation of cost
associated with workers, ancillary cost and time frame within which it has to be completed.
Necessity evaluation: in this stage the what all is needed from the software is defined such as
linking of customers to commercial enterprises in case of e commerce platform. This also
include what all is needed to build the software and if it is necessary to build that software ot in
other terms whether it has any demand or not.
Further it sets out various parameters of how it will operate what type of functions it will have on
what sort of pre-existing platform it will run such as windows or android or mac operating
system. Moreover what type of security features need to be built within that software.(Naumuk,
and Rudnytska, 2020)
Building a model: this stage involves building a loose system which can be modified further it
creates the foundation of the software in working format so that it could be shown to the end user
in this case initially they are the builders of the software and further built upon through feed back
received by the company.(Kneuper,2018)
Development phase: In this phase the various aspects of the software are worked upon by
various people, the codes are worked on to find that the system satisfies the requirements set up
at the planning.
Limited rolling out: In this phase limited rolling out is done to some specified users which test
out the software and see what kind of glitches pop up which are then resolved by the company.
Rolling out: in this phase the the software id rolled out to larger audience by making it available
on the company website or forums such as google store or windows store from where they can
be downloaded.
Maintaining and operating: this stage is regarded as the end stage in which the software is
complete but may breakdown due to various reasons so it is maintained and modified and further
developed upon to release newer versions.(Sampada Sake, and Chhabra, , 2020)
CONCLUSION
In the preceding report Sainsbury was taken to be the business to be assessed in terms
what software they use which are essential for business operations, their ethical policy regarding
the use of technology, the different types of networking technology which is used by them and

the rest of the public and how they differentiate, further the use of deep learning algorithms in
enhancing the businesses and the different stages of software development was examined.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Akerkar, R., 2019. Artificial intelligence for business. Springer.

Alberto, M., 2018. Memory Organization for Low-Energy Embedded Systems. In Low-Power
Processors and Systems on Chips (pp. 9-1). CRC Press.
Balchat, B.A.B. and Gusov, A.Z., 2022. Managing the social capital of the organization:
problems of the practical application of the new paradigm of management and the ways
of their solution. Entrepreneur’ s Guide.
Cavallari, M. and Tornieri, F., 2018. Information systems architecture and organization in the era
of microservices. In Network, Smart and Open (pp. 165-177). Springer, Cham.
Howard, J., 2019. Artificial intelligence: Implications for the future of work. American Journal
of Industrial Medicine, 62(11), pp.917-926.
Huda, M., 2018. Empowering application strategy in the technology adoption: insights from
professional and ethical engagement. Journal of Science and Technology Policy
Management.
Kneuper, R., 2018. Software Process Definition and Modelling. In Software Processes and Life
Cycle Models (pp. 41-68). Springer, Cham.
Marr, B., 2019. Artificial intelligence in practice: how 50 successful companies used AI and
machine learning to solve problems. John Wiley & Sons.
Mâță, L. and Boghian, I., 2019. Perception of Teachers in Higher Education towards Ethical
Issues of Information Technology Use. Romanian Journal for Multidimensional
Education/Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 11.
Naumuk, D. and Rudnytska, T., 2020. Software development cycle stages (Doctoral dissertation,
ВНТУ).
Sampada, G.C., Sake, T.I. and Chhabra, M., 2020, November. A Review on advanced
techniques of requirement elicitation and specification in software development stages.
In 2020 Sixth International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing
(PDGC) (pp. 215-220). IEEE.
Wilson, R.L., 2022. Smart Cities and Cyber Security Ethical and Anticipated Ethical Concerns.
In Cyber Security (pp. 337-351). Springer, Cham.