Information Technology and Application Software: A Study on Tesco
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This report covers the concepts of information technology and various kinds of application software accessible for fundamental functioning in an accurate and easy way. Other aspects which are covered are the ethical and social issues of technology, artificial intelligence and software development life cycle.
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Abstract In the modern age, information technology has developed in a very immense way and has supported the whole economic system of the country with its progression in an exponential manner. There are several rising updated technology which are innovated to bring easy and simple life in working for both the personal and the professional use as well. The below report covers the concepts of information technology and various kinds of application software accessible for fundamental functioning in an accurate and easy way. Other aspects which are covered are the ethical and social issues of technology, artificial intelligence and software development life cycle.
Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1 LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................1 Different types of Application Software................................................................................1 Ethics and Social Issues of using technology.........................................................................2 Networking Technology, different types................................................................................3 The Artificial Intelligence and its importance........................................................................3 Software Development Life Cycle.........................................................................................4 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION...................................................................................................5 Application software and its types used in Tesco..................................................................5 Ethics and social issues in Tesco............................................................................................5 Types of Networking Technologies that used in Tesco.........................................................6 The importance of Artificial Intelligence in Tesco................................................................7 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7 References........................................................................................................................................9
INTRODUCTION Information technology can be defined as the use of computers in order to create and processtheinformationforstoringandretrievingtheelectronicdata.Itbuildsthe communication networks and safeguard the important information from any cyber attacks. It also creates and administers the databases while troubleshooting the problems faced by employees whileusingthecomputingsystems.Itisbasicallythestudyofcomputersand telecommunicationswhich exchangesthe information from one applicationto another. It manages the technical devices within organization and networks technical areas of the business (Chege, Wang and Suntu, 2020).The organization chosen is Tesco. It is one of the leading internationsupermarketretailcompanyestablishedin1919andheadquarteredinUnited Kingdom. The following discussion is based on the different types of application software and ethicsand social issues of using technology.Moreover, networking technology, artificial intelligence and its importances with software development life cycle is also covered in the below report. Application software covered areweb browsers, presentation software, graphic software,spreadsheetsoftware,wordprocessors,databasesoftware,multimediasoftware, education software, information software and content access software.Ethical and social issues covered are themisusing of personal information, misinformation and deep fakes, lack of acceptance of responsibility and oversight, use of artificial intelligence, autonomous technology, access right, harmful actions, patents, copyrights and trade secrets. Types of networking covered are local area network, metropolitan area network and wide area network. Importance of artificial intelligence covered are the automation and enhancement along with the analysis and accuracy which is followed by the return on investment and better decision making. Stages of SDLC covered are requirements gathering and analysis and then designing along with the coding and testing and finally the deployment and the maintenance phase. The below report is finally concluded with proper conclusion drawn on the entire report. LITERATURE REVIEW Different types of Application Software AccordingtoMtsweni,Mokwenaand Moeti,(2021),therearedifferenttypesof application software.Web browsersis one of the application software. It helps in the simple surfingviainternet.Itcanbeusedtorapidlylocatetheinformationthroughtheweb. 1
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Presentation softwareis an another application software. It facilitates with the simple visualised data presentation with the help of several tools. Information is presented in the view of slides. Spreadsheet softwareis also one of the application software. Data is represented in a tabular formwhich permits simple calculations via various functions and formulas.Graphic software is also an another application software. It helps in the simple modification and alteration of data. It formulates the room for picture illustration.Word processorsis one of the application software. It facilitates the formulation and beatification of text along with the manipulation of it. It also supports in the effective consolidation and editing of text. According to Shea, Dow, Chong and Ngai, (2019),Database softwareis an another application software. It is popularly known as the database management software. It allows simple organization of data and also the effortless access to the data.Multimedia softwareis also one of the application software. It assist in the simple creation of audio and video which deals with the fundamental multimedia formulation and sharing. It provides large variety of tools to facilitate the working.Education softwareis also an another application software. It is designed to focus on learning and tutorials across academic domains which aids in the simple and effective education. Ethics and Social Issues of using technology According toDehgani and Navimipour, (2019), there are various ethical and social issues of using the technology. Such asLack of acceptance of responsibility and oversightis also one of the ethical issue of using technology. Handling technical information with care is the essential responsibility which is to be accepted if it is misused or managed effectively. But the issue is that there is a lack of sense of responsibility and oversight as well. According to Cepeda and Arias-Pérez, (2019),Use of artificial intelligenceis also an another social issue of using technology. Although there are large benefits of using AI and its features as it helps in automating the task with emerging technologies. But it is also having the demerits of maintaining the privacy of the information as well.Autonomous technologyis one of the ethical issue of using technology. Automation in technology reduces the human resources which affects the employment rate of the nation and it impacts negatively on the entire economy of the country.Access right, harmful actions, patents, copyrights and trade secretsare an another ethical issue of using technology. There are many cybercrimes such as identity thefts, 2
ransomware, malware, password attack, viruses, phishing, DdoS attack and many more. All these are the harmful actions performed by the hackers. Networking Technology, different types According to Li and Chan, (2019), there are several types of networking technologies. LANis one of the type of networking technology. It stands for Local Area Network. It basically operates in small range of areas for example it can be same building or a campus. It has the private ownership. There is a high speed of transmission in LAN. Moreover, it has short propagation delay and less congestion as well. It is easy to design and maintain for a long time but is also having the more fault tolerance in LAN. Some of the examples of the areas covered by LAN are the college, hospitals and many more.MANis an another type of networking technology. It stands for Metropolitan Area Network. It basically operates in large range of areas for example it can be the city. It has the private or can be the public ownership. There is an average speed of transmission in MAN. Moreover, it has the moderate propagation delay and more congestion as well. It is difficult to design and maintain for a long time but is also having the less fault tolerance in MAN. Some of the examples of the areas covered by MAN are the small towns or cities. According to Jimenez-Jimenez, Martínez-Costa and Rodriguez, (2019),WANis also an another type of networking technology. It stands for Wide Area Network. It basically operates in large range of areas for example it can be the country or continent. There is a low speed of transmission in WAN. Moreover, it has the long propagation delay and more congestion as well. It is difficult to design and maintain for a long time but is also having the less fault tolerance in WAN. The Artificial Intelligence and its importance According to Ketzenberg and Metters, (2020), artificial intelligence can be defined as the technology which mimics human intelligence. It facilitates the computer applications to learn from human experiences through algorithmic training and iterative processing.Automationis one of the importance of AI. It automates the tasks which are repetitive in nature which was previously done manually helps in reducing the human cost.Enhancementis an another importance of AI. It has the ability to introduce the products which are more effective and smarter in nature which improves the experiences of the customers.Analysisis also one of the importance of AI. It is capable of faster analysing of large datasets as compared to humans in a 3
more efficient manner.Accuracyis also an another importance of AI. It facilitates the accurate interpretation of the information for specially in the field of financial and hospital investments. ROIis one of the importance of AI. Return on investment is far better than working manually on some tasks with AI which is reliable and relevant in nature.Better decision makingis an another importance of AI. It facilities the organizations to make the strategic decisions which improves core business activities with enhanced speed and processes. According to Yeniyurt, Wu, Kim and Cavusgil, (2019),healthcareis one the sector where AI is applied effectively. AI applications is used to provide suggestions and personalised services to the patients.Retailis an another sector. AI applications is used in the stock management and also in the store layouts.Manufacturingis also one of the sector. AI applications is used to forecast demand and load for factories with logistic management and better decisions making. Software Development Life Cycle According to Rainer and Prince, (2021), software development life cycle can be defined as the process which facilitates with the different stages of software development. It helps in delivering the high quality product. It covers all stages of complete life cycle from inception to the retirement of the product. It basically leads to the software development in a systematic and disciplined way. It is detailed plan of framework which includes the essential activities of software development such as building and deploying along with the maintenance as well. It also includes the planning and creating along with the testing of the software product. According to Tallon, Queiroz, Coltman and Sharma, (2019),Requirements gathering and analysisis the first stage of SDLC. All the relevant information is collected from the client as per their needs and requirements in order to meet their expectations.Designingis the second stage of SDLC. Prototyping is done in this stage where the collected information is used for the further analysis.Codingis the third stage of SDLC. Prototyping is converted into the source code and real development starts in this phase.Testingis the fourth stage of SDLC. Testing is done to find out the errors or bugs so that it can be rectified before handling over it to the client. Deploymentis the fifth stage of SDLC. Once the testing is done then the product is delivered to the clients with project sign off and all the other formalities.Maintenanceis the sixth stage of SDLC. It is done for the further updates of the software in order to avoid the security issues. 4
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ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION Application software and its types used in Tesco Application software used in Tesco are the titles which are developed by the Cambridge based software distributor Formjet. The main application software used by the company is the ability office. It is basically the software package that contains the applications features of word processing and spreadsheet along with the photo editing applications and Panda antivirus software. Word processing facilitates Tesco in the formulation and beatification of text along with the manipulation of it. It also supports in the effective consolidation and editing of text. Spreadsheet software is used in the data presentation in a tabular form which permits simple calculations via various functions and formulas. Multimedia software assist Tesco in the simple creation of audio and video which deals with the fundamental multimedia formulation and sharing. It provides large variety of tools to facilitate the working. Graphic software helps Tesco in the simple modification and alteration of data (Eller, Alford, Kallmünzer and Peters, 2020). It formulates the room for picture illustration. Database software is popularly known as the database management software. It allows simple organization of data within Tesco and also the effortless access to the data in the form of oracle and SAP. These are basic application software used by Tesco in their day to day business activities. Heavy application software is also used for the in depth functioning within an organization. Such as development of the in house software for specific working in the firm. Such as for the sales forecasting and to develop the sales and marketing strategies. Also for the human resource management and in depth data analysis as well. Anti-viruses are used to detect the viruses and to remove on an immediate basis for instant protection to the computer systems. All these are considered as application software used by the Tesco. Ethics and social issues in Tesco There are various ethical and social issues faced by Tesco.Lack of acceptance of responsibility and oversight is the ethical issue of using technology faced by Tesco. Handling technical information with care is the essential responsibility which is to be accepted if it is misused or managed effectively. Tesco is lacking in this ethical activity of using technology. Employeesof thecompany arenot properlytrainedregardingin understandingof their responsibility towards the technical resources. So therefore, it is significant for the firm to first 5
educate their employees about how handle the important and confidential information and how to use and monitor it. Use of artificial intelligence is the social issue of using technology faced by Tesco. Although there are large benefits of using AI and its features as it helps in automating the task with emerging technologies. But it is also having the demerits of maintaining the privacy of the information as well. Currently Tesco do not have tight security system for the same but working on it (Savastano, Bellini, D’Ascenzo and De Marco, 2019). Organization is working on the small as well as the information security system so that they can avoid any of the cyber crimes that can happen to the firm. This technical issue is mandatory to resolve because it can lead to the large data breaches and losses that results in the bad reputation of the company. Using AIcaneffectivelyhelpcompanyintheirfunctioningandoperationsbutmanagingand monitoring the same is difficult. So therefore, information management is crucial for Tesco in order to effectively apply the features of AI within organization. These all are the ethical and social issues faced by Tesco regarding the data management and security management within organization. Types of Networking Technologies that used in Tesco Therearevarioustypesofnetworkingtechnologiesthatareavailablewiththe organizations so that they can choose the best suitable one according to the size and range of networks they needs for their working. For example, local area network and metropolitan area network along with the wide area network and personal area network which is followed by the wireless local area network and campus area network. Other networks are storage area network and system area network along with the passive optical local area network and enterprise private network and also the virtual private network.WAN is the type of networking technology used by Tesco. It stands for Wide Area Network. It basically operates in large range of areas for example it can be the country or continent. There is a low speed of transmission in WAN. Moreover, it has the long propagation delay and more congestion as well. It is difficult to design and maintain for a long time but is also having the less fault tolerance in WAN. It is considered as more complex than local area network and metropolitan area network. This is because it connects the computers all together with wide range of longer physical distances. This helps the computer systems in a remote communication in a more effective and efficient manner. Internet is one of the most basic illustration of WAN as it has a vast reach which are typically maintained and owned by more than one administrators or the public as well. WAN is used by Tesco because it 6
is working on an international basis so the employees and different stores can only be connected globally due to the WAN network(Caro and Sadr, 2019). The importance of Artificial Intelligence in Tesco Tesco comes under the retail sector. AI applications is used in the stock management within Tesco and also in the store layouts. AI provides automation which helps Tesco in automating the tasks which are repetitive in nature which was previously done manually helps in reducing the human cost. Benefit of enhancement is also gained by Tesco which has the ability to introduce the products which are more effective and smarter in nature which improves the experiences of the customers. AI supports in analysis within Tesco which is capable of faster analysing of large datasets as compared to humans in a more efficient manner. Accuracy is maintained in Tesco via AI as it facilitates the accurate interpretation of the information for specially in the field of financial and hospital investments. Return on investment is far better than working manually on some tasks through AI which is reliable and relevant in nature. Tesco is facilitated with better decision making in order to make the strategic decisions which improves core business activities with enhanced speed and processes. All such benefits are gained by Tesco while implementing the artificial intelligence solutions within organization(Verhoef, Broekhuizen, Bart, Bhattacharya and Haenlein, 2021). CONCLUSION It is concluded that information technology is an important concept to learn and study so that its applications can be applied in the real world organizations. This is because now a days information technology is considered as one of the most essential aspect which every business must adopt. The reason being is that it is becoming impossible for the businesses to survive without any updated or advanced technology.Information software is the application software which provides past as well as existing records of the data with relevant information for decision making process in the firm. Content access software is also the application software which helps in accessing the content without editing. It is used in digital entertainment or digital content. Misusing of personal information is the ethical issue where there are people who misuse the information of other individuals either with the motive to steal money from them or to take some personalrevenge.Suchinformationincludesthepersonalcredentialsofthepeople. Misinformation and deep fakes is social issue where there are information which is exchanged 7
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via technology. Technology spreads rumours on a wider basis and its can be misinformation and fake news a well. This harms a person with whom the information is related with.Banking is also the sector where AI applications is used in reviewing the financial transactions, data input and data management as well. Life sciences is an another sector where AI applications is used to test the medicines and discovering new therapies effectively.Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the different types of application software. It is significant to examine the ethics and social issues of using technology. It is crucial to determine the types of networking technology. It is vital to assess the artificial intelligence and its importance. It is imperative to evaluate the software development life cycle. Hence, the above information covers all such areas in order to better understand the conception of impact of information technology on business operations. 8
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