Information Technology for Development - PDF

Running head: OVERVIEW OF INTERNETWORKING
Overview of Internetworking
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1OVERVIEW OF INTERNETWORKING
1. National infrastructure initiatives that have contributed to expanded
broadband infrastructure:
The OECD or the Organization of the Economic Co-operation and Development stated
that the U.S has been contributing to be one of the frontrunners in both fixed as well as the
mobile broadband subscriptions for internet access. The Government of different countries has
been associated with supporting the infrastructure initiatives and have made a huge contribution
for increasing the pervasiveness of the broadband. For example in the country of Japan and
South Korea along with various EU nations have been enabled by this initiative to roll out of the
infrastructure used for broadband to almost every corner of the respective countries. Besides this
similar type of initiatives has also been proposed in order to bring out the broadband to majority
of the population living in the rural as well as in the urban areas [1]. But the legislation which
was needed for doing this was languished in the Washington D.C. Along with all this the
countries which is having eth highest penetration rate for the broadband typically needs to be
standardized in order to use the single multiple access protocol this is very much essential for the
mobile broadband. Contrarily the U.S has been associated with seeming the contents in order to
let the market decide about the protocol which would be responsible for sorting the access
protocol which is capable of dominating eth market. Due to all this reason there exists no single
path forward for the 3G or the 4G mobile broadband access to get adopted. This initially helps in
understanding the fact why there exists the pockets of GSM, CSMA, TDMA, OFDM, and LTE
in the mobile broadband marketplace [2]. The cities of South Korea and Japan have been capable
of dominating all other countries in terms of speed. Whereas the citizens of Romanian city had
been enjoying the highest peak broadband access speed of around 41.5 Mbps.

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2. “Digital divide” within the Australia
In spite of the large investments mad on the National Broadband Network, the effect of
“digital divide has hardly changes in the country of Australia. According to the “Australian
household use of the IT” states that they are doing things which are mostly online along with this
they are also using an increased number of connected devices [3]. Despite of all this the number
of people who are using the internet is not increasing and the basic parameters of the digital
inequality in Australia has been continuing in defining themselves while using and accessing the
various online resources. It has been estimated that almost 2.6 million of the Australians are not
using the Internet and nearly about 1.3 million households are not connected [4]. Age has been
acting as one of the critical factors. It has been seen that nine individuals amongst the ten
individuals having the agebetween 15-59 are associated with the usage of the internet whereas
the number drops to eight out ten when the age criteria is considered to eb between 55-64 years
and lastly six in ten for those having eth age above 65 years. The digital divide is likely to grow
in Australia. The Australian policy has no longer been aiming at making communications which
are widely accessible across the huge country. The Australian digital inclusion index has also
highlighted the various problems related to the affordability and unequal access across various
files which includes the economic, social and spatial lines [5].
3. Countries that have the lowest broadband and Internet access rates
The country that have the lowest broadband and internet access rate is the United
Kingdoms. The accessing of the broadband has developed at a very slow rate in the U.K despite
of the Cable operators and the telecommunication carriers having the lowest rate of experience
regarding the competition in the infrastructure of any of the OECD countries. The cable
operators were mainly focusing on offering for the telephony and the digital television services

3OVERVIEW OF INTERNETWORKING
instead of focusing on the various cable modem services. Other major reasons included for the
low adoption of the broadband is the cost of purchasing a powerful computer and paying for the
monthly subscriptions packs [6]. The cost of accessing the internet has been acting as a major
deterrent in the adoption of the broadband. Another reason includes the perception that
broadband is not needed.
4. Benefits associated with high broadband access connections
Good broadband connection always means that there exists greater capacity for the
purpose of sending and receiving the data. Which means that the receiving and sending of the
data from one computer to another would be done at a very rapid rate. This would be initially
helping in the accessing of the internet and browsing of the web in a much efficient way along
with there would also be faster downloading speed and faster sending and receiving of emails
and many more [7]. The broadband connection always stays in on form and there is no need of
any type of dial-up connectivity. This means that a user would become much more productive
without any delay regarding the time need for establishing the connection. The budgeting can
also be done in an effective way as the rate of broadband is fixed. There exists many companies
which are associated with providing the facility to the staffs to do their work from their own
house. The high speed connection would be helping the workers to avail all the facilities from
their house. Besides this they would also be capable of linking their internal computers and
telephone networks. People are associated with providing care to their children or having some
other type of commitments might make use of the high speed connectivity in order to restructure
their days of working. In self owned business the broadband plays a very important role as this
allows the owner to handle all the activities of the business from their homes [8]. The broadband

4OVERVIEW OF INTERNETWORKING
also helps in the education purpose as well. The high connectivity also helps in other purposes
like online shopping, online banking, buying of the insurance and many more.

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References:
[1.]Armenta Á, Serrano A, Cabrera M, Conte R. The new digital divide: the confluence of
broadband penetration, sustainable development, technology adoption and community
participation. Information Technology for Development. 2012 Oct 1;18(4):345-53.
[2.]Whiteduck T, Beaton B, Burton K, O’Donnell S. Democratic ideals meet reality: Developing
locally owned and managed broadband networks and ICT services in rural and remote First
Nations in Quebec and Canada. InKeynote paper for the Community Informatics Research
Network (CIRN) Conference, Prato, Italy, November. Retrieved Jan 2012 Nov (Vol. 15, p.
2013).
[3.]Alam K, Imran S. The digital divide and social inclusion among refugee migrants: A case in
regional Australia. Information Technology & People. 2015 Jun 1;28(2):344-65.
[4.]Thomas J, Barraket J, Ewing S, MacDonald T, Mundell M, Tucker J. Measuring Australia's
Digital Divide: The Australian Digital Inclusion Index 2016.
[5.]Erdiaw-Kwasie MO, Alam K. Towards understanding digital divide in rural partnerships and
development: A framework and evidence from rural Australia. Journal of Rural Studies. 2016
Feb 1;43:214-24.
[6.]Lin MS, Wu FS. Identifying the determinants of broadband adoption by diffusion stage in
OECD countries. Telecommunications Policy. 2013 May 1;37(4-5):241-51.
[7.]Gruber H, Hätönen J, Koutroumpis P. Broadband access in the EU: An assessment of future
economic benefits. Telecommunications Policy. 2014 Dec 1;38(11):1046-58.
[8.]Bold W, Davidson W. Mobile broadband: redefining Internet access and empowering
individuals. The Global Information Technology Report 2012: Living in a Hyperconnected
World. 2012:67-77.