Innovations and Innovation Models: A Review

This assignment provides a detailed analysis of various innovations and innovation models discussed in recent academic papers and publications. It includes topics such as design research methods, eco-innovations, phage display, bottom of the pyramid, automatic detection of key innovations, diffusion of innovations, countertransference, and grassroots initiatives for sustainable energy transitions. The assignment also touches upon 3D printing innovations and the power of Simmelian ties in generating cross-boundary knowledge.

Innovation

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Innovation and its importance for enterprise in comparison of invention.............................1
P2 Vision, leadership, culture and teamwork can shape innovation...........................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P3 4Ps of innovation and use of innovation funnel.....................................................................4
P4 Developments in frugal innovation and its use in organisation.............................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P5 Importance of commercial funnel and application of new product development..................6
P6 Innovation business case for enterprise.................................................................................6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
P7 Various tools which can be used by enterprise for protect intellectual property...................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Innovation is the process of making or creating something new and offer it to large
number of customers for increasing their convenience level. In today's business environment
needs and wants of customers are changing at a fast speed and old or basic products can not
satisfy the needs of customers (Battisti and Stoneman, 2010). Every individual want something
new and featured for fulfilling his special kind of requirement. Along with this for achieving
success it is very necessary for enterprises for implementing the concept of innovation for better
satisfying the needed and wants of customers and at the same time to capturing a large market
share. Quad, firm makes variety of technological products for large number of customers is taken
under this report for study. Present report contain important information regarding the
importance of invention and innovation for whole enterprise. Frugal innovation and commercial
funnel is also described under this report. Along with this 4Ps of innovation and tools for
protecting intellectual property is also detailed under this essay.
TASK 1
P1 Innovation and its importance for enterprise in comparison of invention
Process or action of doing or producing something new and deliver to large number of
customers is known as innovation. It can be a a new method, product or can be a feature.
Innovation is done for finding a better solution to the problem or for making a better product or
service for satisfying the needs and wants of large number of customers. Quad, a company deals
in variety of technological products can apply the concept of innovation for enhancing the
features of its products and services (Schubert, Van Langeveld and Donoso, 2014). In today's
business environment when large numb er of changes takes place at a fast speed than it became
necessary for the firms to apply the concept of innovation as it provide various benefits to firms.
Importance of innovation can be understood by the following points: Enhance performance of workers and productivity of organisation: One of the main
advantage of applying the concept of innovation is that it enhance the productivity of
workers. New methods and techniques motivate the workers to perform their best which
directly increase the productivity of whole enterprise. Increase effectiveness of communication process: Implementation of innovation concept
increase coordination among the various activities of enterprise, encourage teamwork and
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and increase the morale and satisfaction of workers. Effective communication leads to
solving issues at enterprise and eliminate the confusion form the mind of workers. Optimum utilisation of resources: Innovation encourage optimum utilisation of all
resources and funds of firm (Seyfang and Haxeltine, 2012). This reduce the final cost of
the product and minimise the wastage. Helps in making healthy and risk free environment: New technology and upgraded
techniques reduce the work related risk and encourage healthy working environment.
Healthy working environment increase both moral and productivity of workers. Help enterprise in achieving competitive advantage: When enterprise adopt new
technology for making products than this not only increase the features of product but
also decrease the cost which helps enterprise in offering innovative products to large
number of customers at lower prices. All this helps organisation in achieving competitive
advantage in the market.
 Reduce cost : Improved tools and upgraded technology reduce the overall cost of making
product and help firm in achieving efficiency (Tortoriello and Krackhardt, 2010).
All these are the main benefits of innovation and Quad can be benefited by all these
advantages by applying the concept of innovation.
Main differences between the concept of innovation and invention can be understood by the
following:
Basis Innovation Invention
Meaning Process of implementing a new idea,
new product and a new process for the
first time is known as innovation.
Invention simply means happening of
a new idea or service that take place
never before.
Concept Implementation in practical. Implementation in theory.
Activities Activities are spread to the whole
organisation.
Activities of research and
development department include
under this.
Concerned It concerned with making the process of
various number of products.
Process of making single product is
involved in this.
Skills Strategic, marketing and technical skills Scientific skills are required under
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are required under this. this.
Apple company adopt innovation in as firm offer new and featured products to its
customers on continuous basis and this is one of the main reason why firm generate large number
of profits and attract large number of customers.
P2 Vision, leadership, culture and teamwork can shape innovation
Concept of innovation is very broad is relate with almost every function of enterprise.
Contribution of leadership, culture, teamwork and vision of objectives in implementing
innovation can be understood by the following points: Leadership and innovation: Leaders play an important role in influencing large number
of workers for do completing the work and provide them proper direction for achieving
end results. Adopt and process of leader of influencing employees largely affect the
success of whole enterprise (Rogers,2010). During the process of implementing the
concept of innovation leader play an important role. As leaders are the one who
influence subordinates for accepting the concept of innovation and do work accordingly.
So leaders of Quad can motivate the workers in a better way for achieving the set
results. If proper direction provide by the leader to workers than better results can be
achieved by the firm. Culture of enterprise and innovation: Culture of enterprise refer to the policies adopted
by firm for completing the work and the environment exist in the organisation.
Motivating and healthy work environment influence subordinates for accepting
challenges and do something new. On the other hand complex working situations creates
hurdles in implementing the concept of innovation in an effective manner. Innovation and vision: Vision of a firm is where enterprise wants to see itself after the
duration of 2 or 5 years. All activities sand process are done in enterprise as per
according to the vision of firm. Vision of firm affect the process of innovation.
Challenging and interesting vision encourage the concept of innovation in organisation
for achieving the end results in better way.
 Teamwork and innovation: Commitment and cooperation of workers plays a big role in
implementing the concept of innovation and achieving the end results. Skills and
commitment of workers provide support and encourage firm for implementing the
concept. Cooperation among workers helps in managing all the changes take place in
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enterprise after the concept of innovation (Rabosky, 2014). So managers of Quad should
try to build cooperation and coordination among the employees so that their support can
be get by the firm during the process of innovation.
All these factors play a big role in affecting the process of innovation and its results in
enterprise. So before implementing the concept of innovation proper consideration should be
given by the manager of Quad on this factors so that ends results can be effectively achieved by
the firm.
All elements vision, leadership and culture affect the process of leadership and it is very
essential that this must be consider Virgin and apple in order to implement the innovation in an
effective way and to get all benefits of this.
TASK 2
P3 4Ps of innovation and use of innovation funnel
In today's business environment where changes take place in a fast speed and needs and
wants of customers are changing rapidly. It become very essential for all enterprises to make and
deliver something unique and more featured to customers for satisfying their needs. Today
creativity and innovation play an important role in the success of enterprise (Borrego, Froyd and
Hall, 2010). 4Ps of innovation assist enterprises in better applying the concept of innovation in
enterprise. 4Ps of innovation include the following: Product: Product is the offering of firm to its large number of customers for satisfying
their needs and wants. As Quad deals and make technological products for its customers
so it is very necessary that products of firm should have enough features so that needs of
customers can be satisfy in a better way. For making new products it is very necessary for
Quad to add enough features in the product. Process: Necessary steps for effectively implementing the concept of innovation is
known as process. For effectively implementing the process it is very necessary than an
enterprise should have enough resources called technical, financial and other. Employees
play an essential role in this so proper training should be given to workers so that set
results can be achieved. Position: Under this enterprise use various type of tools for promoting the features of its
innovation with large number of public. Quad can use both print and digital media for
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communicating with large number of customers for tell about the various features of
innovation.
 Paradigm: Under this firm experiment on the product for increasing its usefulness during
its consumption (Chaudoir, Dugan and Barr,2013). This attract large number of
customers for buying the product.
All Ps of innovation assist enterprise in effectively implementing the concept of
innovation and achieve end results. Not only this all this help in eliminating the barriers and
provide support to firm.
Use of innovation funnel to give and shape innovative ideas
Innovation funnel is a process starts form taking a idea form real life transform it into a
product and deliver it to large number of customers. This concept help enterprise in identifying
the current trends exist in the market and that deliver products accordingly. Same concept can be
used by the Quad for identifying the needs of customers and than add features in the products
accordingly (Damanpour, 2010). It is very essential for the firm identify and evaluate its
resources its resources so that maximum results can be achieved and customers can be satisfy.
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With help of innovation funnel Virgin and Apple can execute innovation in an effective
way and can get all the benefits of it.
P4 Developments in frugal innovation and its use in organisation
Main aim behind the concept of frugal innovation is to bring the innovative products in
reach of all people around the world. Under this enterprises tries to cut down the cost of making
product so that everyone can buy it. Cutting down the cost and at the same time maintain the
quality of product is the main aim behind this concept. One of the main advantage of frugal
innovation is that it provide opportunity to enterprises for reducing the cost of operations. By
adopting this concept Quad can make products at low cost and can offer this to middle class
people also.
Concept of innovation is applied by enterprise for various of reasons in different forms.
Some organisations use it for decreasing the cost of new product while some adopt it for adding
new features in the existing product (Ellis, 2014). This can be better understood by the following
points: For expansion: One of the main reason of most enterprises for implementing the concept
of innovation is to expand the current product line of enterprise. Firms make new
products for satisfying the needs of customers by doing modifications in the old product
or by making products and services. For reducing the cost: Use of upgraded tools and techniques are done under the concept
of innovation which reduce the cost of all operations and helps firm in achieving
efficiency in business operations.
 For adding more features: One of behind the process of innovation is to add more
features so that needs and wants of customers can be satisfy.
Frugal innovation help enterprises in implement the whole process in an efficient and helps in
reducing the overall cost of production. Same concept can be adopted by the Quad for making
innovative and low cost products. This concept help firms in capturing larger market share by
offering featured products at low prices.
As per the given case study, Apple adopt innovation in order to expand business
activities.
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TASK 3
P5 Importance of commercial funnel and application of new product development
Commercial funnel is a concept which is used by enterprises for increase the sale of their
products. Same can be used by the Quad for capturing a larger market share by selling its
innovative products (Evangelista and Vezzani, 2010). Basically it start with identifying the
features which customers want in the product and than firm take production process accordingly
for adding features in the product so that satisfaction level of customers can be achieved by the
firm. Following are the main steps which included in the process of commercial funnel. Sales lead: In this step company first do the research for identifying the leads and than do
maximum efforts in order to attract them to enter into a contract of sale. A magnet is used
by firms for influencing customers to enter into the contract of sale. Qualified prospect: Under this firm first identify the tastes and preferences of customers.
After that various personal traits of decision maker are identified by the firm so that large
number of customers can be influenced by the firm (Hwang and Tsai, 2011). Identification of needs: Needs of various type of customers are identified and evaluate
under this in order to better satisfy them. Proposal: After identifying the features which customers want in the product. Firm add
those features in the product and than offer it to large number of customers for buying the
same. Closing: Under this firms solve out the issue arise inj the mind of customers or eliminate
confusion form their mind.
 Deal transaction: If individual take the decision to buy the product than under this finally
good are transacted or delivered to them.
As per the given case study as Apple hold a competitive position because firm is able to
evaluate the needs of customers and deliver technology updated goods. Firm made a gadget
called I- pod for its customers who love music. Innovation not help firms in achieving success
but this is the last option for the survival of the firm.
This process of new product development can be follow by Quad to create and develop
new products and services. Further, concept of commercial funnel can use used by enterprise to
increase the sale of its products.
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P6 Innovation business case for enterprise
Concept of innovation can be adopted or implemented by the Quad for adding various
features in the product and at the same time for satisfying the needs and wants of large number of
customers (Jamshidi, 2011). Use of updated and latest technology done under this for increasing
the quality of products. Following are the main steps which can used by firms for implementing
the concept of innovation.
 Idea generation: In the first stage of innovation research is done by the firm for
collecting relevant information regarding the strategy adopted by competitor, product ,
process, customers and suppliers used by them for purchasing raw material. All this
provide useful data to enterprise and guide top managers of the firm for taking important
decisions. Idea can be generated form various other sources called journals, books and
magazines.
 Screening of idea: Idea generated in the first stage sis developed in this stage, various
tests and work on the ideas is done by the firms to test the suitability and growth of idea
in future(Kelly, Lesh and Baek, 2014). Advice from various experts are taken by the firm
on the idea generated.
 Development of concept: Transformation of written plan into real life actions is done
under this. Evaluation of business environment: Evaluation of factors exist in the business
environment is done by the business owner in order to known whether the current
business conditions are in the favour innovation or not (Kesidou and Demirel, 2012).
This analysis guide business manager in identifying the right time of introducing
innovation concept and helps in gaining long term benefits of innovation. Fund: Development of a new product require number of funds. As research is carry out
by firm to collect information about needs and interest of customers all this require time
and cost of firm. Product development: Firm do various efforts for giving final shape to the product by
deciding various features. Test marketing: Before launching product to large number of customers firm introduce
that product in some specific regions in order to evaluate its acceptability.
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 Commercialisation: After the product get acceptable in some regions and firm introduce
or launch the product before large number of customers. After that firm do various
promotional activities for influencing large number of customers for buy firm's offering.
All these steps can be follow by the Quad for implementing the new product for
satisfying the needs of large number of customers and to capture a larger market share (Pande, J.,
Szewczyk and Grover, 2010). All the steps included should be given proper attention otherwise
the firm will not achieve its objectives. As from the above case study it is shown that today
innovation is very necessary for survive in the market and to satisfy the needs and wants of
customers. So, all these steps can be follow by the Quad for making and offering a new product
to large number of customers.
TASK 4
P7 Various tools which can be used by enterprise for protect intellectual property
Patents, copyrights and trademarks all are forms of intellectual property all this are used
to protect the creativity or unique idea of an individual. It became very necessary for protecting
the unique idea or process of one's mind and save it from being misuse by other. This can be in
the form of sign, symbols and many more (Prahalad, 2012). Following are the ways which can
be used for protecting the intellectual property. Professional help: Individual and enterprise can take the help of professional to protect
intellectual property (Rogers, 2010). A password is made by the professional for
protecting the unique idea and the right has given to owner only for accessing the
information. Rights and duties about intellectual property: Creator of intellectual property should
have enough information about what are his rights and duties regarding the intellectual
property. Keep the information secret before it get protection: Innovative ideas and process should
be kept secret by the owner once the information revealed it will loose the ability to get a
patent.
 Be realistic: Realistic means owner of the creative idea should have information that
every thing can not be protected (Rabosky, 2014). Only special thins and information
can get patented.
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 Copyright: This is known as a legal right created by the legal bodies of a country that
grants the creator of original work for an exclusive right for use and its distribution.
 Trademark: A trademark is known as a recognisable design, sign or expression which
helps in identifies the products and services from a specific sources.
 Patents: This is known as a exclusive right granted by an enterprise to an inventor for a
limited period of time.
All these are the main ways through which an enterprise or individual can use for protecting
unique idea.
Quad can take professional help in order protect its intellectual property or its unique
products and features. With this, only professionals of firm can access those specific features and
process. In addition to this various tools such as patents and copyright can also use by company
to safeguards its intellectual property.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded that innovation is one of the essential concept
for the success of firm like Quad. Innovation give rise something new which can be a idea or can
be a product. By making and offering innovative products to large number of customers Quad
can capture a larger market share than its rivals and can better satisfy the needs and wants of
customers. Concept of frugal innovation can be adopted by the firm to make featured products at
low prices for achieving efficiency in all operations of business. For increasing the sale of its
products Quad can use the process of commercial under which various communication tools can
be used by the firm for communicating with large number of customers. 4Ps of innovation can
bes used by the firm for better implementing the concept and for achieving the set objectives.
Various tools can be used by the owner of intellectual property for protecting it.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Battisti, G. and Stoneman, P., 2010. How innovative are UK firms? Evidence from the fourth
UK community innovation survey on synergies between technological and
organizational innovations. British Journal of Management. 21(1). pp.187-206.
Borrego, M., Froyd, J. E. and Hall, T. S., 2010. Diffusion of engineering education innovations:
A survey of awareness and adoption rates in US engineering departments. Journal of
Engineering Education. 99(3). pp.185-207.
Chaudoir, S. R., Dugan, A. G. and Barr, C. H., 2013. Measuring factors affecting
implementation of health innovations: a systematic review of structural, organizational,
provider, patient, and innovation level measures. Implementation Science. 8(1). p.22.
Damanpour, F., 2010. An integration of research findings of effects of firm size and market
competition on product and process innovations. British Journal of Management. 21(4).
pp.996-1010.
Ellis, A. K., 2014. Research on educational innovations. Routledge.
Evangelista, R. and Vezzani, A., 2010. The economic impact of technological and organizational
innovations. A firm-level analysis. Research Policy. 39(10). pp.1253-1263.
Hwang, G. J. and Tsai, C. C., 2011. Research trends in mobile and ubiquitous learning: A review
of publications in selected journals from 2001 to 2010. British Journal of Educational
Technology. 42(4). pp.E65-E70.
Jamshidi, M. ed., 2011. System of systems engineering: innovations for the twenty-first century
(Vol. 58). John Wiley & Sons.
Kelly, A. E., Lesh, R. A. and Baek, J. Y., 2014. Handbook of design research methods in
education: Innovations in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics learning
and teaching. Routledge.
Kesidou, E. and Demirel, P., 2012. On the drivers of eco-innovations: Empirical evidence from
the UK. Research Policy. 41(5). pp.862-870.
Pande, J., Szewczyk, M.M. and Grover, A.K., 2010. Phage display: concept, innovations,
applications and future. Biotechnology advances. 28(6). pp.849-858.
Prahalad, C. K., 2012. Bottom of the Pyramid as a Source of Breakthrough Innovations. Journal
of Product Innovation Management. 29(1). pp.6-12.
Rabosky, D. L., 2014. Automatic detection of key innovations, rate shifts, and diversity-
dependence on phylogenetic trees. PloS one. 9(2). p.e89543.
Rogers, E. M., 2010. Diffusion of innovations. Simon and Schuster.
Maroda, K.J., 2013. The power of countertransference: Innovations in analytic
technique. Routledge.
Schubert, C., Van Langeveld, M. C. and Donoso, L. A., 2014. Innovations in 3D printing: a 3D
overview from optics to organs. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 98(2). pp.159-161.
Schubert, C., Van Langeveld, M. C. and Donoso, L. A., 2014. Innovations in 3D printing: a 3D
overview from optics to organs. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 98(2). pp.159-161.
Seyfang, G. and Haxeltine, A., 2012. Growing grassroots innovations: exploring the role of
community-based initiatives in governing sustainable energy transitions.
Tortoriello, M. and Krackhardt, D., 2010. Activating cross-boundary knowledge: The role of
Simmelian ties in the generation of innovations. Academy of Management Journal.
53(1). pp.167-181.

Online
INNOVATION AND 4Ps OF INNOVATION. 2016. [Online]. Available through:
<http://www.bizexcell.com/innovation-and-4ps-of-innovation/> [Accessed on 12th
August 2016].
Innovation Funnel. 2016. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.cleverism.com/lexicon/innovation-funnel-definition/> [Accessed on 12th
August 2016].
Innovation Funnel. 2012. [Online]. Available through:
<http://innovateonpurpose.blogspot.in/2011/03/evolution-of-innovation-funnel.html>.
[Accessed on 12th August 2016].
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