Assigmernt on the University of Queensland School Of Nursing

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University of Queensland
School Of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Work
Research Proposal
HLTH 7308 Development of a Research Proposal
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RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
1. Introduction
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (commonly abbreviated as NSAIDs) refer to a class of
drugs that decrease fever, prevent blood clots, reduce pain, and, in higher quantities, reduce
inflammation (Pountos, Georgouli, Bird, & Giannoudis, 2011). The side effects depend on
the particular medication but principally include an intensified danger of intestinal ulcers and
hemorrhages, kidney disease, and heart failure. The terminology non-steroid differentiates
these medications from steroids, which despite having an analgesic and eicosanoid action
lead to a wide range of other side effects (Soleimanpour et al, 2012).
1.1 Background to the study
Used for the first time in 1960, the terminology is used to distance these medications from
steroids. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs function by constraining the action of
cyclooxygenase enzymes. In the human cell, these particular enzymes take part in the joining
up of significant organic mediators that is the thromboxanes that are involved in the blood
coagulation and prostaglandins that are involved in the inflammation (Snir et al, 2008). For a
long time since their inception, these drugs are known for their efficiency in curing renal
colic despite the fact that others such as opioids have been proved useful. Despite their
recommendation for the controlling of renal colic, the comparative effectiveness of these
particular medications remains uncertain (Springhart et al, 2006).
1.2 Purpose of the research (aims)
NSAIDs are generally used to treat acute or chronic conditions in which inflammation and
pain are present. NSAIDs are normally utilized for the characteristic relief of disorders such

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 2
as renal colic, ileus, headache, migraine, low back pains, and rheumatoid arthritis among
others (Tadros, 2013). Renal colic disease refers to a form of abdominal discomfort usually
led by kidney stones. Renal colic characteristically starts in the side of the victim and
frequently gives out to the groin or the hypochondrium (the section of the frontal stomach
divider below the costal precincts) (Perazella, 2009). This ailment is archetypally colicky
(appears in waves) owing to the ureteric peristalsis, but might be continuous. It is frequently
designated as one of the sturdiest aching sensations known. Prognosis and treatment of renal
colic can be done using NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, diclofenac, and antispasmodics. Opioids
such as hydromorphone, morphine, and fentanyl are also used to cure renal colic and just like
NSAIDs, they are associated with some side effects such as vomiting, nausea, respiratory
depression, hypotension, and sedation (Davenport, Timoney, & Keeley, 2005). The primary
purpose of this research paper is to investigate whether Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory
Drugs are more effective in treating pain related to acute renal colic than opioids in adults.
Research questions
What are the disadvantages and benefits of NSAIDs and opioids in the treatment of
acute renal colic among the adults?
What are some of the side effects associated with the usage of NSAIDs and opioids
medications when used to manage renal colic?
These are some of the research questions this study will respond to.

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 3
1.3 Significance of the study
This study will be of help to both adult victims suffering from renal colic discomfort and
medical specialists who come across this malady. Other parties such as scholars can use the
knowledge they derive for the research content to expound on their understandings.
2. Literature Review
Pathan, Mitra, and Cameron (2018) in their aim to review the efficiency of NSAIDs,
Paracetamol, and Opioids noted that NSAIDs are the same to paracetamol or opioids in the
management of severe renal colic discomfort among the adult at 30min. They also discovered
that there will a lesser amount of vomiting and rarer necessities for salvage analgesia with
NSAIDs as opposed to when they use opioids. Victims administered with NSAIDs need a
smaller amount of salvage analgesia than those treated with opioids like paracetamol. The
researchers also noted that despite the heterogeneity observed between the included
investigations as well as the general eminence of the sign, the results of a reduced necessity
for salvage analgesia and less adversative occurrences, plus the concrete benefits of easiness
of administration, indicate that NSAIDs ought to be the chosen analgesic preference for
victims with renal colic presented to the Emergency Department (ED). Holdgate & Pollock
(2005) in their aim to scrutinize the advantages and drawbacks of opioids and NSAIDs for
the controlling of pain in critical renal colic concluded that both opioids and NSAIDs are able
to offer efficient painkilling for a patient in acute renal colic discomfort. They further noted
that opioids are concomitant with an upper manifestation of adversative occurrences,
especially vomiting. Bearing in the mind the incessant vomiting concomitant with the usage