Theories, Principles and Models for Inspirational Teaching and Learning

This research project explains the theories and principle model involved in learning and teaching. It covers learning models, referral points to meet individual learning needs, learning preferences, assessment principles, curriculum development theories and more.

THEORIES PRINCIPLES
AND MODELS TO
ACHIEVE INSPIRATIONAL
TEACHING AND
LEARNING

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Task A..............................................................................................................................................3
Theories, Principles & Models of Learning................................................................................3
Learning models..........................................................................................................................4
Uses of Theories Models and Principles.....................................................................................4
Referral Points to Meet Individual Learning Needs...................................................................4
Learning Preferences...................................................................................................................5
Task B..............................................................................................................................................6
Covered in PPT...........................................................................................................................6
Task C..............................................................................................................................................6
Theories Model and Principle of Assessments:..........................................................................6
Theories, Principles and Models of Assessment Applied in Assessing Learning......................8
Task D..............................................................................................................................................8
Theories and Model of Curriculum Development......................................................................8
Analyses of models of curriculum development:.......................................................................8
Analyses of theories in curriculum development........................................................................9
Theories and models applied in own area of specialism.............................................................9
TASK E..........................................................................................................................................10
Theories and models of reflection and evaluation....................................................................10
Theories and models of reflection and evaluation applied to reviewing own practice.............11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
A model or the theory can be described as an overview of learning and teaching
environment This research project explains the theories and principle model involved in learning
and teaching. As these models and theories are considered very important in teacher's life to
improve students learning environment. By applying these models and theories can result in
fulfilling communication gap between a teacher and students and the educator can analyse how
the students are learning through them. These models and theories are the hypotheses which
describes how the procedure happen.
MAIN BODY
Task A
Theories, Principles & Models of Learning
Behaviourism: This theory suggests that the tutor should have mind-set for learning process
instead of being student centred, important practice in this theory is creating a positive
environment by creating some fun games about the learning topic, the teacher can also create a
reward or appraisal system to nurture their sense of achievement.
Cognitivism: This theory describes as learning through mental ability and making it a tool to
enhance their learning processes. The educator needs to create an environment to keep the
students focused, and in alert mind state to make them understand the process of teaching, while
using certain mind tools like visualization, mind mapping.
Social learning theory: A learning theory which is based on social behaviour can be inherited
by observing and copying others. This learning process based entirely on observation. Like how
a 2 years old baby observe their parents while they speak and then try to speak the same words.

Learning models
Pedagogy: A style or method broadly used for teaching and learning which will use theories and
models to determine the learner's growth. It is an action taken for academic discipline and
learning of how skills and knowledge are implemented in educational field (Hoppey, Black and
Mickelson. 2018). It also reckons the interaction that brought up during the learning processes
learners depend upon their educator for what should be taught and how it should be evaluated
(Susanto, Rachmadtullah, and Rachbini 2020.).
Andragogy: It is referred to a teaching style or the method used in educating adults. The
methods and principles used in andragogy are different from pedagogy. It includes techniques to
help adults understand and bring knowledge to them. This includes more complex learning and
teaching style. These learners are self-driven towards their learning experience and are fully
accountable for their learning, and evaluate their learnings by own because as they have
experience to what they should learn.
Uses of Theories Models and Principles
The given models and theories can be used in teaching, learning and assessing the students
which can result in various outcomes, while the pedagogy model can be applied in junior schools
or in primary section of the schools which can give the school or the teacher a better outcome as
compared to any other model, however using Andragogy in senior schools or in colleges can be
very effective and can bring out the inner potential of the student.
Teachers Using different theories of learning like behaviourism, cognitivism, socialism. Can
result in creating a positive environment and guiding the student in right path to gain knowledge
without creating a pressure on them for studies, by applying these theories teaching can be
converted into fun activity and an interactive way of learning.
Referral Points to Meet Individual Learning Needs
This method is used mostly by teachers to give extra assistance to the students regarding
their issues. But once a students need is identified and is beyond the teacher's role to help them
then the teacher should refer the student to the relevant specialist to hep them (Honeybourne
2018). Evaluation of the students can be done on the basis of:

Creating learning goals for the students:
Developing the base line to mould your lesson and set definite outcomes for a learning
time, so all the students can eventually learn the same basics. Once the base goal is clear in
teachers’ mind, they can personalize the lesson to learners individual need.
Different ways to learn content:
Learners might enjoy the new learning concept which consist of different types of
learning techniques. Like watching a video, listening to tapes or audio and different kind of
charts and diagrams can be used for innovative teaching.
Diverse classroom strategy:
Creating a diverse classroom environment which accepts different learning styles so that6
the students can feel freedom and flexibility to learn new concept, or can be taught about
different cultural practices, opening them to world and bring the word equality on the table
regardless of any culture, colour, or gender.
Learning Preferences
This refers to how a student prefer to obtain certain education which can be by watching a
video or by attending offline classroom lectures or by doing it in practical classes (Barnes, Guin,
and Allen, 2018). This preference is further divided into various models:
KOLB's model: This model is based on experimental learning and observation, this model
circulates learning from education to observation to research (Forray, and et.al. 2017).
Honey and Mumford's model: This model adapted kolb's model modified the learning cycle
with managerial context, this learning style is presumed to acquire preferences that can be
adapted either by will or by changing circumstances (Hampton, Welsh, and Wiggins, 2020.).
Fleming's model: This model works upon 4 major sensory notions of learning which are
Visual learning, Auditory learning, Physical Learning, Social Learning.
Gardiner's model: This learning style approaches an individual with different range of tasks
those are categorized into impulsive, visual, reflective, auditory, right side of brain and left side
of the brain, kinaesthetic.

Task B
Covered in PPT
Task C
Theories Model and Principle of Assessments:
Assessments are the report or projects through which school and universities evaluate
students on basis of their academic skills. It plays a vital role in learning process of a student
(Ellis, Brown, and Tse, 2020). The university or school should constantly provide the students
with quality learning experiences. Various principles of assessments.
Validation: The validation of assessment can be seen when it claims what it assesses should be
related to competency and learning outcome & show that the performance criteria is met
Reliability: Assessment can be considered reliable when it can efficiently and consistently be
applied from student to student. There should be clear and consistent policy and process for
marking assessment and the quality assurance will be examined by university's external enquirer.
Efficient: These assessments can be beneficial to both teachers as well as students where the
skills set of the students can be seen and are not overly assessed by teachers.
Explicit & Transparent: Before giving any assessment task, student should be clearly advised
for the purpose and requirement of the assessment with specific criteria that can be used for
making it and for assessing too.
Supporting student learning process: Every assessment task works in a fashion in which
students will approach their learning pattern is confiscated into report to design all the task. All
the learners should receive feedbacks timely on their assessed work (Gopalan and et.al. 2017).
And this allows them to work on their improvement consistently. And their assessment will be
assessed summative apart from their exams.
Monitoring of assessments: Performance of the students are assessed and monitored by the end
of the academic year. The outcome of this monitoring and assessing will be presented through
annual report of each student. The consistency in the scoring good in assessment can give
student an upper hand in annual evaluation.

Equitable: The school and colleges might agree with the fact that there should be various
assessment methods appropriate for assorted learning styles. While, inspiriting all the other
programs to use a variety of assessment methods to let all the student showcase their knowledge
and skills. The colleges are aware of special needs of students with disability and other special
requirement and should address such needs properly.
Developmental feedback: These feedbacks are in the form of comments given by teacher which
will help the learner to learn or gain extra knowledge except what is taught in regular classes.
Like after evaluating their assignment teacher should ask the learner to study further in deep and
gain extra knowledge on any particular topic.
Wiliam and Black model: Paul Black and Dylan Wiliam professors of king’s college, London,
introduced formative assessment or ASL (Assessment for Learning). Marks for assessments is
used to modify learning activities of the students in the form of feedbacks. This principle is
based on an idea where every student is equal to teacher and a belief that every student can
improve and can feed cooperation in learner’s environment. Where a student can self-assess their
weaknesses and how can they improve their work. They both showed very detailed research
reviews that would improve student’s exam and learning results. They developed a formative
practice which is judged on:
Questioning: Giving students more time to answer the question can bring up the more accurate
and brief answers. They also suggested that changing a focus of questions can change their
perspective toward the topic and can be more interactive like instead of examining student’s
knowledge to rather focus on their understanding.
Self-Assessments: Teachers should encourage students to be responsible for their own learning
by understanding the target. The theory deduced that the students will likely to challenge each
other and judge their work on basis of their understanding which can result in debate and
discussion.
Marking: The central focus of AFL is feedback to identify the student has done well or what can
be improved. The research showed the evidence that student will pay more aid to comments or
feedbacks which aren't companied by marks. This is a two-way process and requires efforts from
the both teachers and students and can lead to create a better atmosphere for learning.

Theories, Principles and Models of Assessment Applied in Assessing Learning
Theories, principle and models of assessment can be inter-linked because of the purpose
they're serving in students and teachers life (Harfitt and Chow. 2018). Both teacher and student
will have to work simultaneously to make things go smooth and clear while assessing learning.
Various types of assessments can be used to asses learning which include Diagnostic, Formative,
Interim and Summative. These can be used to create a healthy learning environment which a
student can relate to. Although, the result of any assessments can be in form of feedbacks and
will require the student to improve into given section which the feedbacks refer to. These
theories and models can help student to achieve more improvement while still learning about the
topic or assessment if implemented correctly.
Task D
Theories and Model of Curriculum Development
Curriculum development: It consists of multiple step in a process while creating or improving
a subject's course taught at school-time, this process may vary from every institute but the base
framework includes analysis, building, implementation and evaluation (Al moner Asseri, 2021).
Analyses of models of curriculum development:
Product model: This model focuses on the finished product which successfully completed
assessments, primary goals and projects. It also reflects plans and intention or use of precise
assessments, are usually planned by teachers.
Praxis model: It can be explained as rhythmic cycle of theory and various purposeful action
that can be reflected incorporation. IT would help the students to analyse the efforts they're
putting into work and can improve thinking ability and effectiveness as a tutor.
Spiral model: This concept is widely referred to a curriculum where the key concept or the key
points are regular circulated throughout the curriculum. This allows gradual introduction of the
topic at the starting of the course, that is reserved for the end. Could be very theoretical and
discourage students who were eager to apply their learned concepts in real world.

Linear model: This models refers to steps which are sequenced more or less, and are in straight
or linear from beginning to end. Stating Objectives → Learning Experience → Organizing →
Evaluating. It is a dynamic process where curriculum elements can be proceeded in any
sequence.
Thematic model: This models consist of set of instructions organized in the curriculum based on
macro themes which are well-known to learners. These instructions can integrate discipline like
reading, science and maths with exploration on various subjects like rain forest, use of energy
river basins or communities. It allows learning to be more natural.
Analyses of theories in curriculum development.
These theories are developed by famous theorists which are mentioned below:
Tyler theory: This theory is developed around 1940s which is a perfect example of curriculum
development (Cruickshank, 2018). This model is created to measure the level to which the pre-
defined goals and objectives have been achieved, this model focuses on product instead of
process for attaining objectives of the curriculum.
Stenhouse theory: This theory suggests that the model of the curriculum should base on
humanistic perception or methodology which signifies greater educational research.
Dewey's theory: The theory states that the learning should be based on developing practical life
skills and the curriculum have to be relevant to student’s life. However, some critics presumed
that it would fail students to gain basic academic knowledge.
Taba's theory: This model involves participation of teachers in the authorization and
development of curriculum. The teacher should use inductive approach instead of traditional
deduction.
Theories and models applied in own area of specialism
In teaching platform curriculum development plays a vital role and have a large outcome on
learners and their progression. While deciding the models and theories to use in specialized
curriculum it is important that the teacher should decide which model or theory will suit the area
of specialism and also some external elements will influence the decision. However, Tyler's
theory is proved to be the most commonly used and is an example of perfect theory which allows
every aspect to cover them. Although, all the theories and models which are stated are all correct
while it depends on you which field you want to develop curriculum for. If the subject is more

practical than the teacher should use Dewey or Stenhouse model which promote practical
growth.
TASK E
Theories and models of reflection and evaluation
The theories and model is an organized procedure that is in used to lead personal and situational
analyses and improvement. This allows the individual to develop reflective thinking which is
relating new knowledge they are gaining to their previous understanding (Wlodarsky. 2020). It is
a concept to show awareness of the person's knowledge, experiences and beliefs.
Some theories and models used in this project reports are as follows:
Gibbs reflective cycle: this is a popular framework that involves in examination of a person's
feelings and how they have taken an impact of the situation and reflect their experiences
(Adeani, Febriani and Syafryadin, 2020). The cycle consist of 6 stages:
 Describing the situation
 Understand which feelings got triggered by the condition
 Analyse the experience
 Evaluate what is learned till now
 Conclude by deciding what alternative course could be taken.
John's structural model: A model developed on structural reflection, is focused on reflection
taken into consideration that the reflector is considered on the basis of the impacts of their action
not only to other people but to themselves too with respect to their own moral and values. This
model is used to help practice based knowledge definitive.
Boud triangular representation: Most of the models are cyclic in nature and representing that
reflection may lead to learning. But in this model, Boud stated that for people evaluation process
consists of re-evaluating experience in light of self-intent.
Atkins and Murphy model: This theory states that the practice should be based on stopping and
thinking about the previous work and analysing it consciously to decide the change in future
action. This model provides a lot of information and involves users to think deeply. It is flexible

to be used in various other fields. But as it is stated that this is a complex model so it can be used
for quick reflections.
Carl's Model: The model is based on framework that requires professional analysis and
improvement which should focus on:
 C- the context of experiences
 A- the actions that were taken
 R -the result that occurred
 L -the lesson that are learned
This framework involves a person to provide statement for each of these components. This
technique does not require further planned actions other than those are mentioned. It rather
believes that practice or identifying new lessons or learning experiences will affect processes.
Theories and models of reflection and evaluation applied to reviewing own practice.
The theories and models of reflections is used to unpick the learning and to link the doing and
thinking. In reference to Gibbs model that state by reflecting the learning experience. Which
allows you to perform better as it happens as well as to improve the future action, so there is no
difficulty for improvement next time. Reviewing our own experience on the basis on Gibbs
model because it is one of the most commonly used model of reflection because it is precise and
clearly structured for analyses and evaluation of reflective practitioner.
CONCLUSION
This report includes research and analyses of various models and theories of learning and
assessing, analytical model of learning preferences, identifying learner’s individual needs for
learning. Principles and models of communication and how they can be applied to teaching and
learning assessments, and also understanding the application of theories and models of
assessments. Researching about various referral points available to meet learning need of
individual. Learned about various models of curriculum development and how it can be applied
to develop curriculum for own area of specialism. Studied about different types of models of
reflections and applied them to review personal experiences.

REFERENCES
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