Intake Manifold in Automotive Technology

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Abstract
The automotive technology in this research involves intake manifolds that is an engine
component facilitating the transportation of air-fuel mixture to the cylinders present in the
engine. The major reason for the intake manifold was to facilitate even distribution of
combustion mixture in every engine port cylinder. The even distribution was important in
optimizing the volumetric efficiency as well as the engine performance with the main problem
occurring in the thesis identification in the achievement of the even distribution of flow to every
cylinder. Also, a problem comes up in the selection of the best modelling of turbulence in
analyzing the manifold with the use of computed fluid dynamics and the achievement of the
highest flow rate of mass through the nozzle size. The research involved attempt in the
maintenance of equal pressure all over the plenum. More problems would arise in the
backpropagation of higher column pressure of the air getting into the intake port in the duration
of closure of the intake valve. The achievement of evenly distributed flow as well as the
improvement of volumetric efficiency, the research would have to focus on the part having the
restrictor, cylinder runner, plenum and analysis of the final intake manifold. This research would
lead to a better-refined result that combines all these parts into one manifold part that would act
as the manifold meshing. The selection of the chosen turbulence model in this research, the
existing data of a v6 7800cc engine that uses diesel in modelling a similar experimental model.
Keywords: Plenum, intake manifold, Computational Fluid Dynamics, restrictor, Cylinder runner

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Introduction
The technology in the automotive comprises of the intake manifold that facilitates the transport
of air-fuel mixture to the cylinder engine. The definition of manifold had come from the
manifold English word that has a relation to the folding together of numerous outputs and inputs.
The major reason for the intake manifold was to facilitate even distribution of combustion
mixture to every intake port of the engine’s cylinder as well as the creation of air-fuel mixture.
This was done unless the engine in the study had direct injection (Reddy & Gartling, 2010). The
even distribution of mixture has its importance in the optimization of engine performance and the
volumetric efficiency. The two main desirable technologies were found to have an influence on
the volumetric efficiency as it gets increased as well as the design of the intake manifold and the
varying timing valve technology for the exhaust and intake valves. The varying timing valve
technology has its complexity and the high cost of production. Hence, it restricts the scope of
researchers thereby making every researcher in the automotive industry focus on improving the
intake manifold.
Therefore, the room for enhancing the intake manifold would be developed further. The system
involving air intake has gone through a number of reiterations as well as improvements and the
substantial increase in the years that past (Kuzmin, 2011). These past years involved the control
of shape and dimension with permission of the engine for the production of increased amounts of
power that improve the volumetric efficiency and amount of fuel consumed.
Literature Review
(Nikrityuk, 2011)produced a design with a gaseous-fuel manifold having engines with internal
combustion. The engine had its cycle being a two-stroke type that lacks inlet valves would be

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important in control of the gaseous fuel that enters the pre-compression fuel chamber. This
determined invention had the purpose of improving its the volumetric efficiency. Therefore, this
invention had a fast demand from the invented suction stroke from the engine’s pistons, the fuel
volume that is gaseous within a manifold that would not cause an unusual or unexpected pressure
and velocity on the carburettor.
(Anderson, et al., 2016)made a recognition of a pulsating flow inside an inflow manifold with
certain disadvantages that come from the pulsation. There was also an observation that was
dynamic and static effects in the way in which there would be a flow of fluid. The difference due
to the dynamic and pressure effects were the static effects occurring due to the existing velocity
difference (Patankar, 2006). In the process, there was a resulting design in its control mechanism
in the automatic modification that had a pulsating flow that improved the engine’s operation. The
return flow had the general effects in the reduced pulsation as well as the facilitation of flow in
the control tube manifold with an improvement of volumetric efficiency.
(Date, 2005)this book produced a design that had an improved intake manifold method that
allowed the supply of a mixture of fuel for the combustion chamber for improving the engine’s
volumetric efficiency. The research had one of its goal being the comparative offer of short
passages that split without any passage obstruction for flowing mixture of fuel in every cylinder
(Li, 2006). This design allowed free action in breathing. One more goal that this research was
aiming was to develop a manifold that would produce an air-fuel ratio by means of carburation
that remains similar throughout the manifold’s intake. More studies of this design were to
provide branched communication for every unit of a manifold. However, this communication
had to be limited enough to allow every branch to take a mixture of fuel mainly from a respective
carburizing means. This would have to be big enough to start a further increase in the mixture of

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fuel that is in a branch. One more branch from a similar section would restrict mixture’s
backflow through a carburettor.
(Petrila & Trif, 2006) this research had its design being an inimitable manifold intake type for the
internal combustion engine. The main goal of this research was to come up with an intake
manifold for the production of maximum efficiency of operation in internal combustion engines.
One more objective of the research was to develop an intake manifold with an indicating
character that would enable the internal combustion engines to be equipped (Thévenin & Janiga,
2008). This would allow complete cylinder filling with the mixture of fuel in the process of the
intake stroke. Another objective of this research was to allow the provision of the intake
manifold of the indicated character that is above for an adapted prevention of pumping losses.
Such an occurrence would be possible as the manifold would reduce the atmospheric pressure
restriction to very small values (Johnson, 2016). Such a mixture of fuel would improve the
performance of the engine by the maintenance of low temperatures of the mixture that would
leave the manifold. Also, there would be a dependence on the temperature of the engine from the
intake stroke to the point where the compression stroke ends for the aiding of completing the fuel
evaporation.
(Otte, 2011)produced a design with improved intake manifold having an enhanced volumetric and
charging efficiency of the designed engine in its large range in engine load and speed. There was
a discovery of the engine’s intake efficiency as well as the combustion of the engine. The
generated swirls were the auxiliary passage intake that increased (Tucker, 2016). This increase
was possible when the major inlet passage was put in offset relationship respective to the axis
associated with the cylinder. Combining the auxiliary inlet use produced an advantageous
encounter that provided an air volume distribution that delivered an auxiliary passage intake. The

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use of such plenum or volume chamber produced a flow in the intake charge going into the
intake passage was possible to be stabilized regardless of the speed and eliminated pulsation or
reduced substantiality. There was a repeated research that revealed an improved intake manifold
than the previous development. Hence, the research could be summarized in that the newly
developed manifold was higher compared to the previously done research.
(Kajishima & Taira, 2016)produced a research of two ways that could be influential in increasing
the volumetric efficiency. The research provided two solutions that had variable geometry intake
manifold and a variable technology used in timing for the exhaust and intake valves. Using the
presented scenario at the time, there was a designed manifold of different types with variable
intake length in the internal combustion engine. This would lead to a variation in the inlet
geometry that allows the flow of air. This is because the main function of the inlet’s manifold air
in the engine of the internal combustion had to feed the required air amount to the combustion
chamber of the engine. The maximization of the engine performance which is the power and
torque, the used inlet manifold had to be able to provide an air of the required quantity for the
respective size (Larry, 2005). Subsequently, there would be a great volumetric efficiency in air
intake occurring at less speed of the engine (Groth & Zingg, 2006). Hence a proper engine torque
delivery at the lesser speed of the engine for improved stop-running conditions.
(Anderson, et al., 2016)made a discovery of the broken normal intake manifold had three parts that
were separate, supplement portion, runner cylinder and plenum. The fixed runner dimension was
possible to be tuned optimally for a specific speed of the engine. To get over this, a regularly
adjustable manifold runner length for the internal combustion engine. An incorporation of the
purpose of the supplement flange, plenum as well as the continuously adjustable runner length
into the plastic box that was designed from specific shaped sections (Blazek, 2005). The