Building Energy Management Systems: Optimization and Control

This assignment delves into the field of Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS), exploring various optimization techniques and control strategies employed to enhance energy efficiency in buildings. It examines traditional HVAC systems, variable air volume (VAV) systems, and the role of genetic algorithms in optimizing building envelope designs for improved thermal performance. The assignment also highlights the integration of smart technologies, user behavior modeling, and data mining techniques in modern BEMS, emphasizing their contribution to sustainable and comfortable built environments.

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INTELLIGENT BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
By Name
Course
Instructor
Institution
Location
Date

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Contents
1.0
Introduction:...................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Intelligent Building;................................................................................................................3
1.2 Intelligent Building Technology Process...............................................................................5
1.3 Building Energy Management System...............................................................................5
2.0 Literature Review.......................................................................................................................6
2.1 Chiller Selection.....................................................................................................................6
2.1.1 Types of chilled water system..........................................................................................8
2.1.2 Chiller type considerations...............................................................................................9
2.2 Chiller Control......................................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Capacity control.............................................................................................................11
2.2.2 Freeze protection............................................................................................................12
2.2.3 Flow detection................................................................................................................12
2.3 Features of the chiller control...............................................................................................13
2.4 Variable Speed Drives (VSD) Chillers.................................................................................13
3.0 Methodology...........................................................................................................................15
3.1 Variable Primary Flow vs. Variable Secondary Flow Chiller Plant.....................................15
3.1.1 Advantages.....................................................................................................................15
3.1.2 Disadvantages................................................................................................................16
3.2 Maintenance of the chiller....................................................................................................17
4.0 Analysis and Discussion...........................................................................................................19
4.1 Energy Effect........................................................................................................................19
4.1.1 Efficiency Yardstick.......................................................................................................21
4.2 Carbon Footprint (Environment Effect)...............................................................................21
5.0 Conclusion................................................................................................................................21
6.0 References................................................................................................................................23

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1.0 Introduction:
1.1 Intelligent Building;
Intelligent building technology is one of the many industrial sectors that has undergone
tremendous evolution. The evolution has seen the sector coming from the single analogue
systems to the multifunction network systems. Despite the changes undergone the architectures
and designers have had to undergo several difficulties. The beginning of the intelligent building
technology was greatly sparkled by the early computerization which has the emergence of
systems which could be self-operated such as elevators and CCTV. The integration of these
smart systems or automated systems is ongoing. Intelligent building has been defined as an
integration of building systems with smart system for the primary purpose of increasing the
safety, comfort ability and the efficiency of the building (Ahmad, 2016).
The growth and expansion of intelligent building systems is approximated to grow
annually at a rate of 28% between the years of 2014 and 2018. The factors which will help in
attaining this growth includes the technological advances in the demographics, convergence and
the various trends in net zero building. The trends in the net zero building includes convergence,
wireless mobility, wireless mesh networks among others
Convergence
This refers to the advancement in the sector of transport, storage and audiovisual signal
manipulations using the computer networks which create both the problems and possibilities for
the intelligent building industry. Convergence ensures that the increasing commoditization of
products promote the intelligent building (Ai, 2014).
Wireless mesh networks

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The wireless mesh networks are generally systems which ensure that the buildings are integrated
with smart systems as many as possible. The wireless systems can be sensors, actuators among
others. The installation of these smart systems proves to be difficult but there are standards
which help in ensuring that these challenges are taken care of (Aste, 2017).
Wireless mobility
The wireless mobility refers to the technology which provides an easier means of
communication between the building and the occupant. For instance Bluetooth systems. The
installation of the wireless systems are in such a way that with just the presence of a sensor
system in the house , it will be able to transmit signals such as the identification of the occupant ,
the accesses control, the point of sale among others .
Net zero buildings
The net zero buildings refers to building which produces as much energy as that which it utilizes.
For the purposes of meeting the zero energy demands, the intelligent buildings are supposed to
be put under strict monitoring of the budget, migration and virtualization. Most of the onsite
telecommunication houses will be done away with and instead replaced by severs located at a
specific point (Buckman, 2014).
Big data and cloud
This refers to data which are too big such that it is not easy to manipulate them or link them
together with other tools. There is an innovation done by an association which will greatly help
in coming up with smart systems which will make the manipulation of these bug data easy.

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1.2 Intelligent Building Technology Process
Intelligent building integration process is usually a complex process and its integration requires a
greater commitment and collaboration. Usually, low voltage rating is recommended and for
precise designs, the process that should be followed when coming up with the intelligent
building designs includes;
1.2.1 Building Energy Management System
The building energy management systems can be defined as mechanism which are
employed in buildings to ensure that the convertibility within the house is enhanced while the
energy usage is greatly reduced. the building energy management systems operates in a way that
it is able to adapt to the energy demands of a building and by doing this it helps in eliminating
the necessity of heating and cooling appliances .besides, the energy management systems for
buildings helps ins ensuring that the level of comfort within the building is raised to a certain
level that suits the occupant. In addition, the minimization of the many equipment’s that would
have been applied in the building, these management systems increase the life span of a building
more so the mechanical and the lighting systems as well as the cost of maintenance.
Energy management systems are usually regarded as a long term investments but the
eventual benefits are always positive. The incentives despite being a bit higher in terms of cost,
they help in making life more affordable through the reduction of the costs. The incentives
comes in two way (Deng, 2015).
 Through the reduction of peak period
 Reduction of the equipment’s that are on operation

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2.0 Literature Review
A chiller is a device which eliminates heat from a liquid by the use of an absorption
refrigeration cycle or a vapor-compression. Thereafter, the eliminated liquid can then be
distributed through a heat exchanger to cool air or equipment as necessary. As a necessary
byproduct, refrigeration generates waste heat which must be exhausted to ambient or, for greater
efficiency, recovered for heating purposes.
2.1 Chiller Selection
The selection of the chiller is a critical process and entails a certain criteria which should
be strictly adhered to in order to achieve better performance in terms of cooling of the systems.
The selection criteria includes the following;
Building load and load profile
Building load helps in ensuring that the chiller plant load is accurately obtained. A tool
known as BTU meter is used to perfume the calculation. The load module uses some correction
factors for the fluid media. It applies a calculation based on the percentage full load or the
original amps. In case the full percentage load is selected, there is a set point which intercepts
the load inputs from each of the chillers. These received un pits are then used in determining the
operating capacity of the device to obtain the load for each device which is then added to the
other devices which are on operation to come up with the chiller plant capacity .the obtained
chiller capacity is then compared with the chiller plant capacity for the purpose of obtaining the
percentage of the chiller plant that’s available (Cecconi, 2017).

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I. The control characteristics or the type of chiller
As will be discussed, chiller control is of great significance. And the ability of the chiller control
in different chiller should be keenly considered while selecting the chiller to be used (Ciribini,
2017).
II. Velocity limits of the tube
The velocity limits of the chiller helps in the determination of the minimum and the maximum
rates of flow in a certain evaporator and should be also taken into consideration.
III. The nominal velocity of tube
The nominal velocity includes the minimum the velocity, maximum tube velocity and the design
tube velocity. These velocities helps in determining the range of flow which is permissible as an
action of the flow rate of the design.
IV. The evaporator water side drop
This parameter is directly in line with the main objective of the variable primary flow operation
which is to come up with a design which minimizes the energy that is used in the chiller
pumping.
A survey was conducted to determine the most significant criteria among the above listed
methodologies. The results obtained were tabulated as chosen in the table below in terms of their
priority response.

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Figure 2-1; chiller selection criteria (Okochi, 2016).
The main purposes of the chilled water systems is to offer the cooling for the industrial
processes and the air conditioning. Despite the size of the chiller system, it should be able to
provide the cooling system and usually a standard chiller consists of cooling equipment,
distribution system, control valves, and cooling loads. The heat normally streams to the
circulating water through the use of the cooling oils, heat exchangers and the radiant panels
including other loads. The cooling equipment used for the cooling of the water can either be the
chillers, heat exchangers or heat pumps. The chilled water which flows between cooling
equipment and the loads at raters governed by the control valves and the pumps are enabled
through the distribution system (Paolini, 2016)
The chilled water systems transfers’ heat in a sensible manner despite the system having
both the sensible load and latent components .There exists a direct relationship between the rate
of heat transfer and the temperature of the chilled water together with flow rate .this comes as
result of the chilled water system passing thorough a load. Below is the equation which relates
these three parameters
Where:
=q heat transfer rate or cooling load,

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ρ = water density,
Cp = specific heat,
Q =chilled water flow rate,
∆T = chilled water temperature difference, ˚C
As shown above, the relationship which lies between the differential temperature and the flow
rate is of great significance such that with a smaller difference in temperature within a cooling
load, the greater a flow rate together with amount of pumping energy needed. Research has it
that the standard supply temperature for the chilled water supply system is approximately 300
degrees Celsius with the design differential temperature being 283 degrees Celsius (Killian,
2016)

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Below is a sample questionnaire on the selection of the type of chiller to be used
Figure 2-2; sample questionnaire on the selection of chiller (Thirakomen, 2009)

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2.1.1 Types of chilled water system
The cooling loads usually are highly variable and to be able to track any variation within
the cooling load, the chiller system must provide a response by a means of performing a
variation between the flow rate of the chilled water, the differential design temperature or even
both. The design of the chilled water system is with regards to either the variable differential
temperature also known as the constant flow or the constant temperature difference which is also
termed as the variable flow.
Variable differential temperature/constant flow is summarized as the constant volume
while the constant temperature difference which is also termed as the variable flow is termed as
the variable volume systems .in addition, the systems can be classified with regards to the levels
of pumping that are available. In terms of the level of pumping, there are the single level chilled
systems which are also called the primary systems. Also there are the double chilled systems
which are also known as the secondary/ primary systems, for them, they contain both the
circulating pumps for the heat pumps and the chiller systems. The chilled water system are
categorized into three groups namely
 Variable primary flow chilled water systems
 Constant flow systems
 Variable flow systems having a constant primary flow.
2.1.2 Chiller type considerations
Besides, form the same survey that was conducted, with regards to the types of chillers,
majority of the respondents preferred the water centrifugal and the chillers over the other. This

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perhaps emanates from the ability of these screw chiller types to work best in the applications
involving the variable primary flow and also due to their efficiency. In addition, the designer
were also able to note that the centrifugal and screw chillers were mostly preferred due to their
superior nature which makes them to have a superior stability when they are operating under
variation of the evaporator (Rinaldi, 2016)
As recorded, below, it could also be noted that the respondents that preferred the use of
the absorption chillers and the reciprocating screw chillers were relatively the same in number.
These other types of chillers does not have a greater stability whenever they are operating under
conditions of variable evaporator flow. Besides, these types do not have the chiller guidance for
the absorption. some respondents noted that the air cooled systems despite successfully using
them , they had the challenges of having frequent potential breakdowns since they are located in
small systems which do not have thermal mass to provide an allowance of enough control
response period for the variable flows.
Figure 2-2: chiller types (Thirakomen, 2009)
A summary of the reasons provided by the respondents are given below in form of a table

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Figure 2-3: reasons for chiller preference (Thirakomen, 2009)
It can be noted that the efficiency of the energy, the energy costs and the availability of the
energy source are the key areas that the, most of the people take into consideration or give
priority when selecting the chiller type to be used (Shaikh, 2014)
2.2 Chiller Control
Chiller control refers to a way of providing a means of controlling the expansion of the
electronic valves of the compact chillers. This control helps in offering the liquid temperature
and the pressure temperature in most of the refrigerants used or the control .besides, the chiller
control provides for the control of the position of the valve. The internal control of the chillers
have the task of ensuring that the water temperature and the refrigerant are always maintained at
an appropriate level if the chiller controls does not perform the control maintenance , there are
consequences which may occur and they are not desirable for the operation of the whole chiller
system . These consequences include faults which may results into the permanent breakdown of
the chiller system. The main control issues of the chiller system includes freeze protection,
capacity modulation and flow detection (Flager, 2017).
2.2.1 Capacity control

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Capacity control of the chiller systems basically deals with regulation of the temperature of the
leaving chilled water. normally , any slight variation in the desired point creates a response from
the capacity control that in turn varies the inlet guide vanes present on the centrifugal compressor
, absorption chiller or on the steam valve .since the cooling load depends on the flow rate and the
differential temp[rapture , whenever the rate of flow is not changing as well as the temperature
of the incoming water , the temperature of the leaving chilled water and the cooled load
becomes directly proportional , making the gain or the rate of change between the load and the
temperature of the leaving water constant and consequently enhancing a stable capacity control .
for the variable primary flow , this gain is usually not constant.
The proportional control is deemed to excessively compensate since the load change will be
more than the original load change that eventuality creates a state of instability in the chiller
system. Under high flow conditions, the revers will vary such that the control will be
undercompensated. These problems usually arise as a result of the pneumatic systems that were
used for these controllers. Nevertheless, presently the designers have adopted the use of
microcontroller based systems which help in eliminating the proportional offset and create a
quicker response to the changes.
2.2.2 Freeze protection
Under this context, the chillers are equipped with mechanisms which ensures that they are safely
guarded from any kind of damage that many arise as a result of the temperature changes within
the evaporator. There are the monitoring channels which oversee the evaporating pressure from
the evaporator or the incoming water into the chiller. Sudden drop in the rate of flow sparks a lot

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of freezing risk. Let’s consider two similar and identical chillers with one being 100% loaded
with flow and the other just being on standby mode.
Will realize that the system load will increase slightly thereby making the temperature of the
chilled water will increase. Breakdown within the chiller can be usually prevented by the
incorporation of design system which helps in averting rapid excursions, and since the
excursions can also be experienced with failure of the valve, integral control should be used .
The integral control helps in keeping the chiller running in case of short lapse below the freezing
point by initiating only shut down upon sensing a freezing temperature (Tuhus, 2010).
2.2.3 Flow detection
This is also one of the forms of freeze protection which helps in ensuring that the flow of the
chilled water is present during the operation of the chiller. Normally, the flow starts forming at
the start up stage or even during any failure between flows loses .usually, there are flow
detection devices which meant to define both the design flow and the no flow design. Better
methods for flow detection should be applied. For instance, by monitoring signals at different
intervals by the use of flow detection devices and the base control .besides, using a differential
pressure transmitter can also help in detecting the flows.
2.3 Features of the chiller control
The chiller control comprise of various components which includes
 Dial setting for the liquids and the superheat temperature
 Led did splay – 4 digit
 Low temperature cut out
 Digital input

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 Pressure input
 Temperature input
 Easy control
2.4 Variable Speed Drives (VSD) Chillers
VSD are drives devices which have the capability of saving the electric energy at any
given point that the electric motors are running at a level less than the full load. The VSD chillers
first rectifies the ac voltage fed into a dc and thereafter convert back into the ac form. Usually,
the VSD can be either part of the equipment or be a whole of the equipment. In the VSD chillers
contains the primary lops which has a primary pump that circulates the water in the primary
piping loop (Rinaldo, 2016). Besides, the secondary chiller water loop also has a secondary
pump which a variable flow system. . The chilled water gets rotated through the secondary pump
via the cooling loads which are connected to the circuit and the control valves.
Despite this, a majority of the valves for controlling the chilled water do not open fully
due to the presence of part load which occurs frequently. Hence, the flow of the chilled water
present in the secondary loop can be controlled by the use of Variable Speed Drives to monitor
the chilled water that is expected in the cooling load. By doing this, the Variable Speed Drives
helps in saving the energy used.

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Figure 2- 4: VSD chillers (Thirakomen, 2009)
3.0 Methodology
The methodology applied in this research is a secondary means of acquiring information
which entails the gathering of information from the existing sources such as the library, internet
or journals. A research has been conducted on the chiller plant systems and the types of flow
entailed therein as detailed below.

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3.1 Variable Primary Flow vs. Variable Secondary Flow Chiller Plant
Figure 3-1: variable primary flow (ASHRAE, 2000)
There exists a difference between the variable primary flow and the variable secondary
flow chiller plant. To begin with, let’s first look at some of the advantage of the variable primary
flow chiller plant and its limitations (Hopfe, 2009)
3.1.1 Advantages
 The chiller plant requires a small space for the mechanical operations
 The chiller plant has a reduced peak demand
 The chiller plant has a reduced energy use
 Besides, the plant, requires a reduced amount of the capital cost

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 In addition, the variable primary flow chiller plant has the ability of coping up with the
low temperature changes
3.1.2 Disadvantages
I. On the other hand, this type of chiller plant experiences some challenges which includes
II. The bypass control of the variable primary chiller control is highly increased and
complex
III. The chiller staging for the variable primary chiller is also high and complex
IV. The variable chiller control has requires an highly efficient operator which becomes
difficult to get
V. Moreover, this type of chiller plant requires a greater expertise in its design.
When to consider the variable primary flow
The variable primary low design can be considered under certain conditions which includes
 When there is the possibility of reducing the flow within the system by 30% of the main
design (Mosolly, 2009)
 When there is either a series flow or in parallel flow
 When the system has the ability of enduring a modest change in the temperature of the
water supply
 When the operators have a better technical knowhow of the operation of the system and
the how to operate it
 When the variable primary flow design affords a higher saving costs as compared to the
secondary system

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A variable primary flow system refers to a mode of applying the variable primary flow in
the industry is by the use of a single set of pumps which are equipped with variable
frequency drives. The variable frequency drives usually serve the distribution loops as well
as the production loops. In the bypass line below, is reduced in size in the minimum flow of
the chiller system. The system has a closed control valve whose operation is to vary upon
attainment of the limit. Chilled systems have water pumps that have the variable frequency
drives responsible for maintain the differential pressure at a lower level when the load is at a
critical load level. The systems can either be off or on based. Below is the diagram of the
variable primary flow (Ai, 2014)
Figure 3-2: variable primary flow (ASHRAE, 2000)
There are other arrangement for the variable primary flow, i.e. the primary/secondary having a
variable speed and a decoupler.
Difference between variable flow and constant primary flow

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Figure 3-2: variable primary flow and constant flow (ASHRAE, 2000)
3.2 Maintenance of the chiller
The first step towards minimizing the energy costs is by acquiring an efficient chiller. Reduction
in the maintenance cost of chiller ensures that savings are made on the cost of energy.
An operating log is the basis of all maintenance programs. Operators review the log regularly to
make comparisons with design and start up data of chiller. By so doing, they must identify and
verify deviations through readings, which may show a problem inside the chiller system which
may affect efficiency and performance.
Besides, another critical ongoing maintenance task is properly treating water in both condensed
water and chilled water loops to prevent to prevent scale, corrosion biological growth. A rapid
decrease in operating efficiency will occur as a result of accumulation of contaminants.

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The operator loop is always a closed loop system. Typically chemicals are added to reach the
desired concentration beyond which the only requirement is periodic testing for confirming those
concentrations (Flagger, 2017).
Treatment of water in condenser systems require an ongoing program of adjusting the feed rates
and sampling the water for the various chemicals required.
In low pressure chillers, leaks allow moisture and air to enter unit and technicians must monitor
all the chillers for refrigerant leaks. The chiller uses more energy for same level of cooling due to
increased operating pressures caused by the air and moisture. In addition moisture causes rust
within the chiller’s shell, which is transported and deposited on the surfaces of heat transfer
within the chiller, reducing the operating efficiency further.
In high pressure chillers, lost refrigerant results as a result of leaks, that in turn leads to lower
pressure and operating efficiency. Should a chiller lose refrigerant, operators can identify the
location of the leak locating the refrigerant circuits using an electronic leak detector.
The performance of heat transfer surfaces within the chiller has improved the energy efficiency
of today’s chillers. But their performance require that they be clean and free of buildup,
including sludge, algae, scale and corrosion. Even a very smaller layer deposited can reduce
efficiency significantly. The quality of the water in the system, chiller operating temperature, and
the overall condition of evaporator loops and condenser determines how quickly they will be
fouled (Killian, 2016).
Technicians should clean the condenser tubes annually to keep the surfaces clean. Cleaning of
evaporator tubes should only happens every three or four years since they function they function
in a closed system with minimum exposure to contaminants. Technicians can use brushes to

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perform the cleaning in most cases. For badly fouled systems, they may need to use chemicals
for cleaning the surfaces. Similarly, chillers can be equipped internal brushes that work with
reversing valves to clean tubes daily.
Operators should take refrigerant samples and oil at least once every year. The samples will
show the problems and conditions such as high moisture content or corrosion.
These tasks despite representing the major items that help managers attain a maximum chiller’s
operating efficiency, are not the only tasks operator must perform. Similarly, every chiller
manufacture provides a schedule of maintenance.
These schedules are comprehensive but managers should consider them to be minimum chiller
requirements. In order to maintain the desired levels of reliability and performance, equipment
that serve critical loads will require additional maintenance efforts. Moreover, for chillers to
operate at their highest possible efficiency additional maintenance attention is needed (Deng,
2015).
4.0 Analysis and Discussion
4.1 Energy Effect
An analysis was conducted based on alternative systems with the energy consumption
being same for all the systems. The configuration used was the variable primary flow and
secondary flow chilled water systems. From the tabulated data below, it was clear that the annual
costs of energy reduce while the capital costs increase with a higher number of chillers. The
variable primary flow and secondary flow chilled water systems Configuration proved that the
costs increased with the increase in the number of chillers used. Below is the comparison for the
costs and payback periods with the variable primary/ secondary configurations.

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Figure 4-1: cost vs. payback periods of variable primary (Thirakomen, 2009)
The variable primary/ secondary configurations saves energy that any other configuration due to
the reduced size of the chiller and also the water pump. A case study conducted under the
following conditions proved that the variable primary flow 66% energy savings as compared to
the constant primary / secondary configurations.

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Figure 4-2: case study conditions for constant primary / secondary configuration (CIBSE, 2000)
Figure 4-3: results for the configuration (ASHRAE, 2000)
The cooling loads usually provide approximately 50 percent of the total power which is
consumed in the commercial buildings. In most of this buildings, the operation of the chiller
plant is usually not optimal due to its operation which is usually design condition despite the type
of loading or the local optimization of the chiller system due to its characteristics. Case studies
were conducted and the result established that the energy savings realized through optimized
activities is approximately 40% for the restrained size chiller plant and approximately 20% for
small chiller plant that subsequently moderates the greenhouse gas emissions and the cost of
energy.
4.1.1 Efficiency Yardstick

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In the olden days, engineers used the full load efficiency rating expressed in kilowatt per ton in
the determination of the most efficient operating chiller plant despite the device having
numerous setbacks such that it was valid only when the chiller was at full load .At half the
operating load, the efficiency of the chiller plant drastically reduced
4.2 Carbon Footprint (Environment Effect)
The calculation of the carbon footprint is usually done by the help of the Armstrong’s
economics calculator. This calculator is commonly used for the calculation of greenhouse gas
emissions. This tool depends on the cost of energy per hour and also the annual energy usage.
Research shows that the chiller system helps in promoting sustainable development such that the
intelligent house will be able to sustain itself without mush costs spent on the energy sector.
5.0 Conclusion
An intelligent building refers to a smart building which incorporates the use of various
sensing devices with the primary objective of achieving comfort and efficiency. Usually, the
sensing devices may include sensors, actuators among other. Besides, it has been found that the
smart buildings are the way to go as they significantly enhance sustainable development. The
future is bright with the intelligent building systems since the cost usually spent on energy is to a
bigger extent as well as reduction in the carbon gas emissions. This research task has seen the
incorporation of a chiller plant system which is of great importance (Ahmad, 2016).
A chiller is a device which eliminates heat from a liquid by the use of an absorption
refrigeration cycle or a vapor-compression and thereafter distributes the liquid through a heat
exchanger to cool air or equipment as necessary. As a necessary byproduct, refrigeration

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generates waste heat which must be exhausted to ambient or, for greater efficiency, recovered for
heating purposes.

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