International Business Law Analysis

This assignment delves into the complexities of international business law. It requires students to analyze various legal frameworks governing international transactions, focusing on the concept of parent company liability for their subsidiaries' actions. The analysis should encompass the influence of institutional factors, contractual arrangements, and international agreements on international business practices.

International
Business Law
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
1. CRITICALLY EXAMINE WHETHER PARENT COMPANIES ARE BEING HELD
SUFFICIENTLY ACCOUNTABLE IN THEIR HOME COUNTRIES FOR THE ACTIVITIES
OF THEIR SUBSIDIARY AND OTHER GROUP COMPANIES THAT NEGATIVELY
IMPACT UPON THE ENVIRONMENT, HUMAN RIGHTS AND HEALTH AND SAFETY
IN HOST COUNTRIES..................................................................................................................3
2. CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FREE ON BOARD
(FOB) AND COST INSURANCE FREIGHT CONTRACTS (CIF) IN RELATION TO THE
DUTIES OF BOTH BUYERS AND SELLERS.............................................................................8
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15
2

INTRODUCTION
Law is termed as a defined set of legislations as well as rules that are enforced by the
government in order to regulate activities of individuals and business organization within
society1. In the contemporary scenario, businesses are targeting international market for
increasing their market share and improving business operations. International business mainly
constitutes with different commercial transactions that are related with sales, logistics and
transportations that frequently take place among different regions beyond political boundaries.
Thus, it is said that to focus on cross borders transactions related with sales of merchandise,
international authorities as well as government has framed various laws and regulations that will
govern or regulate the practices of businesses in international market. Presently, report focuses
on using international case law for critically examining that parent companies are being held
liable in the home country for the activities of their subsidiary firms that negatively affects the
environmental sustainability, human rights as well as health and safety in the host country. The
case example of subsidiary firm, Shell Nigeria of parent company, Royal Dutch Shell PLC has
been undertaken. Furthermore, report will also understand the major differences among CIF and
FOB contracts in relation with the duties of both buyers and sellers. As both the plays significant
role in performing the international trade activity through enabling proper shipping of the
products.
1. CRITICALLY EXAMINE WHETHER PARENT COMPANIES ARE BEING HELD
SUFFICIENTLY ACCOUNTABLE IN THEIR HOME COUNTRIES FOR THE
ACTIVITIES OF THEIR SUBSIDIARY AND OTHER GROUP COMPANIES THAT
NEGATIVELY IMPACT UPON THE ENVIRONMENT, HUMAN RIGHTS AND
HEALTH AND SAFETY IN HOST COUNTRIES.
In the contemporary scenario, with the increasing level of competition in the market
businesses are moving on the international platform through establishing their franchise as well
1 Folsom, Ralph H., Michael Wallace Gordon, John A. Spanogle, Peter L. Fitzgerald, and
Michael P. Van Alstine. "International business transactions: a problem-oriented coursebook."
(2012).
3

as subsidiary company2. The companies that owns and control the production and distribution of
goods and services in many countries other than their domestic country are known as
Multinational corporation. It basically consider as the large organization that often produces
goods in different countries. It is also critically reviewed that the parent companies are
responsible for the activities of smaller organization through owing their stock that also control
their operational tasks and activities. For instance, Johnson & Johnson the parent company that
possess variety of business unit as well as product lines. The company has many subsidiaries
company that enable the parent company on diversifying their range of products with increasing
the product lines. The subsidiary company enhance their image through branding each product
with the name of Johnson & Johnson. Therefore, it may assists in increasing or enhancing the
sales of individual product unit in the market3.
Another example is Royal Dutch Shell one of the leading multinational oil and gas
company whose headquarter are in Netherlands that deals in various products such as petroleum,
natural gas as well as other petrochemical products. It is one of the most valuable company that
serve in oil and gas industry. Royal Dutch Shell PLC have different subsidiary companies in
different region across the globe such as Australia, Canada, south Africa, Nigeria etc. Shell
Nigeria is the subsidiary company of Royal Dutch Shell that has introduce the Foreign Direct
Liability4. With the increasing cases of oil-spill incidents within the plant it may impact the
environment, human right and health and safety in host countries. It is measured that Subsidiary
company is closely-held and dominated by the another company that is known as parent
company. In order to expand the business operations as well as engaging in the new business etc.
are the key reason that assists the parent company in opening their subsidiary company in the
2 . Spalding, Andrew Brady. "The Irony of International Business Law: US Progressivism,
China’s New Laissez Faire, and Their Impact in the Developing World." UCLA Law Review 59
(2011).
3 . Buckley, Peter J., and Mark Casson. "A theory of cooperation in international business."
In The Multinational Enterprise Revisited, pp. 41-67. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010.
4 . Pierce, Richard J. Administrative law treatise. Vol. 3. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business,
2010.
4

different areas5. From the view point of it has been also stated that activities performed by the
subsidiary company in the host country will sometime negatively impact the environment,
human right and health and safety of the country. Thus, for this negative impact on the host
country parent company is considered to be accountable for the activities of subsidiaries.
There are some legislative instrument that will support the parent company in introducing
their subsidiary company across the national boundaries as well as these instrument also support
the company in enabling international trade6. For instance; GATT (The General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade) one of the international body whose aim is to liberalise trade. The key
objective of international body was to spread the international trade activities through changing
the trader patterns. Moreover, there are also some other objectives that is it assists in raising the
individual standard of living. Along with this, it also support the business organization
expanding or enlarging the production activities with the international trade. Furthermore, the
international body has also adopted the following function that is principle of non-
discrimination, prohibition of quantitative restrictions as well as it also ensure constant or
continual consultations so that company can easily resolve the disagreements7.
Another international instrument include WTO (World Trade Organization) that also
focuses on the provisions related with the development of international trade. The key objective
of WTO is to assist the organization in ensuring smooth and free flow of goods and services in
the environment. On the other hand, some other principle of WTO is to accomplish the
liberalization among the trade with the help of negotiation. In addition to this, another objective
of WTO is to set up different impartial strategies for settling the conflicts and disputes that arises
among the individuals. Therefore, both the legislation instrument support the parent company in
successful holding their subsidiary company so that they can easily them to perform necessary
function in the host country.
5 . Cantwell, John, John H. Dunning, and Sarianna M. Lundan. "An evolutionary approach
to understanding international business activity: The co-evolution of MNEs and the institutional
environment." Journal of International Business Studies 41, no. 4 (2010): 567-586.
6 . Abdi, Majid, and Preet S. Aulakh. "Do country-level institutional frameworks and
interfirm governance arrangements substitute or complement in international business
relationships?." Journal of International Business Studies 43, no. 5 (2012): 477-497.
7 Stephan, Paul B., and Julie A. Roin. International Business and Economics: Law and
Policy. LexisNexis, 2010.
5

Liability of parent company towards their subsidiary company
It is evaluated that there are certain liability of parent company towards their subsidiary
company that is parent company are not being accountable or responsible for paying to the debt
or the actions performed by subsidiary results in damaging. Under the common law, court has
imposed the pierce of corporate veil under which court aside the parent company for the actions
and debt of subsidiary company. Thus, these are the some liability of parent company towards
their subsidiary company8. However, both the companies have different legal entities as they
may be sued by other companies or both are in position to sue other organization. In addition to
this, it is the duty of parent company to perform activities according to the subsidiaries company
through making feasible decisions that impact the overall direction as well as financial of
subsidiary company. In addition to this, parent company is also in the faulty position for not
performing the holding responsibilities and duties towards the subsidiary company. According to
author it has been evaluated in the situation if subsidiary companies are rendering improper
activities and it negatively impact the external environment of host country then the parent
company would be liable for all the neglectful activities that negatively impact the environmental
as well as health and safety condition. On the other hand, parent company is also in the position
to review the international legislation as well as policies guidance so that they can formulate the
policies for their subsidiary company9. As parent company wholly owned the share of subsidiary
company and they also have proper control on their activities as well as operation. Furthermore,
it has also stated that parent company ensure proper management and control the activities of
subsidiary company that is they are regarded as in-charge that will prepare the plans and
strategies that need to be followed by them. However, it is the liability of parent company to
focus on hiring and appointing the higher level authorities for the subsidiary company.
By referencing the case scenario of Dutch Shell Nigeria, in 2013 The Hague territory
court in Netherlands had given verdict in civil liability suit against the Royal Dutch Shell and its
Nigerian subsidiary10. The case states that Shell Nigeria was engaged in exploitation activities
related with natural resources from the coastal plains. It was identified that Shell Nigeria has
8 . Cavusgil, S. Tamer, Gary Knight, John R. Riesenberger, Hussain G. Rammal, and
Elizabeth L. Rose. International business. Pearson Australia, 2014.
9 . Dolzer, Rudolf, and Christoph Schreuer. Principles of international investment law.
Oxford University Press, 2012.
6

been engaged in key issues that is company in Nigeria fails to perform their social duties and
results in engaging in negative impacting the human right as well as environment concern within
their operational location. As per the view of author for the many years in Nigeria Shell was
extracting oil products and gas from Ogoni. Government over there has neglected their activities
as it ensure that with their activities land were degraded. Governing authorities has also stated
that Shell was extracting natural products from the island through exploiting them and providing
nothing in return11. In addition to this it was also allegedly that it may also lead to pollute the
environment through emitting the wastage gas and substances within the surrounding that results
in environment degradation.
In addition to this, growing Nigerian economy could not materialized owed with the
political systems. Failure of political party outcome in improper economic growth for instance no
economic reforms as well as no economic regulation for managing the economy. The result was
that Nigerian authorities has misspent the oil wealth and safe them into the foreign financial
institution rather than investing or distributing in society, education or among the health care
services. Thus, it may results in mismanaging the overall economy and results in negative impact
on the environment as well as health and safety of the individual12. Thus, with this Shell Nigeria
faced the protest for their operational activities as it may not outcome in developing their society
or community, it results in closing down of the flow station etc. therefore Shell followed the
draconian policies instead of serving the surrounding areas and community under which they are
operating the activities.
Therefore, with the negative impact of activities of subsidiary company on the
environment, human right and health and safety will impact the parent company and parent
company will be liable for the activities of their subsidiary company13. In order to overcome the
negative impact of subsidiary company parent company must focuses on suggesting them
various alternatives such as Shell Nigeria focuses on the new management that will be
10 . Kolk, Ans, and Rob Van Tulder. "International business, corporate social responsibility
and sustainable development." International business review19, no. 2 (2010): 119-125.
11 . Forsgren, Mats, and Jan Johanson. Managing networks in international business.
Routledge, 2014.
12 . Sornarajah, Muthucumaraswamy. The international law on foreign investment.
Cambridge University Press, 2010.
13 . Miller, Roger LeRoy. Business Law Today, Comprehensive. Cengage learning, 2016.
7

committed with the international written agreement related with the human right and
environmental concern so that it may overcome the issues14. It has been also critically evaluated
that parent company is some how liable or accountable for the wrongful activities performed by
their subsidiary company. It has been critically evaluated that in the situation when subsidiaries
engaged in the unethical or unfair activities then it may results in affecting the overall image of
parent company in the home country as it was wholly owned by the parent company. Thus, the
business organization need to focuses on the provision related with the international human right
law for protecting the human right15. Shell itself has ignited and fuelled the violation of their
human right through engaging in disputes and not focusing on the health safety of individual by
not repairing the pipelines and oil tanks etc.
Multinationals companies that are operating and conducting their activities in the
international market may sometime negatively impact on their society and community through
their own activities or through conducting the activities of exporter. When seeking to hold
multinationals to account, impacted people may start a court case in the home country of the
multinational16. One of the main characteristics of foreign direct liability cases is the inequality
of arms that typically exists between the host country plaintiffs on the one hand and the corporate
defendants on the other when it comes to financial scope, level or organization and access to
relevant information.
2. CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FREE ON
BOARD (FOB) AND COST INSURANCE FREIGHT CONTRACTS (CIF) IN
RELATION TO THE DUTIES OF BOTH BUYERS AND SELLERS.
When a business organization is engaged in the activities of buying and selling of
merchandise across the domestic boundaries, it is essential for them to have proper
understanding regarding various terms and conditions for transporting goods to the destination.
The International Chamber of Commerce was constituted in the year 1936 that basically focuses
14 . McAdams, Tony, Nancy Neslund, Kiren Dosanjh Zucker, and Kristofer Neslund. Law,
business, and society. McGraw-Hill Education, 2015.
15 . Nanda, Ved, and George Rock Pring. International environmental law and policy for the
21st century. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012.
16 . Von Glahn, Gerhard, and James Larry Taulbee. Law among nations: an introduction to
public international law. Routledge, 2015.
8

imposing 13 international commerce terms that must be used by the business organization in
order to transport the goods and merchandise in the international marketplace17. All the terms
framed by International Chamber of Commerce is termed as INCOTERM. This referred as an
agreement that regulates the shipping or delivery duties of exporter and importers those who are
performing activities related with international trade. The key aim of this system is to facilitates
the international trade activities. CIF and FOB are two broadly used INCOTERM agreements
among the business organization.
Therefore, organization requires two models that is CIF (Cost, Insurance and freight) and
FOB (Free on Board) for international shipping. Both the models specify duties and
responsibility of parties towards goods and it also defines the responsibilities that move from
seller to buyers. According to the author FOB is the shipping agreement under which the shipper
or seller arranges logistics through which merchandise is transported to the designed location.
These terms are also commonly used for shipments that are related with inland and air. In
addition to this, delivery under this shipping model is accomplished when vendor releases the
commodity to buyers. On the other hand, it has stated another international shipping model that
includes CIF Cost, Insurance and freight agreement under which it is the duty of seller for
bearing cost that is associated with the transiting of goods, providing minimum security as well
as compensating the freight chargers to transport the required products to the chosen destination
that is selected by buyers18. Through delivery, buyer only assumes the responsibility related with
bearing unloading cost and any other transportation costs or the final terminus.
Differences
Key differences among both the international shipping models is on the basis of liability
that transfers from seller to buyer that is in the CIF agreement, seller has all the liabilities related
with bearing all significant costs until the products transported by seller may not reach to the
destination that is selected by buyer19. On the contrary, Von Gerhard and James (2015) has stated
17 . Bodansky, Daniel, Jutta Brunnée, and Ellen Hey. The Oxford handbook of international
environmental law. Oxford University Press, 2012.
18 . Responsibility of buyer and seller under FOB terms of shipping. 2016. [Online].
Available through: <http://self-importance/FOB-shipments-Responsibility-of-buyer-and-seller-
556.aspx>. [Accessed on 20th July 2016].
19 . Parent Company Liability for the Actions and Liabilities of their Subsidiaries. 2012.
[Online]. Available through: <http://www.farrer.co.uk/Global/Briefings/02.%20Corporate
9

that under FOB, shipping agreement model liability of seller transfers to buyer after the shipping
reaches to port or desired destination. Despite of this another difference among both the shipping
models is that under FOB, there is no responsibility of buyer and seller to recover the insurance
against damage that has caused during carriage. On the other hand, it has also critically examined
that under CIF exporter or seller covers the insurance amount against damages of products
during carriage. Along with this, Bodansky and et.al., (2012) has evaluated that under FOB
contract agreements it basically specifies the port or destination of loading. On the other hand,
under CIF agreement specifies the destination of arrival. Another difference among both the
terms is that under FOB the key duty of seller is to load the products and goods and ship the
goods at the place that is identified by the buyer20. However, under CIF contract seller deliver the
products at the selected port.
Duties and responsibilities of sellers and buyers under FOB agreement
Under FOB agreement there are several duties and responsibilities of exporter (seller) as
well as importer (Buyers) that are as follows-
 Seller has responsibility to bear all the risks as well as costs related with placing or
loading goods on the carriage. The possession of property as well as all the risks passes
to buyers at the time of delivery of goods (Responsibility of buyer and seller under FOB
terms of shipping, 2016).
 Another responsibility of seller under FOB agreement is to provide export legal
document as well as pay export tariff in the situation if there is any21.
 Seller under FOB also have key duty to pay the cost of loading products on the carriage.
 On the other hand, there are also some responsibilities of buyers under FOB agreement
that is paying unloading costs for the delivered products as well as paying freight cost etc.
 Under FOB agreement buyer also have responsibility to reserve the shipping space and
even provide notice to the exporter for the same to avoid the clashes.
%20briefings/Parent%20company%20liability%20for%20the%20actions%20and%20liabilities
%20of%20their%20subsidiaries.pdf>. [Accessed on 20th July 2016].
20 . Spalding, Andrew Brady. "The Irony of International Business Law: US Progressivism,
China’s New Laissez Faire, and Their Impact in the Developing World." UCLA Law Review 59
(2011).
21 . Buckley, Peter J., and Mark Casson. "A theory of cooperation in international business."
In The Multinational Enterprise Revisited, pp. 41-67. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010.
10

Duties and responsibilities of sellers and buyers under CIF agreement
According to Abdi Majid and Preet (2012) there are some duties as well as
responsibilities of seller and buyer under CIF shipping agreement that is-
 Seller have responsibility related with focusing on all the provisions of goods that is
commercial invoices for the conformity that they have engaged in contract22.
 Another responsibility of seller or exporter under CIF is that they focuses on obtaining
licenses, authorizations as well as formalities for exporting or delivering the goods to
ultimate buyers.
 As per the view of author seller also possess responsibility of obtaining insurance policy
to protect the goods from damages.
 Another responsibility of seller under CIF include that seller must insure bill of landing
and must shipped along with the products. The bill must be cleared as it depicts that
merchandise is being acquire for shipping to the ultimate buyer. It has also stated that
under CIF contract seller must obtain bill of landing and further issued to the buyer at the
time of vessel. This must be understood from the case scenario of Hanson v Hamel and
Horley Ltd.
 There are some duties and responsibilities of buyers such as they are responsible for
paying to the goods that have been delivered to them by the seller through showing the
tender or bill. Another responsibilities of buyer within the CIF agreement model is that buyer chooses
the destination or port where seller will deliver the products and goods23.
The problems and obstacles involved when seeking to bring a successful foreign direct liability
claim
Foreign direct liability is regarded as the act of individual or business on the basis of
negligent or any other type of act. Further, around 150 foreign direct liability claims has been
22 . Cantwell, John, John H. Dunning, and Sarianna M. Lundan. "An evolutionary approach
to understanding international business activity: The co-evolution of MNEs and the institutional
environment." Journal of International Business Studies 41, no. 4 (2010): 567-586.
23 . Abdi, Majid, and Preet S. Aulakh. "Do country-level institutional frameworks and
interfirm governance arrangements substitute or complement in international business
relationships?." Journal of International Business Studies 43, no. 5 (2012): 477-497.
11

pursued before the court of US on the basis of ATS24. Moreover, many businesses are not able to
operate efficiently in the market due to their negative and adverse impact on surroundings or on
other areas. Apart from this, claim is made by other parties or companies on the organization due
to presence of adverse impact on society. One of main example is associated with shell for its
alleged involvement in violation of human right which has been perpetrated by the Nigerian
military government against the environmental activist who were indulged into activities of
protesting against degradation of environment whose main cause was oil extraction activities in
the ogoniland region of the Niger Delta. So, this claim was settled in the court of law in the year
2009 for 15.5 million dollars. On the other hand the socio legal trends in favor of foreign direct
liability has not remained confined to US federal court as it has widely spread over the past two
years25. Apart from this level of overall claims is rising at faster pace as compared with past and
US federal court has to be settle them. Further, these claims are directly associated with hrm to
other parties or any other act of omission. In the absence of specific statute such as ATS the large
number of claims have to be settled in appropriate manner. Apart from this, some other claims
were also present which relies on general principles of tort law along with tort of negligence.
Another major case is of Dutch shell Nigeria which was being initiated in the late 2008 and it
undertook different type of claims which were brought in relation with oil spill incidents near
three villages associated in Nigeria. As per the view of plaintiffs the subsidiary of Nigeria which
was considered as the first foreign direct liability case26. The Nigerian subsidiary has not
practised due care in prevention of oil spills from occurring along with this cleaning was not
appropriate. On the other hand parent company of the organization had failed to use its influence
over the environmental policies present in group with the motive to ensure that local oil
extraction tasks indulged by its Nigerian subsidiary were adopted with proper care for people
along with the overall planet. Plaintiff asked the court to do declaratory judgment that defendant
firms had acted in unfavourable manner and they jointly are responsible for all the damages that
24 . Stephan, Paul B., and Julie A. Roin. International Business and Economics: Law and
Policy. LexisNexis, 2010.
25 . Kolk, Ans, and Rob Van Tulder. "International business, corporate social responsibility
and sustainable development." International business review19, no. 2 (2010): 119-125.
26 . Forsgren, Mats, and Jan Johanson. Managing networks in international business.
Routledge, 2014.
12

took place27. They have to carry out maintenance of the pipeline along with the development of
contingency plan through which it is possible to given positive response in case of future oil
spills. On the basis of analysis carried out by court it was found that oil spills was the major
outcome of sabotage. This has directly led court to dismiss large amount of claims against the
Nigerian subsidiary shell. Under the tort law parent company does not have legal obligation to
prevent subsidiaries from causing harm to the third parties especially under unfavourable
situations. Businesses are required to pay compensation to the parties who have suffered loss28.
Generally tort of law plays most significant role in promotion of international CSR in large
number of ways where first one is that it provides host country citizen a kind of support who
have suffered any loss or harm and it is regarded as one of the most effective way to address for
their detriment. Apart from this, multinational companies are delivered behavioural incentives so
that they can easily carry out operations in appropriate manner which are ethical along with
socially responsible. Further, all the laws present are hard one which relies on the duties of
internationally operating companies for the direct along with indirect impact of all the activities.
All the range of cases being present provides transparency as regard with the potentially
detrimental effects29. Apart from this individuals living in the host country are involved for better
understanding of the situations along with facts so that they can easily deal with the same.
Moreover, they contribute in broader sense to complete the overall picture in the western society
along with the harmful effects such as negative impact of society, environment etc. In short,
actions of the companies along with other parties are guided who have committed any negligent
act. Due to this reason strict acts and laws have been passed strictly with the aim to protect
surroundings from the adverse impact of companies operating in the market30. They have to
ensure that their practices are favourable for the society in every possible manner.
27 . Sornarajah, Muthucumaraswamy. The international law on foreign investment.
Cambridge University Press, 2010.
28 . Miller, Roger LeRoy. Business Law Today, Comprehensive. Cengage learning, 2016.
29 . McAdams, Tony, Nancy Neslund, Kiren Dosanjh Zucker, and Kristofer Neslund. Law,
business, and society. McGraw-Hill Education, 2015.
30 . Nanda, Ved, and George Rock Pring. International environmental law and policy for the
21st century. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012.
13

CONCLUSION
From the above conducted report it is concluded that to ensure successful trading of
business activities in the international market it is essential for organization to focus on various
international law. The international law support the activities of parent companies as well as
activities of subsidiary company so that they may engage in performing the unfair and unethical
activities that impact both home as well as parent company. On the other hand, report also
summarizes that parent company is accountable in their home country for the activities that are
performed by the subsidiary or other company in the host countries that negatively impact the
environment, human rights as well as health and safety of the host country. Furthermore, the
report has also summarizes that in order to claim for the successful foreign direct liability there
are certain problems as well as obstacles held by the organization in order to support the social
environment. Moreover, it has also summarizes the difference among the international shipping
agreements that is Free on Board and Cost Insurance Freight contract. As both the plays
significant role in performing the international trade activity through enabling proper shipping of
the products. In relation to this it has also measures the duties of importer as well as exporter in
both the models.
14

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Abdi, Majid, and Preet S. Aulakh. "Do country-level institutional frameworks and interfirm
governance arrangements substitute or complement in international business
relationships?." Journal of International Business Studies 43, no. 5 (2012): 477-497.
Bodansky, Daniel, Jutta Brunnée, and Ellen Hey. The Oxford handbook of international
environmental law. Oxford University Press, 2012.
Buckley, Peter J., and Mark Casson. "A theory of cooperation in international business." In The
Multinational Enterprise Revisited, pp. 41-67. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010.
Cantwell, John, John H. Dunning, and Sarianna M. Lundan. "An evolutionary approach to
understanding international business activity: The co-evolution of MNEs and the
institutional environment." Journal of International Business Studies 41, no. 4 (2010): 567-
586.
Cavusgil, S. Tamer, Gary Knight, John R. Riesenberger, Hussain G. Rammal, and Elizabeth L.
Rose. International business. Pearson Australia, 2014.
Dolzer, Rudolf, and Christoph Schreuer. Principles of international investment law. Oxford
University Press, 2012.
Folsom, Ralph H., Michael Wallace Gordon, John A. Spanogle, Peter L. Fitzgerald, and Michael
P. Van Alstine. "International business transactions: a problem-oriented coursebook."
(2012).
Forsgren, Mats, and Jan Johanson. Managing networks in international business. Routledge,
2014.
Kolk, Ans, and Rob Van Tulder. "International business, corporate social responsibility and
sustainable development." International business review19, no. 2 (2010): 119-125.
McAdams, Tony, Nancy Neslund, Kiren Dosanjh Zucker, and Kristofer Neslund. Law, business,
and society. McGraw-Hill Education, 2015.
Miller, Roger LeRoy. Business Law Today, Comprehensive. Cengage learning, 2016.
Nanda, Ved, and George Rock Pring. International environmental law and policy for the 21st
century. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012.
Pierce, Richard J. Administrative law treatise. Vol. 3. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2010.
Sornarajah, Muthucumaraswamy. The international law on foreign investment. Cambridge
University Press, 2010.
Spalding, Andrew Brady. "The Irony of International Business Law: US Progressivism, China’s
New Laissez Faire, and Their Impact in the Developing World." UCLA Law Review 59
(2011).
Stephan, Paul B., and Julie A. Roin. International Business and Economics: Law and Policy.
LexisNexis, 2010.
Von Glahn, Gerhard, and James Larry Taulbee. Law among nations: an introduction to public
international law. Routledge, 2015.
Online
Responsibility of buyer and seller under FOB terms of shipping. 2016. [Online]. Available
through: <http://self-importance/FOB-shipments-Responsibility-of-buyer-and-seller-
556.aspx>. [Accessed on 20th July 2016].
15

Parent Company Liability for the Actions and Liabilities of their Subsidiaries. 2012. [Online].
Available through: <http://www.farrer.co.uk/Global/Briefings/02.%20Corporate
%20briefings/Parent%20company%20liability%20for%20the%20actions%20and
%20liabilities%20of%20their%20subsidiaries.pdf>. [Accessed on 20th July 2016].
16