International Financial Management

This document provides an overview of international financial management and its importance in running a business smoothly. It covers topics such as expected net present value, standard deviation of NPV, and probability calculations. The document also includes calculations for different projects and their net present values.

International Financial
Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
QUESTION 1..................................................................................................................................3
(a) Calculation of expected net present value..............................................................................3
(b) Calculation of standard deviation of NPV.............................................................................4
QUESTION 2..................................................................................................................................5
(a) Calculation of expected NPV and standard deviation of the NPV for the project to buy
English lignite mines...................................................................................................................5
(b) Calculation of probability of avoiding liquidation.................................................................8
(c) Calculation of probability of occurring..................................................................................9
QUESTION 3..................................................................................................................................9
(a) Calculation of Net Present Value of each project on the assumption that the cash flows are
not subject to any risk..................................................................................................................9
(b) Reason of why NPV is being superior to internal rate of return for investment appraisal. .11
(c) Calculation of Highest Net Present Value achievable on the assumption that each project is
divisible......................................................................................................................................12
(d) Calculation of probability of the product producing a negative net present value..............13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION
Financial management is the part of the business if they want to run their company smoothly
and efficiently. Financial decision is the decision which became impossible to change if the
manages take such decision in a wrong way. The loses the company need to bear may be to that
extent that the company might dissolve their business. So, this report will cover the concept of
expected return the company can expects from their investment plans and the probability of
losing the amount. The report also covers the standard deviation concept which need the
attention of company and their managers which making any finance related decision.
MAIN BODY
QUESTION 1
(a) Calculation of expected net present value
Initial cash outlay = 15000
Year 1
Returns Probability Expected value
8000 0.1 800
(8000* .1)
10000 0.6 6000
(10000* .6)
12000 0.3 3600
(12000* .3)
Expected value of returns
in year 1
10400
Year 2
Returns Probability Expected value
4000 0.3 1200
(4000* .3)
8000 0.7 5600
(8000* .7)

Expected value of
returns in year 1
6800
Present value of cash inflows in year 1 = 10400 / [ 1/ (1+11%) ^ 1] = 9369.36
Present Value of cash inflows in year 2 = 6800 / [ 1/ (1+11%) ^ 2] = 5521.6
Present value of cash inflows = 14891
Net present value of the project = present value of cash inflows – initial cash outlay
= 14891 - 15000
= (109).
Interpretation: From the above calculation it is interpretate that the net present value of the
project is negative. And it is stated that if a company want to earn profit on their investment, they
have to select those projects only that have positive expected net present value. Here, the present
value of the cash inflow is less than the initial cash outlay. That’s why it is advisable to the
company that they should reject this project (Attridge and Engen, 2019).
(b) Calculation of standard deviation of NPV
The standard deviation of NPV
Year 1
Returns
(X)
D = (X –
Expected value)
D2 Probability Probability * D2
8000 -2400 5760000 0.1 576000
10000 -400 160000 0.6 96000
12000 1600 2560000 0.3 768000
Variance of returns in year 1 = σ2 1440000
Standard deviation of returns in year 1 = square root of σ2 = σ = 1200.
Interpretation: The above calculation clearly indicates that the standard deviation of the net
present value of year one is 1200. And this means that cash flow the different events are

deviating and it is happening because of the expected return by 1200 in the year 1 (Han, K. M.,
Park and Lee, 2020).
Year 2
Returns (X) Returns (X) Returns (X) Returns (X) Returns (X)
4000 4000 4000 4000 4000
8000 8000 8000 8000 8000
Variance of returns in year 2 = σ2 Variance of
returns in year 2
= σ2
Year 2 Year 2
Standard deviation of returns in year 2 = square root of σ2 = σ = 1833.
Interpretation: In the year 2, the standard deviation of expected return from the different event
is 1833. This interpretate that the deviation between the cash flow and expected return of the
year 2 is with the value of 1833 (MOLONEY, 2018).
QUESTION 2
(a) Calculation of expected NPV and standard deviation of the NPV for the project to buy
English lignite mines
Calculation of net present value of RJW's estimates
Time (in years) Net cash flows Discounting factor @
14%
Present value of cash
flows after
discounting
0 -900 1 -900
(-900* 1)
1 130 0.88 114.01
(130* .88)
2 145 0.77 111.51

(145* .77)
3 150 0.68 101.25
(150* .68)
4 130 0.59 76.96
(130* .59)
5 150 0.52 77.85
(150* .52)
Net Present Value = Present value of cash inflow – Present value of cash outflow
= [114.01 + 111.51 + 101.25 + 76.96 + 77.85] – 900
= -418.43
Calculation of net present value for a more optimistic forecast
Time (in years) Net cash flows Discounting factor @
14%
Present value of cash
flows after
discounting
0 -900 1 -900
(-900* 1)
1 260 0.88 228.02
(260* .88)
2 276.6 0.77 212.71
(276.6* .77)
3 283.33 0.68 191.25
(283.33* .68)
4 271 0.59 160.43
(271* .59)
5 280 0.52 145.32
(280* .52)

Net Present Value = Present value of cash inflow – Present value of cash outflow
= [228.02 + 212.71 + 191.25 + 160.43 + 145.32] – 900
= 37.73
Calculation of net present value for a pessimistic forecast
Time (in years) Net cash flows Discounting factor @
14%
Present value of cash
flows after
discounting
0 -900 1 -900
(-900* 1)
1 96.67 0.88 84.78
(96.67* .88)
2 111.7 0.77 85.9
(111.7* .77)
3 116.67 0.68 78.75
(116.67* .68)
4 -21 0.59 -12.43
(-21* .59)
5 20 0.52 10.38
(20* .52)
Net Present Value = Present value of cash inflow – Present value of cash outflow
= [84.78 + 85.9 + 78.75 + (12.43) + 10.38] – 900
= -652.62
Calculation of expected NPV
Net Present Value Probability Expected value
-418.43 50% -209.21

(-418.43* 50%)
37.73 30% 11.32
(37.73* 30%)
-652.62 20% -130.52
(-652.62* 20%)
Expected NPV = -209.21 + 11.32 + -130.52
= -328.42
Calculation of standard deviation of NPV
Events NPV D = (NPV – Expected
NPV)
D2 P =
Probability
PD2
RJW's
estimates
-418.43 -90.01 8100.99 0.5 4050.49
(8100.99* .5)
Optimistic
forecast
37.73 366.14 134061.92 0.3 40218.58
(134061.92* .3
)
Pessimistic
forecast
-652.62 -324.2 105107.8 0.2 21021.56
(105107.8* .2)
Variance of Net present value = σ2 65290.63
Standard deviation of net present value = square root of σ2 = 255.52.
(b) Calculation of probability of avoiding liquidation
To calculate the probability in case when cash flows and resulting NPV are distributed normally
the following steps need to be followed:
Step 1
z - score will be calculated as:

Z = X - Expected Net Present Value of NPV (Mean or u) / Standard deviation of NPV
Step 2
Here X is given as -550,
= -550 - (-328.42) / 255.52
= -221.58 / 255.52 = - 0.87,
Step 3
Probability at z – score -0.87 comes out to be
= 0.19215.
So, probability of NPV of the English operations will be negative than 550 million and can be
calculated as follow:
= 0.5 – 0.19215 = 0.30785 or 31 %
Step 4
Thus, probability of avoiding liquidation can be calculated as:
= 1 – 0.30785 = 0.69215 or 69 %.
(c) Calculation of probability of occurring
Calculation of probability of NPV comes out to be greater than positive 100
Calculating z score as = X - Expected Net Present Value of NPV (Mean or u) / Standard
deviation of NPV
Here X is given as 100,
= 100 - (-328.42) / 255.52 = 428.42 / 255.52 = 1.67,
Probability at z – score 1.67 comes out to be = 0.95254.
So, probability of net present value will be greater than 100 can be calculated as follows:
= 1 – 0.95254 = 0.04746 or 5%.
Therefore, it is indicatable that there are 5% chances of NPV getting higher than positive 100
and the share price of RJW will increase in two- or three-years after the purchase.
QUESTION 3
(a) Calculation of Net Present Value of each project on the assumption that the cash flows are
not subject to any risk
Project A

Yearly Time Period Cash Flows (£)
(A)
Discounting factor
@10%
(B)
Present Value of
Cash Flows after
discounting the value
(£)
(A) * (B)
0 (500000) 1 (500000)
1 600000 .909 545400
Total Net Present
Value
45400
Project B
Yearly Time Period Cash Flows (£)
(A)
Discounting factor
@10%
(B)
Present Value of
Cash Flows after
discounting the value
(£)
(A) * (B)
0 (200000) 1 (200000)
1 200000 .909 181800
2 150000 .826 123900
Total Net Present
Value
105700
Project C
Yearly Time Period Cash Flows (£)
(A)
Discounting factor
@10%
(B)
Present Value of
Cash Flows after
discounting the value
(£)
(A) * (B)
0 (700000) 1 (700000)
1 0 .909 0
2 1000000 .826 826000

Total Net Present
Value
126000
Project D
Yearly Time Period Cash Flows (£)
(A)
Discounting factor
@10%
(B)
Present Value of
Cash Flows after
discounting the value
(£)
(A) * (B)
0 (150000) 1 (150000)
1 60000 .909 54540
2 60000 .826 49560
3 60000 .751 45060
4 60000 .683 40980
Total Net Present
Value
40140
Ranking of project on the basis of net present value calculated above:
Name of the Project Total Net Present Value (£) Ranking of each Project
Project A 45400 3
Project B 105700 2
Project C 126000 1
Project D 40140 4
Interpretation: From the above calculation, it is interpretate that the project C will generate
more revenue as compared to other projects. As all the projects are showing positive NPV but
the highest NPV are reflected by project C that’s why it is advisable to the company to select
project C for investment purpose (Nisa and Kavya, 2018).
(b) Reason of why NPV is being superior to internal rate of return for investment appraisal
The two-reason regarding why NPV is superior than the internal rate of return includes:

 Time Value of money: Because of the consideration of time factor by the NPV method
most of the business select this method only for calculating the returns. Because this
method first converts all the future cash inflows into present value by discounting it with
discounting factor (Aggarwal and Singh, 2019).
 Helpful for ranking the different projects at a time: When the company need to make
decision regarding where to invest the funds because of the availability of lots of projects.
This method helps the company in selecting the best projects by ranking the project from
1 to so on. Sometime, all the projects show positive NPV so that time ranking the project
with higher return to lower return helps in taking the decision quickly and easily (Yan
and et.al., 2019).
(c) Calculation of Highest Net Present Value achievable on the assumption that each project is
divisible
On the assumption that the Initial cash outlay available for the project is = £700000
Calculation of weights
Project Name Net Present Value of each
project (£)
Weights
A 45400 0.14
(45400/ 317240)
B 105700 0.33
(105700/ 317240)
C 126000 0.40
(126000/ 317240)
D 40140 0.13
(40140/ 317240)
TOTAL 317240 1
(317240/ 317240)
Now for the purpose of allocating the funds of £700000 among each projects the base of above
calculated weights are taken
Project Name Net Present
Value
Weights Capital allocated

A 45400 0.14 98000
(700000/ 1* .14)
B 105700 0.33 231000
(700000/ 1* .33)
C 126000 0.40 280000
(700000/ 1* .40)
D 40140 0.13 91000
(700000/ 1* .13)
Total 317240 1 700000
Calculation of optimum return on the basis of weights calculated above
Project Name Net Present
Value
Weights Optimum
returns
A 45400 0.14 6356
(45400* .14)
B 105700 0.33 34881
(105700* .33)
C 126000 0.40 50400
(126000* .40)
D 40140 0.13 5218
(40140* .13)
Total 317240 1 96855
Interpretation: Selecting the optimum return from the funds invested the best technique is
weighing the projects as per the expected NPV. It helps the company in identifying the return
they can expect from the projects over the period of time. Here, in this case with the initial
investment of 700000 the company can expect 96855 return which is optimum return that’s why
they can select these projects if they want to invest in more project at a same time (Gundogdu,
2018).

(d) Calculation of probability of the product producing a negative net present value
Calculation of present value of cash flow in case government permit one year trial
production and sale with 50%
Yearly
time
period
Cash
flows
(A)
Discounting
factor
@13%
(B)
Present value of cash flows after discounting the
cash flows
(A) * (B)
0 -150000 1 -150000
1 50000 .885 44250
2 60000 0.7831 46986
3 60000 0.6931 41586
4 60000 0.6133 36798
As it is given that, for the remaining three year the product is subsequently given a full license
with a probability of 30% which result into the cash inflow of 60000 every year.
So, for this the present value of the cash flows of the year 2nd, 3rd and 4th will be multiplied with
30% of probability.
Now the expected present value of cash flows from One year trial license will become:
= {44250 + [(46986+41586+36798) * 30%]}
= {44250 + 37611}
= 81861
Formula to calculate Net present value = Net expected present cash inflows – Initial investment
Net present value of one year trial license:
= 81861 – 150000
= (68139).
Interpretation: From the above calculation it is identified that the net present value of the one-
year trial production is negative. So, it is advisable to the company that they reject such a
proposal because they will not receive any benefit (Purwanti and Utama, 2018).
Calculation of present value of cash flow in case government permit four-year license
without trial production and sale with 50% probability

In this situation the product with very well sale will produce cash inflow of 80000 with 60%
probability and sale with less well produce cash inflow of 60000 with 40% probability.
Yearly
time
period
Cash flows
(A)
Discounting
factor
@13%
(B)
Present value of cash flows
after discounting
(A) * (B)
0 -150000 1 -150000
1 70000 0.885 61950
2 72000
[80000 * (0.6) +
60000 * (0.4)]
0.7831 56383
3 72000
[80000 * (0.6) +
60000 * (0.4)]
0.6931 49903
4 72000
[80000 * (0.6) +
60000 * (0.4)]
0.6133 44158
Total Net
present
Value
62394
Interpretation: The above calculation is showing positive NPV. That’s why it is recommended
to the company that they must go with the four-year license without trial production. It is
because this proposal is beneficial for the company (Alozie, 2018).
Calculation of expected NPV
NPVs Probability Expected Value
(68139) from 1st condition 0.5 -34070
62394 from 2nd condition 0.5 31197
Expected NPV -2873

Standard deviation of NPV
Events NPVs D = (NPV –
Expected
NPV)
D2 P =
Probability
PD2
One year trial (68139) -65266 4,259,650,756 0.5 2,129,825,378
Four-year
license
62394 65231 4,255,083,361 0.5 2,127,541,680
Variance 4257367058
Standard deviation 65248
Calculation of z-score, where it is known that all the values below 0 will results in negative
NPV.
So, here X is equals to 0.
Z – Score = 0 – expected NPV / standard deviation of NPV
= 0 – (-2873) / 65248 = 2873 / 65248
= 0.044.
Probability of negative NPV from 0 till Expected NPV = 0.017548 or 1.7548 %.
Therefore, Probability of negative NPV = 0.5 + 0.017548 = 0.5175 or 51.75%.
Interpretation: As, the probability of negative NPV is 51.75% that why selection of this
proposal might lead heavy loss to the company. So, the company rather than selecting this
project may go with some other proposal (Hameiri and Jones, 2018).
CONCLUSION
The report concludes the reason of why NPV is superior to the internal rate of return along with
the probability of negative net present value concept. The report basically concludes the
international financial management concept and calculation which helps the managers of the
business in taking decision easily and quickly. The report also concludes the standard deviation
of NPV which basically deviates the cash flows from the expected return.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Attridge, S. and Engen, L., 2019. Blended finance in the poorest countries: the need for a better
approach. ODI Report.
Han, K. M., Park, S. W. and Lee, S., 2020. Anti-Fraud in International Supply Chain Finance:
Focusing on Moneual Case. Journal of Korea Trade. 24(1). pp.59-81.
MOLONEY, K., 2018, April. Market-based finance: Ireland as a host for international financial
intermediation. In FSR (p. 63).
Nisa, S. and Kavya, M. S., 2018. An Evaluation of Financial Management System in Gulati
Institute of Finance and Taxation an Autonomous Institution, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
Gundogdu, A. S., 2018. The rise of Islamic finance: 2-step Murabaha. Asia-Pacific Management
Accounting Journal. 13(1). pp.107-130.
Purwanti, A. and Utama, I. W. W., 2018. Earning Management Analysis before and after
Implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): Empirical Study of
Automotive and Components Companies Registered on the IDX. Journal of Accounting and
Strategic Finance. 1(1). pp.45-56.
Alozie, C. E., 2018. Sovereign treasury solvency and financial performance management in
Nigeria. Journal of Economics and International Finance. 10(7). pp.77-88.
Hall, S., 2017. Global Finance: Places, Spaces and People. Sage.
Hameiri, S. and Jones, L., 2018. China challenges global governance? Chinese international
development finance and the AIIB. International Affairs. 94(3). pp.573-593.
Aggarwal, R. and Singh, S. P., 2019. An integrated NPV-based supply chain configuration with
third-party logistics services. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management. 18(5). pp.367-375.
Yan, X. and et.al., 2019. Concession model for fair distribution of benefits and risks in build-
operate-transfer road projects. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management. 25(3). pp.265-275.
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