IFRS and Intangible Asset Accounting

This assignment delves into the effects of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on the accounting treatment of intangible assets. It examines the various measurement techniques prescribed by IFRS for intangible assets, focusing on the lower of cost or net realizable value principle. The analysis also considers the challenges and complexities associated with applying IFRS to intangible asset valuation.

International Financial
Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Q1 Income Statement of Able Plc for the year 2017 and International Financial reporting
standards......................................................................................................................................1
Q2 Explaining accounting for intangible assets according to International Accounting
Standards.....................................................................................................................................4
Specifying the intangible assets for specific area of capitalising R and D costs........................5
Q3 Elaborating statement Inventories should be valued at “ Lower of cost and net realisable
value”..........................................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
International Financial reporting standard can be also known as IFRS in which the
standards are usually issued by IFRS foundation and IASB which is known as International
accounting standards board. It gives an easy understanding to companies and organisation for
comparing the financial performance and it also provides common language which can be
understood globally for every business affairs. Its main objective is to compare financial
performance across national and international boundaries. This report gives us a brief
understanding about preparation of financial statements, data set and report which provides
details which are informative database which will be needed for applying authentic framework
for performing each and every activity. In the same series, there is preparation of income
statement of Able Plc which consists of present revenue and expenses in proposed period. And in
this report facts are been justified and applications of financial statement in context of regulatory
framework of international accounting standards. The significance of such techniques and how
accounting professionals are required to prepare financial statement.
Q1 Income Statement of Able Plc for the year 2017 and International Financial reporting
standards
International Financial reporting standards can be defined as set of accounting principles
which are formed by independent organizations and organizations who are not for profit. IFRS
usually provides a basic framework of guiding organizations for the preparation of financial
statements and there disclosure. Guidance and directions are provided by IFRS for stating
financial statements but it does not set rules for any particular industry reporting. Organizations
who have subsidiaries in different countries has a major role of International standards. The
procedures of accounting will be simplified if single set of worldwide standards will be adopted
by allowing an organisation for its application via one reporting language. Single standard will
provide some characterized views of finance to auditors and investors. The financial
performance of the company is been stated as comprehensive income statement. As this
comprehensive income statement is divided into sub parts of profit and loss statement of
comprehensive income. Revenues and expenses are elements which are included as per IFRS
standards (Cairns and et.al, 2011).
The economic benefit has been raised by inflows and enhancement of assets during the
accounting period. If liabilities are decreased then there is raise of equity. Revenue does not
1

include contributions which are performed by equity like owners, partners and shareholders. The
assets are depleted during accounting period decreases the economic benefit and if equity is
decreased then there is raise in liabilities. Equity participants does not include distributions.
Circumstances which are related to comprehensive income that remeasurement of number of
assets and liabilities. The fair value of financial asset may rise or fall and even it can be modified
according to its availability for sale. There may be increase or decrease in revaluation of
property, intangible assets and plant.
International financial reporting standards also gives a picture of generally accepted
accounting principles which gives its application for financial statements which are published
yearly and helps in the understanding of stakeholders like clients, shareholders, debtors,
employees and government for tracking the financial position and stability of the company.
These standards are adopted by more than 100 countries and because of increase in globalisation
cost of process of preparing financial statements is minimised and conducted business by many
group of companies in world. IFRS standards has forbidden offsetting but in some specific
conditions offsetting is allowed. There is requirement of fair and faithful picture which effects all
conditions who are according to framework of IFRS and even there should be recognition of
criteria of assets, liabilities, expenses and income (Cotter, 2012). The comparative information
which is related to financial statement of current year make the information narrative and
descriptive and in alternative to know financial performance is balance sheet of International
accounting standard 1 and classification of items in financial statements. Able Plc.'s income
statement for the year ending 31 December 2017 is represented as:
Able Plc. Income statement of the year ending 31 December 2017
Particulars Details Amount (in £)
Net sales 205000
Less: Return Inwards -10000
Net Revenue 195000
Cost of sales
Opening inventory 20000
Purchases 130000
Less: Return outwards -1000
Adjusted purchase 129000
2

Goods available for sale 150000
Closing inventory -26000
Cost of sales 124000
Gross Margin 397000
Operating Expenses
Carriage inwards 1000
Motor Expenses 6000
Warehouse salaries 25000
Less : outstanding salaries -1000
Salaries 24000
Hire of vehicles 2000
Director salary 10000
Depreciation 30000
Fixtures 20000
Motor vans 10000
Finance costs 3000
Rent and rates 2000
Insurance 1000
Sum of Operating Expenses 79000
Sum of General Expenses 24000
Tax paid 3000
Bad debts 21000
Total expenses 103000
Net Income 294000
Interpretation: The financial stability and performance of the organization can be
observed by income statement. Able Plc.'s income statement is drawn above which has the net
income of 294000. The business activities which are non primary stated in non operating section
3

of this income statement gives revenue and benefits. While considering revenue and expenses,
net income can be calculated. The difference between revenue and expenses gives the result. The
series for coming to net income is, gross margin, then operating expenses, and general expenses.
Gross margin can be represented by cost of goods sold and revenue during the year which gives
consideration to sales, inventory and purchase (Christensen and et.al, 2015). Operating expenses
can be defined as all expenses which are related to factory, office and their operations. The above
figure has major operating expenses such as hire of vehicles, motor expenses, carriage inward,
finance cost, rent, salaries and wages, insurance and deprecation on assets whose aggregate is
calculated as 79000. 24000 is calculated as general expenses which includes tax paid and
interest. The aggregate of all expenses lie operating and general expenses is 10300. Now for
reaching to net income step is to exclude all expenses from gross margin i.e. 294000. From the
perspective of analysis of income statement it is suggested that organization should reduce the
expenses so this will replicate positive side in net income.
Q2 Explaining accounting for intangible assets according to International Accounting Standards
For managing operational framework in the premises of organisation for preparing
various financial reports which helps in accomplishing perfect framework of accounting in
business. The regulations which are formed by accounting standards to give useful information
which helps to funnel the managers for operational activities. Proper direction and guidance is
provided on the basis of financial transaction which are recorded within period are beneficial and
effective for preparing financial statements. The procedure of preparing financial should be
based on universal framework and even universal operations should be easily understood and
recognised by accounting professionals, government, financial authorities and even investors, it
can be referred as main objective of developing accounting standards (Brochet, Jagolinzer and
Riedl, 2013).
Standards which are accepted universally and accounting framework techniques which
will be replicating and useful for perfect increase in reporting system's level. For attaining the
information related to shareholders there are adequate resources which will be helpful also for
financial statements. The revenue, expenses and profits can be easily identified or recognised in
the list of income statements of the organizations and even assets and liabilities can be identified
in balance sheet. This creates the ability to analysis of profitability and growth and even dividend
payable by them also in coming year. This will be very effective for the company and presence
4

of large number of investors in the organization who gives proper support to financial
governance in business activities. The business professional can ascertain each and every
business activity which incur the cost and changes in capital structure. Expenditure, revenue and
incurred cost can be balanced by every business operations and well managed and even
appropriate recording of every information.
It consists of accounting standards which are of very high quality with principles that are
neutral and can be easily comparable, consistent, relevant and reliable. The information of
financial statements should be properly justified with concrete evidence and on that basis it will
be helpful for appropriate records and effective as well. The whole data which is collected as
information should be properly analysed by all auditors and accounting professional for
determining business's growth. It is also useful for decision making, planning and predicting the
budget for operational development of the company (Müller, 2014). Proper guidance has been
given to accounting professionals for allotting the capital funds in every business activities like
promotion, purchasing, manufacturing etc. which balances revenues and level of spending which
is collected by organization. And on the contrary side, various implications of different
techniques on the perspective of bringing proper control in the economy of its financial
operations.
Knowledge can be enhanced of investors for analysing the market along with this all
stated risk and opportunities in the environment. All this will be prevailing market for having
very satisfactory outcomes and for allocations of capital by creating perfection and efficiency.
The main objective of implicating international standards is to develop the standards and global
market is an important platform which will be creating help to investors, shareholders etc. which
will be decreasing cost of international reporting and all territorial barriers will be removed. If
organization will have investment from foreign investors then it will lead to increase in market
value of company. There will be proper management of work and operation's workforce of
internal management can be also managed along with capital allocation. There will be
appropriate control over cost of capital and on periodical basis the financial performance of
company can be reviewed. The financial account's preparation will be giving informative
advantage and operational activities. Investors considers the information of financial report of
any organization especially profit, turnover and even dividend paid by them. This will lead to
5

gain knowledge related to profitability of the organisation and even the ability to meet all
financial advantage (Adibah Wan Ismail and et.al, 2013).
Specifying the intangible assets for specific area of capitalising R and D costs
There will be various accounting entries and operational treatment for identifying and
calculating the business of intangible assets and in return it will be giving effective and efficient
control over the business and its operations. The asset valuation id very complicated and
complex and efforts are required for contraction of managers and to perform such type of tasks.
Perfect, appropriate and authentic information is needed to give proper justification over the
operations of the company and it consists of copy rights, patents, brand image and goodwill.
These factor's implication are very indicative and helpful for having appropriate management
and asset valuation for professionals. On this same basis internal intangible assets consists of
research and development which are produced or prepared in premises. As per IAS 38, intangible
asset's valuation is mandatory for business and assumptions will be taxable especially over
patents, copyrights etc. if the intangible assets will be improving then it will indirectly help in
increasing the ability of the organization in balancing capital structure and even for effective
planning and development which will be managing all operational activities so efficiently. The
main features of these assets as they have capability of separation of other assets which will be
licensed, transferred, rented and purchases and even exchanged from other entities. Many of the
legal rights will be incorporated with relation of shifting rights from another organization
(Kibiya, 2016).
These assets' valuation will be helpful for collecting the suitable knowledge and which is
relevant on the perspective of capital structure of the organization. It consists of database, patent
technology, trade secrets, trademarks, software, internet domains, details of stakeholder,
investors or consumers etc. and its confidentiality with valuation have positive side of the growth
of organizations for long term advantage. For measuring intangible assets reliable value, the
accounting treatment will be measured by taking presumption of fair and faithful value. On the
perspective of research and development, it will be predicted to have perfect assets of cost which
consists of favourable outcomes. For retaining rights of longer period there is need of having
appropriate innovative changes in operations of the business. The development related to goods
and services will be different in market for attracting the consumer which will create brand value
and goodwill of the organization (Gu and Lev, 2011). These techniques will be creating
6

efficiency for growth related to operational activities and for securing rights of individuals will
be very effective for identification of revenue gains which are fruitful.
According to IAS 38, intangible assets will be identified as if any possibility of future
financial gains which will flow to organisations and even cost of assets which will be measuring
reliability from professionals. Capital structure of organization can be strengthen by valuation f
assets and it will create liquidity and ability in the organization which will be effective for
accomplishing short term debts and even long term debts. On the perspective of treatment of
accounting statements which includes with commercial production and amortisation and even
proper management of operations.
Conclusion:
Now it has been cleared that there will be presence of proper judgements which will be
totally based on IAS's operational framework in financial reporting. The main objective of
applying this rule is to give guidance and direction to accounting professionals for preparing the
reports on the basis of requirements. The valuation and transactional organisations of intangible
assets requires proper administration and even professionals control for appropriate operations.
The main objective of preparation of this report is to give advantage to professionals for fixed
gains and fact development (Sinaga and Sudjiman, 2012). All these accounting operations will
be indicated, benficial for recognising loopholes.
Q3 Elaborating statement Inventories should be valued at “ Lower of cost and net realisable
value”
As per International accounting standard 2, it has been stated that inventories should be
valued as lower of cost and net realisable value. IAS 2 gives proper guidance for identifying cost
of inventory and its recognition which is refereed as expense. To assign cost to inventory, cost
formula has been applied. Cost formula can be defined as cost of inventories of items which
cannot be easily interchangeable or exchangeable and even good and service can be produced
and separated for some special projects which refers some special identification of cost of each
and every individual. Specific cost can be signified by identification which is of inventory which
as been identified for some attributed items. In the same series illustration can be given that some
specific inventories are used by various operating segment of the organisation. The variations in
location of inventories does not provide clear justification and its applicability of different cost
formula. In case inventories are spoiled or there cost cannot be recoverable even they have
7

become partial or fully obsolete or else there selling price is falling. If the determined cost of
completion and cost which has incurred for generating and raising sales. For decreasing
inventories from the cost to net realisable value which is perfect and appropriate from the
perspective of excess number of assets must not be carried (Cohen, 2011).
Net realisable value is the medium of decreasing the inventories as in many of the cases
they sound so perfect, similar related terms. The inventories which have same applicability,
purpose, product line or even traded or marketed for same location or same geographical area
which cannot be justified practically in various different ways. While classifying inventories
cannot be write off like particular inventory segment consist of some inventories and even
finished goods. Whenever the estimates are been prepared and price fluctuation or price which is
directly linked to the events which happens at the end of period, then net realisable value gives
most reliable and authentic indication. The inventory's cost generally includes the conversion
cost such as direct labour and production overhead, purchase cost and all cost which has been
occurred for collecting inventories in present condition and present location. Inventory's cost has
been assigned by FIFO method, first in first out method or even weighted average cost of capital
formula for each and every interchangeable or exchangeable item and there particular
identification of items. Whenever, the inventories are sold as an expense and revenue which is
also related is recognized then carrying amount is been considered.
Net realisable value is represented as net amount of organisation or product at what
amount it is expected to sell in market. It is determined as selling price in business. For
estimating net realisable value it is usually based on reliable entity which is required at time
where these estimates are made of amount and expectation of inventory to be realized. If selling
price decreases then it will reflect in item of inventory which has been carried at net realizable
value and on contrary side in some subsequent period if selling price has increased then
inventory is present yet in market. If the ultimate cost of assets which is expected and exceeds
net realisable value so the cost which has been expected is less in the series of its standards
requirement. If any inventory is damages or obsolete then it cannot be recovered (Zéghal and
Maaloul, 2011).
Conclusion:
From the above report, question 3, it has been stated that required level of inventories in
organisation IAS 2 will bring each and every component in that manner that there will be an
8

adequate and effective analysis of cost to every inventories. It will be on basis of holding cost
which considers EOQ measurements and reorder level of inventory of the company. The main
aim is to engage business and improving its efficiency. All this information will help accounting
professionals on the perspective of analysing holding inventory's cost and even expenses related
to manufacturing. The business policies will be changed after effective and accurate decision and
this will lead to business efficiency and growth on the basis of long term. It also gives basic
framework for analysing costs such as purchase cost, conversion cost and in same series fixed
and variable costs. The main aim of applying any techniques into business operations it will be
managing storage costs, selling costs, abnormal costs, overhead cost, selling and administration
cost etc. The execution and control will be generating more revenue or improving the quantity of
revenue of the organisation or even control over the businesses cost.
CONCLUSION
The above study has clearly concluded that requirement of preparing financial statements
will lead to be very helpful for each and every business and organization and to disclose the
information which is fruitful to every investors. In the same context it creates attraction to the
investors for making profitable investments in the trusted organization. The information which
has been fetched by them consists of relevant information such as profits, yearly turnover and
even the amount of dividend which has been payable by the organisations in recent years. It will
directly leading or indicate them for analysing profitability of the organization. On the contrary
side, this report gives us an understanding about income statement of Able Plc. according to
IFRS standards and a brief understanding about different standards of international accounting
standard.
9

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Adibah Wan Ismail and et.al, 2013. Earnings quality and the adoption of IFRS-based accounting
standards: Evidence from an emerging market. Asian Review of Accounting. 21(1). pp.53-
73.
Brochet, F., Jagolinzer, A. D. and Riedl, E. J., 2013. Mandatory IFRS adoption and financial
statement comparability. Contemporary Accounting Research. 30(4). pp.1373-1400.
Cairns, D. and et.al, 2011. IFRS fair value measurement and accounting policy choice in the
United Kingdom and Australia. The British Accounting Review. 43(1). pp.1-21.
Christensen, H. B. and et.al, 2015. Incentives or standards: What determines accounting quality
changes around IFRS adoption?. European Accounting Review. 24(1). pp.31-61.
Cohen, J. A., 2011. Intangible assets: valuation and economic benefit (Vol. 273). John Wiley &
Sons.
Cotter, D., 2012. Advanced financial reporting: A complete guide to IFRS. Financial
Times/Prentice Hall.
Gu, F. and Lev, B., 2011. Intangible assets: Measurement, drivers, and usefulness. In Managing
knowledge assets and business value creation in organizations: Measures and
dynamics (pp. 110-124). IGI Global.
Kibiya, M. U., 2016. Financial reporting quality, does regulatory changes matter? Evidence from
Nigeria. ASIAN JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES. 4(12).
Müller, V. O., 2014. The impact of IFRS adoption on the quality of consolidated financial
reporting. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 109. pp.976-982.
Sinaga, J. G. and Sudjiman, L., 2012. Familiarity of Accounting Students toward International
Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). EKONOMIS. 6(1). pp.65-74.
Zéghal, D. and Maaloul, A., 2011, December. The accounting treatment of intangibles–A critical
review of the literature. In Accounting Forum (Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 262-274). Elsevier.
Online
IFRS standards, 2018. [Online]. Available through <https://www.ifrs.org/issued-standards/list-
of-standards/>
Lower of cost or net realizable value, 2018. [Online]. Available through
<https://www.principlesofaccounting.com/chapter-8/lcnrv-adjustments/>
10

Intangible assets accounting, 2018. [Online]. Available through
<https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/2017/5/17/intangible-assets-accounting-
amortization>
11