Human Rights and International Law

This assignment delves into the multifaceted world of human rights and international law. It examines various sources and frameworks governing human rights, including treaties, customary law, and general principles. The focus extends to the implementation, enforcement, and challenges associated with upholding human rights on a global scale. Case studies and scholarly articles provide insights into specific human rights issues and the role of international institutions in addressing them.

Critically assess the extent to which
international human rights standards
require states to adopt multicultural
policies

Table of Contents
Critically assess the extent to which international human rights standards require states to adopt
multicultural policies.......................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................2
International human rights standards......................................................................................2
Multicultural policies..............................................................................................................5
Impact of International human rights standards upon different states to adopt multicultural
policies....................................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13
1

INTRODUCTION
Indigenous individual and cultural attributes helps in defining the tremendous adversity
that has been suffered through centuries. Also, it has been survived and helps in maintaining the
cultural integrity that makes them different while adapting to the changing conditions. However,
throughout the world, distinct social and cultural groupings each and every societies need to
understand the rights of human beings and thus improve the policies which results in
safeguarding people1. There are various processes within the international system have focused
upon common set of ongoing problems and thus carrying out central demands of indigenous
people so that appropriate patterns of response and understand the requirements of people so that
they could adopt multicultural policies and implement the same in relation to undertake effective
cultural integrity and maintain equality within ongoing practices.`Right to equality maintains
integrity of their cultures in a simple matter of equality of being free from historical and
executing practices. Non discrimination policy possess certain implications for indigenous
people and thus identify long term historical process for identifying international human right
standards so that best practices could be carried out effectively2.
MAIN BODY
International human rights standards
It will critically analysed that the international human rights standards develops an
generally agreed to be the foundation of international human rights law. Through adopting
effective legally binding international human rights and thus helps individual provide justice to
individuals. International human right standards helps in representing the universal recognition
that basic rights and fundamental freedom so that human rights are equally applicable to
everyone an thus they are free and equal in dignity and rights3. However, the nationality, place,
1 Power, J., Amnesty International: The Human Rights Story. (Elsevier 2013).
2 Fukuda-Parr, S., Yamin, A. E. and Greenstein, J., The power of numbers: a critical review
of millennium development goal targets for human development and human rights (2014).
Journal of Human Development and Capabilities. 15(2-3). pp.105-117.
3 Mahony, C., Marlowe, J. and Baird, N., Aspirational yet precarious: compliance of New
Zealand refugee settlement policy with international human rights obligations (2017).
2

gender and ethnic origin etc, needs to be decided so that it a commitment to upholding dignity
and justice for all of us. However, it explained that through carrying out such international
human right standards it helps in setting international human right treaties and declarations a
great number of regional human right conventions for promotion and protection of human
rights4. It could be evaluated that multiculturalism requires to be claimed as an crucial concept
and thus results in encouraging cultural aspects and improve multiculturalism within business
and do not ignore the national identity of individual. Thus, international law has been identified
that human rights standards requires businesses to focus upon multiculturalism policies and the
international human right law in concern in order to ensure that domestic policies satisfy the
common standards of individual protection.
It can be critically evaluated that through carrying out human rights treaties helps in
becoming more focused and specialized regarding to identify the issue and thus protect the
human rights. Developing international human rights law and thus continue grow and evolve so
that they could prevent each other rights and duties and do not affect their interests5.
International human right treaties have become more focused and specialized during both these
issues so that social groups need to be identified so that protection could be attained. It explains
that it is significant for organizations to undertake effective human right standards so that
continuous growth and development could be attained. Thus, it helps in improving the business
performance within multicultural societies as different human beings are working which results
in improving culture and values of society6.
International Journal of Migration and Border Studies. 3(1). pp.5-23.
4 Decker, M. R., Crago, A. L. and Beyrer, C., Human rights violations against sex workers:
burden and effect on HIV (2015). The Lancet. 385(9963). pp.186-199.
5 Invernizzi, A., The human rights of children: From visions to implementation. (Routledge
2016).
6 Martin, C. and Rodríguez-Pinzón, D., Persons With Disabilities And International Human
Rights Law: Introduction (2015). American University International Law Review. 30(2).
3

However, through adopting international human rights standards are considered as more
crucial and thus it helps in improving business performance so that it leads to be more focused
and specialised training so that issue could be addressed among the social groups and thus obtain
effective human right law that continues to grow and thus do not discriminate among workers on
the basis of race, religion, culture7. It can be explained that, developing core principles of human
rights it helps in first setting up an effective human right standard so that each and every
employee could be satisfied with their rights owned and no individual gets affected. Through
developing equality and non discrimination act it helps in entailing both rights and obligations so
that it does not affect the rights of owners8.
It can be evaluated that all the United Nations members states that carrying out
international human right treaties so that best results could be attained. Also, developing
international law protect human rights international human rights so that they becoming parties
to international treaties so that obligations helps in protecting and fulfilling human rights.
Through obligation and developing respect which means refraining from interfering with or
curtailing the enjoyment of human rights9.
However, it could be assessed that through developing obligation it results in developing
positive action and thus facilitate the enjoyment of basic human rights. Developing international
human right standards and thus implementing the same within organisation of multiple states
results in developing obligation to states to protect the individuals and groups against human
rights abuses. It can be critically evaluated that the obligation to fulfil means that states need to
p.175.
7 Maus, S., Jus Post Bellum a la United Nations: Human Rights, UN Peace Operations, and
the Creation of International Law (2014). Wis. Int'l LJ. 32. pp.675.
8 Nadkarni, V. V. and Sinha, R., Transforming social work education in India: integrating
human rights (2016). Journal of Human Rights and Social Work. 1(1). pp.9-18.
9 Tobin, J., To Prohibit or Permit: What Is the (Human) Rights Response to the Practice of
International Commercial Surrogacy? (2014). International and Comparative Law
Quarterly. 63(02). pp.317-352.
4

develop positive action to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human rights10. Thus, developing
international human right standards and thus government undertake put into place domestic
measures and legislation compatible with developing domestic measures and legislation
compatible with developing their treaty obligations and duties. Further, developing domestic
legal system helps in providing important legislation so that legal system could be developed and
thus legal protection of human rights guaranteed under international law11. Moreover, through
developing such law it helps in protecting human rights and thus develop obligations that states
are bound to respect and protect the parties so that becoming parties to international treaties and
thus fulfilling the needs of taking positive action to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human
rights. However, it has been assessed that ratification of international human right treaties and
thus develops government actions to undertake effective policies and thus put into place
domestic measures and legislation in order to fulfil the duties and obligations. It could be argued
that, domestic legal proceedings are being carried out in relation to develop effective human
right treaties and thus undertake effective actions in regard to put into place domestic measures
and legislation in regard to identify the obligation and treaties. It also helps in improving
international human right standards and thus indeed respect, implement and enforce such act at
local level12.
Multicultural policies
It can be critically evaluated that through carrying out multiculturalism policies it results
in identifying the practical viewpoint so that practical application of concept has been rising in
relation to assess the international human rights standards and thus give rise to controversy
10 Haricharan, H. J., Heap, M. and London, L., Can we talk about the right to healthcare
without language? A critique of key international human rights law, drawing on the
experiences of a Deaf woman in Cape Town, South Africa. Power, J., (2013). Amnesty
International: The Human Rights Story. Elsevier.
11 Fukuda-Parr, S., Yamin, A. E. and Greenstein, J., The power of numbers: a critical review
of millennium development goal targets for human development and human rights (2014).
Journal of Human Development and Capabilities. 15(2-3). pp.105-117.
12 Angle, S. C. and Svensson, M., The Chinese human rights reader: documents and
commentary, 1900-2000. (Routledge 2015)
5

within number of states. However, giving right to improving multicultural policies helps
individual to execute their rights as per international standards and do not impact upon society.
International human rights standards identifies the problem of discrimination against indigenous
population so that best results could be attained13. However, it assesses that recognizing and
respecting indigenous people with different cultural and language gets affected and therefore, it
is essential for sustainable economic and social development compatible with their cultural
characteristics. However, each and every state possess different multicultural policies and thus it
results in improving business performance so that international human right standards could be
maintained which results in enhancing participation in public and thus identifying their rights
and interest so that best informed consent need to be taken which results in improving business
performance14. For instance, within multiculturalism it helps in dealing with minorities of
different cultures so that problem with domestic violence could be avoided and thus police need
to treat all the individuals according to law. There are different elements involved within
multiculturalism such as right to culture, religion, language, dress and ethnic educational classes
etc. Thus, it is essential for government to undertake effective policies which results in
influencing people towards using multiculturalism and carry out effective law and regulation so
that do not affect individual rights.
Furthermore, it also ensures developing international human right standards helps in
selecting provisions on freedom of thought, religion and belief. Through developing effective
international human right standards it helps in developing the best policies so that conflicts could
be managed. With the help of promoting multicultural and intercultural education, nationally and
locally in relation to promote their participation within all aspect of public life and thus concerns
in developing and poverty reduction processes15. Multiculturalism policies impact upon children
13 Fellmeth, A. X., Paradigms of International Human Rights Law. (Oxford University Press
2016)
14 Murdie, A., The ties that bind: A network analysis of human rights international
nongovernmental organizations (2014). British Journal of Political Science. 44(01). pp.1-
27.
15 Ottersen, O.P. and et. al., The political origins of health inequity: prospects for change
(2014) The Lancet 383(9917) pp.630-667.
6

and young people and thus results in supporting individual within states to support and execute
different languages that impacts upon the same. With the help of developing these policies and
movements in society helps in developing multiculturalism towards carrying out effective
policies so that integration of processes would be carried out in terms of improving interstate
cultural and thus it do not impact upon the firm's operations16.
Further, it also assesses that multiculturalism helps in believing that developing
accommodative form results in integrating and developing collecting responses from different
policies formulate in multicultural states and thus businesses need to identify the same so that
appropriate international human right standard should be carried out. It is essential for
government of every country to develop effective multicultural policies so that human right
could not get affected in any of the state17. However, it also helps in developing effective belief
that multiculturalism results in carrying out effective programme so that ethno religious group
and their cultures results in leading towards their goals. Multiculturalism results in developing
cultural assimilation traditionally demanded by nation states of migrants and minorities so that
liberal individualism helps in developing so that ideas could be developed in relation to
undertake equality and democratic citizenship so that it assists in improving business
performance and thus improve their performance so that appropriate outcomes could be
attained18. For carrying out multicultural citizenship it is based upon ideas and thus develop
citizen who possess individual rights and thus obtain uniform objectives so that each and every
group could be assessed in relation tp assess the core values and thus improve their individual
human rights so that successful outcomes could be attained.
Impact of International human rights standards upon different states to adopt multicultural
policies
As per the Parekh report it helps in advocating that national identities that helps in
identifying the nulti-ethnic Britains report which reflects that previously unnoticed way of
16 Mehta, R.L. and et. al., International Society of Nephrology's 0by25 initiative for acute
kidney injury (zero preventable deaths by 2025): a human rights case for nephrology (2015)The
Lancet, 385(9987), pp.2616-2643.
17 Mullerson, R.,Human rights diplomacy (Routledge, 2014)
18 Lupu, Y., Best evidence: The role of information in domestic judicial enforcement of
international human rights agreements (2013) International Organization 67(03) pp.469-503.
7

thinking regarding the nature and worth of national identities so that proper multicultural policies
could be assessed in order to protect the individuals human rights19. The international human
right is the international law established to promote the rights of human in context of regional,
social and domestic level. This is formed through agreement between sovereign states in
accordance with treaties20. All the associated states need to ensure that domestic law framed by
the country is effectively compatible with international legislation. States respect the rights or
standard stated under the international human right acts through which people can be treated with
respect in context of any religion. It was significant due to globalization, privatization and
economic deregulation. This aids to promote the businesses to a great extent without having the
negative impact on the people associated with business. Here, power states create issue through
violation of human right act. This procedure make it impossible to respect their cultural
difference and other related aspects. For this purpose, it is very important to adopt the
multicultural policies and respective for the human. At this juncture, international law was
formed to protect the groups and individual from any kind of abusive actions taken from the
states and agent of the states. Here, they need to focus on the cultural difference existing among
them respect for the same. In case of violation people are provided right to take the legal action
and resolve the issues which are being faced by the parties21. For instance, it has been assessed
that each and every states execute effective international human rights standards and thus helps
individual people living to provide them proper rights. It also results in helping them in regard to
protect from getting affected or harassed on any grounds. Therefore, government has build
effectively rights and regulations it results in safeguarding human to obtain effective
international human right standards so that people from different cultures could be encouraged to
work in relation to enhance their work operations. Thus, introducing multicultural policies helps
19 Uberoi, V, 2013. The 'Parekh Report' – National identities without nations and
nationalism. Available through:
<http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1468796815577706>. [Accessed on 17
April 2017].
20 Smith, R. and Smith, R.K., Textbook on international human rights (Oxford University
Press, 2016)
21 Fariss, C.J., Respect for human rights has improved over time: Modeling the changing
standard of accountability (2014) American Political Science Review 108(02) pp.297-318.
8

in involving different region people within the country and provide them appropriate
environment so that they can work and enhance their skills and knowledge.
The need of framing the international human right law was felt due to globalization of
business only and security for the parties associated in the contract. However, there are many
cases under which powerful states uses their power and dis-respective the different kind of
culture. Though, it is very important to integrate the cultural diversity into the organization and
enables parties to conduct the operation or business related activities in a most effective manner.
It is helpful in the procedure of protection the fundamental rights of workers in accordance with
international labour standards. At this juncture, the international covenant on Civil and Political
Rights 1966 reflects that every one has right of freedom, religion as per their choice. No any has
right to object that particular person or community who opt religion on the basis of their desire,
otherwise they have right to take the legal action22. It assesses that such report helps in evaluating
the cultural diversity and intercultural values are advocated using different policies in relation to
declare political community so that multicultural factors could be assessed in order to identify
different cultural aspects of individual and thus perform the operations in an effective way.
Business should not impact individual human rights standards which results in affecting the
rights of individuals and do not get affected while working within any state.
This is helpful for the different states to complete the trade related activities and
accordingly meet the expectations of all related parties. This proves to be effective for the nation
or countries to promote their business overseas. However, issue related workforce has also been
reduced as the cultural diversity is promoted so as to encourage the personnel to take part and
show their talent by contributing toward accomplish long as well as short term objectives of the
business. However, states need to fulfill their obligation towards the associated parties and
respect for the individual or groups23. Apart from this, states work and take the positive action for
promoting the basic rights of people and enable them to determine the their successful business
deals. In this manner, after the introduction of international human right act, it has become easy
22 Mullerson, R.,Human rights diplomacy (Routledge, 2014)
23 Mehta, R.L. and et. al., International Society of Nephrology's 0by25 initiative for acute
kidney injury (zero preventable deaths by 2025): a human rights case for nephrology (2015)The
Lancet, 385(9987), pp.2616-2643.
9

for the society or people to move from one to another country24. It is not only about the
businesses but also for the general community. In this manner, principles related to international
human rights are implemented at both regional and universal level. This proves to be effective to
provide the safe workplace for the people and ensure great level of support for the efforts put by
them. In this manner, states have adopted the multicultural policies and determine the successful
deal related to the business25. This in turn long as well as short term objectives of the business
can be accomplishing but the right of states to conduct the wrongful act against the people has
been limited. Hence, all states need to abide by the law and respect, implement as well as enforce
the international human right standard at the local level also. This proves to be effective for
providing the freedom for the personnel as well as general community to live effectively without
any kid of restriction. Also, they get authority to take the corrective action in accordance with set
standards of the international human right. It can be identified that each and every states care
about their human rights standards and thus adopt appropriate international policies in regard to
adopt multicultural policies so that human rights standards could be protected and not get
affected. It helps in empowering workers and thus do not impact upon the individual rights while
working within business. Thus, each and every states need to identify the multicultural policies
and then adopt effective international human rights standards so that different cultural policies
could be maintained.
It can be assessed that each and every country need to adopt effective international
human right standards so that appropriate multicultural policies could be formed. Thus, carrying
out effective policies results in influencing individuals and thus improve their standards so that it
does not impact upon the individual and thus carry out effective human right acts and thus
protect the bodies which results in enhancing the issues from children;s rights26. Thus,
24 Shelton, D., Remedies in international human rights law. (Oxford University Press, USA,
2015)
Lupu, Y., Best evidence: The role of information in domestic judicial enforcement of
international human rights agreements (2013) International Organization 67(03) pp.469-503.
25 Ottersen, O.P. and et. al., The political origins of health inequity: prospects for change
(2014) The Lancet 383(9917) pp.630-667.
26 Smith, R. and Smith, R.K., Textbook on international human rights (Oxford University
Press, 2016)
10

developing international standards results in improving individual standards and thus undertake
appropriate instruments so that UN carries effective human rights treaties and thus helps in
carrying out effective policies so that appropriate results could be attained. However, it is the
body who develops international human rights law and thus results in carrying out effective
regulations so that appropriate law and regulations could be represented so that it does not
impact upon the individual actions27. Multiculturalism is considered as the term that helps in
carrying out international law and thus carry out descriptive groups and thus such issue needs to
be considered so that descriptive term undertakes ethnic groups and maintain their language and
cultural traditions. Through understanding the human rights law it helps in developing
humanitarian law and thus carrying out international legislation so that domestic law fails to
provide remedy for human right abuses and thus being able to resort to regional and international
mechanisms in order to enforce human rights. However, it impacts upon multicultural society
that different laws impact upon the international human rights regulations and therefore, it is
essential for business to carry out effective practices so that best results in the form of satisfying
the needs of individuals. It also helps in identifying the multicultural policies effective results in
making certain concessions so that ethnic minorities results in developing French Policy of
assimilation or the opposite policy of segregation. Through carrying out effective
multiculturalism and thus develop effects or multiculturalism helps in aligning and developing
ethnic identity rather than keeping alone28. However, it could be evaluated that states need to
improve its international human right standards so that while carrying out multicultural policies
it results in improving business operations so that appropriate results could be attained.
International human right also impacts upon the belief that multiculturalism and thus
develops religious groups so that it carries out effective policies and thus impact upon individual
rights. It also assesses that international human rights standards impact upon the different states
that carries out multicultural policies and thus it impacts upon human right standards so that best
27 Fukuda-Parr, S., Yamin, A. E. and Greenstein, J., The power of numbers: a critical review
of millennium development goal targets for human development and human rights (2014).
Journal of Human Development and Capabilities. 15(2-3). pp.105-117.
28 Decker, M. R., Crago, A. L. and Beyrer, C., Human rights violations against sex workers:
burden and effect on HIV (2015). The Lancet. 385(9963). pp.186-199.
11

practices could be carried out29. Through such way it results in carrying out effective practices
which aims to formulate effective standards and therefore it carries out effective human right
standards so that within different states carries out multicultural society. It assists individuals to
develop effective international human right standards and within different states it helps in
identifying the standards so that human rights could not be affected. Further, international human
rights standards does not be impacted and therefore, it helps in influencing different policies to
be created which results in empowering them so that they could accomplish desired objectives30.
Through developing multiculturalism it involves a state policy rethinking and develops
balance between cohesion, equality and difference so that current standards of international law
could be maintained. Moreover, it could be stated that different states possess multicultural
policies and therefore, it needs to identify that international human right standards aims to be
carried out and therefore, it creates positive impact upon business so that appropriate outcomes
could be attained. With the help of such aspect it needs to be created in an effective way and
therefore, appropriate policies need to be created which results in improving best performance
and thus appropriate results31. In regard to this aspect it aids in making multicultural policies
more effective therefore, businesses are developing international human rights standards and thus
following the same in an effective way that results in carrying out appropriate outcomes.
Through such way individual businesses need to effective international human rights standards
and provide better policies and rights to individuals so that their rights could not be hampered32.
However, it can be evaluated that if such policies are hampered by states than international
29 Invernizzi, A., The human rights of children: From visions to implementation. (Routledge
2016).
30 Martin, C. and Rodríguez-Pinzón, D., Persons With Disabilities And International Human
Rights Law: Introduction (2015). American University International Law Review. 30(2).
p.175.
31 Maus, S., Jus Post Bellum a la United Nations: Human Rights, UN Peace Operations, and
the Creation of International Law (2014). Wis. Int'l LJ. 32. pp.675.
32 Nadkarni, V. V. and Sinha, R., Transforming social work education in India: integrating
human rights (2016). Journal of Human Rights and Social Work. 1(1). pp.9-18.
12

human rights standards could get affected and therefore, states are required to focus upon
adopting multicultural policies which results in improving business functions. Therefore, it is
significant for business to undertake effective practices and thus results in improving desired
outcomes in regard to maintain international human rights standard.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the study that international human rights standards states that
carrying out effective practices results in multicultural policies. Therefore, it is essential for
businesses to effective international human standards and thus provide rights to each and every
human right so that best results could be attained. In regard to this, it aids in improving their
rights and therefore appropriate approaches so that it does not impact upon their performance.
Implementing international human right standards results in developing effective policies so that
individual should not get affected when carrying out best performance.
13

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Angle, S. C. and Svensson, M., The Chinese human rights reader: documents and commentary,
1900-2000. (Routledge 2015)
Decker, M. R., Crago, A. L. and Beyrer, C., Human rights violations against sex workers: burden
and effect on HIV (2015). The Lancet. 385(9963). pp.186-199.
Fariss, C.J., Respect for human rights has improved over time: Modeling the changing standard
of accountability (2014) American Political Science Review 108(02) pp.297-318.
Fellmeth, A. X., Paradigms of International Human Rights Law. (Oxford University Press 2016)
Fukuda-Parr, S., Yamin, A. E. and Greenstein, J., The power of numbers: a critical review of
millennium development goal targets for human development and human rights (2014).
Journal of Human Development and Capabilities. 15(2-3). pp.105-117.
Fukuda-Parr, S., Yamin, A. E. and Greenstein, J., The power of numbers: a critical review of
millennium development goal targets for human development and human rights (2014).
Journal of Human Development and Capabilities. 15(2-3). pp.105-117.
Haricharan, H. J., Heap, M. and London, L., Can we talk about the right to healthcare without
language? A critique of key international human rights law, drawing on the experiences of
a Deaf woman in Cape Town, South Africa. Power, J., (2013). Amnesty International: The
Human Rights Story. Elsevier.
Invernizzi, A., The human rights of children: From visions to implementation. (Routledge 2016).
Lupu, Y., Best evidence: The role of information in domestic judicial enforcement of
international human rights agreements (2013) International Organization 67(03) pp.469-
503.
Mahony, C., Marlowe, J. and Baird, N., Aspirational yet precarious: compliance of New Zealand
refugee settlement policy with international human rights obligations (2017). International
Journal of Migration and Border Studies. 3(1). pp.5-23.
Martin, C. and Rodríguez-Pinzón, D., Persons With Disabilities And International Human Rights
Law: Introduction (2015). American University International Law Review. 30(2). p.175.
Maus, S., Jus Post Bellum a la United Nations: Human Rights, UN Peace Operations, and the
Creation of International Law (2014). Wis. Int'l LJ. 32. pp.675.
14

Mehta, R.L. and et. al., International Society of Nephrology's 0by25 initiative for acute kidney
injury (zero preventable deaths by 2025): a human rights case for nephrology (2015)The
Lancet, 385(9987), pp.2616-2643.
Mullerson, R.,Human rights diplomacy (Routledge, 2014)
Murdie, A., The ties that bind: A network analysis of human rights international
nongovernmental organizations (2014). British Journal of Political Science. 44(01). pp.1-
27.
Nadkarni, V. V. and Sinha, R., Transforming social work education in India: integrating human
rights (2016). Journal of Human Rights and Social Work. 1(1). pp.9-18.
Ottersen, O.P. and et. al., The political origins of health inequity: prospects for change (2014)
The Lancet 383(9917) pp.630-667.
Power, J., Amnesty International: The Human Rights Story. (Elsevier 2013).
Shelton, D., Remedies in international human rights law. (Oxford University Press, USA, 2015)
Smith, R. and Smith, R.K., Textbook on international human rights (Oxford University Press,
2016)
Tobin, J., To Prohibit or Permit: What Is the (Human) Rights Response to the Practice of
International Commercial Surrogacy? (2014). International and Comparative Law
Quarterly. 63(02). pp.317-352.
Online
Uberoi, V, 2013. The 'Parekh Report' – National identities without nations and nationalism.
Available through: <http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1468796815577706>.
[Accessed on 17 April 2017].
15