Cross Cultural Models

This presentation discusses the Lewis Model of cross-cultural behavior, which categorizes groups into linear active, multi active, and reactive groups. It explores the strengths and weaknesses of the model and its applicability. The presentation also covers ethical issues, cross-cultural communication, and managing change across cultures.

International
management

Cross Cultural Models
In respect to determines cross-cultural model, Lewis Model has
been frame in respect to gain wide recognition. It is being
developed in 1990 by Richard Lewis's blockbuster. After
visiting the 135 nations and also working with more than 20
people which based on nationality or behaviour or religion
(Admin, 2015). This model is based on three different types of
categories that are explained under here:
• Linear active group
• Multi active group
• Reactive group

Linear active group
 This group can easily identify that comprises with the time and
plan.
 There are step by step plan and feelings are confronts with logic
dislike and losing face rarely.
 This group are frame in North America, Britain, Australia and
New Zealand, etc. (Woo and et.al., 2014).

Multi active group
• These types of group are talks most of the time with various
things in one plan.
• Outline are designed with only emotional display feelings.
• There are good excuses that often interrupts for people
oriented.
• In South America, India, Africa and Pakistan, etc. countries
making this type of group (Pfau-Effinger, 2017).

Reactive group
• Reactive people are listens most of the time reaction of partner's
action.
• They are frame general principles polite, indirect conceals feelings
which cannot be confronts.
• In this way, people oriented statements are promises over truth
patient.
• This group has been frame in Asia which is hybrid nation (Berry
and et.al., 2015).

Sample size
• Lewis model is based on data drawn from 50,000 executives
those taking residential courses. In this way, they have taken
more than 1,50,000 online questionnaires in 68 different
nationalities.

Method to collect data
 To collect the relevant data, qualitative method was used by
Richard Lewis (Gielen and Roopnarine, 2016).
 These method is used to carry effective research in term of
questionnaire.
 Therefore, Richard has been used this method to carry his
research.

Strength and weaknesses of the model
There are several authors proposed such dimensions regarding
cross culture.
Strength of the model
• Edward Hall classified the groups in term of mono-chronic
and poly chronic which contains past or future oriented.
• Kluckholn looked towards 5 dimensions such as attitude to
problem, time, nature, form of activity and nature of person
(Aknin and et.al., 2013).
• Hofstede's saw 4 model that make power distance,
collectivism vs. individualism, femininity vs. masculinity and
avoidance the uncertainty.

CONTINUE...
Weaknesses of the model
• Richard Lewis has unrealistic assumption.
• This model is considered only in underdeveloped countries
which is not matched and not applicable on all nations.
• Views are not matched with different aspect of various authors
(Huesmann and Eron, 2013).

Ethical issues across cultures
• Ethics are concerned with people to do the work and act in
right way. Ethics issues are determines into the different terms
that are as follows:
• Ancient Greek Ethics
• Normative ethics

Normative ethics
Consequentialism
• Consequentialism argues that there are various morality actions determines in
term of outcomes and results. Morality right actions are produce good results
and consequence.
• Deontology
• It is an approach that focus on right and wrong action.
• Virtue ethics
• Virtue ethics are focus on inherent character of a person instead of nature (Woo
and et.al., 2014).

Cross-cultural communications
• Language is determines as the process in which communication is
done in body language, feelings and intentions consciously or
unconsciously. However, para language is a feature of non verbal
communication in which meaning is derived from person tone, pitch
and volume, etc. (Pfau-Effinger, 2017).
• Facial expression are also important elements that express emotions
through body. On the other hand, in para language non verbal
components are classified as speech speed, tone and volume, etc.

Managing change across cultures
• System of shared value, assumption, beliefs and norms are
determines in organization culture.
• In respect to survive, organisation and culture need to be evolve
and change continuously.
• There are several reasons due to changes are prompting such as
economic crises, changes in law and regulations, social
developments, global competition and demographic trends (Berry
and et.al., 2015).

Change management model
• Change is the common thread that runs in all the organisations
in term of size, age and industry.
• However, Lewin's change management model is based on
three basic elements such as unfreeze, change and refreeze.

CONTINUE...
• First stage of change model is include preparing the enterprise
to accept necessary changes that includes in break down. In
this way, message has been shown in existing way to do
continue things (Aknin and et.al., 2013).
• After unfreeze stage, uncertainty is created within the change
model where people begin to solve things to support new
direction.

CONTINUE...
• When changes take shape, new ways are working that assist to
the business to develop refreeze. Refreeze is making stable to
enterprise chart to determine job description and many other
things (Woo and et.al., 2014).

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Woo, S. E. and et.al., 2014. Openness to experience: Its lower level
structure, measurement, and cross-cultural equivalence. Journal of
personality assessment. 96(1). pp.29-45.
Pfau-Effinger, B., 2017. Development of culture, welfare states and
women's employment in Europe. Routledge.
Berry, B. and et.al., 2015. Cross‐scale predictive modeling of CHO cell
culture growth and metabolites using Raman spectroscopy and
multivariate analysis. Biotechnology progress. 31(2). pp.566-577.
Gielen, U. P. and Roopnarine, J. L. eds., 2016. Childhood and
Adolescence: Cross-Cultural Perspectives and Applications: Cross-
Cultural Perspectives and Applications. ABC-CLIO.

REFERENCES
Online
Admin, C., 2015. The Lewis Model – Dimensions of Behaviour.
[Online] Available through: <https://www.crossculture.com/latest-
news/the-lewis-model-dimensions-of-behaviour/>. [Accessed on
15th June 2017].

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