International Money and Finance

This project report discusses the concept of international money and finance and its impact on the global monetary system. It explores the impossible trinity and the role of stable exchange rates and capital market integration. The report provides detailed information on these aspects and their significance in managing the international monetary system effectively.

International money and finance

Contents
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................3
Main body...................................................................................................................................................3
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
The term international money and finance can be defined as expansion of financial
resources across the border. In the international economy, the impossible trinity (also called "tri
lemma") is a term that says that all three of these cannot be simultaneously: the fixed exchange
rate. The independent monetary policy is the free movement of capital (absence of capital
controls). These three aspects are beneficial for development of international monetary system
(Chen, Filardo and Zhu, 2016). The project report is based on analysis of three key terms which
can be helpful for successful creation of monetary system.
Main body
“Impossible trinity” of international finance that continues to be a valid framework constraining
the shape of any international monetary system.
The International Monetary System (IMS), since the lot of nations has currencies that are not
usually recognized for payment outside their frontiers, is intended to promote global economic
trade. Global trade / investments can thrive when the IMS is running mellifluously; furthermore,
global trade / expenditure can expand when the IMS performs ineffectively or even totally
failing-as in the Great Depression or current credit crisis. Only two of the three basic principles
of global monetary policy, fixed rates, international financial capital stability and internal
monetary policy flexibility were simultaneously fulfilled by the tri lemma or unlikely trinity of
the global monetarist regimes. Nations can adjust regimes properly, but they cannot
simultaneously enjoy financial stability, stable currency exchange and fiscal policy (Ahmed,
Coulibaly and Zlate, 2017). This is because a national currency (like the central bank) needs to
make this rate its only concern, in order to maintain a stable currency (thus renouncing internal
goals such as inflation, employment / GDP) and must also seal the nation away from the world
banking markets by reducing capital flows. Herein, below analysis of role of these three trinity of
international finance is mentioned in such manner that is as follows:
Stable exchange rate- A fixed exchange rate is a form of exchange rate system where the value
of the dollar is calculated or bound to the value of a currency, a set of such currency or some
value indicator, such as gold, by financial authorities. The usage of a fixed exchange rate

mechanism poses benefits and disadvantages. In doing so, as opposed to a floating (flexible)
trade system, the currency-bound exchange rate will not adjust on the basis of market conditions.
This makes bilateral trade between two areas of monetary policy easier and more likely and is
particularly helpful for small markets, where foreign trade forms a major part of their GDP and
lends primarily from foreign currency. A set exchange rate is common to regulate the currency
exchange rate by explicitly setting its value in a specified ratio to a currency (or currencies) other
than or more equal or globally prevalent. A fixed exchange rate, also referred to as the regulated
rate of exchange, is a form of interest rate system in that the price of a monetary entity is set or
added to the price of certain currencies, a set of other currencies, or a value factor other than
gold, by the money authority. The use of a fixed exchange rate mechanism has benefits and
drawbacks. Usually, a fixed exchange rate is employed to regulate a currency's exchange rate by
setting a value in a pre-defined ratio similarly to the foreign currency (or currency), which is
either more sustainable or more globally widespread. The actions of a currency can often be
regulated using a fixed exchange rate mechanism, such as by reducing the inflation levels.
However, this controls the attached currency by its regression coefficient. As such, as the relative
value is raised, then, in comparison to other currency and goods to which the attached currencies
can be trades, it implies that the value(s) of other currency attached to it would also grow and
drop. To that respect, unlike in a fluid (flexible) exchange system, the exchange rate between
currencies and its peg may not adjust on the basis of market situation. This simplifies and
enhances the reversibility of business and finance between the two monetary areas, and is
particularly useful in small countries that borrow mostly in foreign exchange and which have
international trade. The actions of a currency, for instance by restricting deflation, can also be
regulated using a floating exchange rate system. Though, it then regulates the attached currency
by its regression coefficient. Therefore, whether the reference value is increased or decreased it
follows that any currencies attached to it both increase and decrease in value(s) in comparison to
other currencies and goods that may be exchanged with the weighted currency. That is, a fixed
currency relies on its average value to decide how its actual value is measured at any time
(Fratzscher, König and Lambert, 2016).
The Central Bank of one nation uses a free-market mechanism in a fixed exchange rate regime
and is dedicated to buy and/or sell its currency at a set price, such that its set rates, and therefore
the constant value of its currency, are retained in relation to the index it is attached to. The

Federal Reserve sells financial instruments from its deposits and decides to buy the household
currency back during the period in which the private sector requested a currency exchange rate.
This generates an artificial internal money demand that raises their currency value. On the other
hand, the trader buys foreign money in cases of incipient appreciation, thus adding local cash to
the economy and retaining a balance of the economy at the fixed rate.
This stable rate is beneficial for development of international monetary system. It becomes
possible if in a nation, there will be more chance of development due to a constant rate of
exchange. As well as this will be beneficial for people of country to get financial assistance in an
easy manner. So these are the reason which indicates that stable exchange rate is helpful in order
to better development of international monetary system. This is beneficial in such manner for
better monetary system:
Stability encourages investment- Uncertain exchange rate fluctuations can remove
the opportunities for companies to invest in export capacity (Barroso, Da Silva and Sales,
2016). Some Japanese businesses say that Britain's reticence to enter the euro and to
deliver a secure currency allows it an environment where spending is less attractive. A set
exchange rate offers more stability and facilitates spending by businesses.
Avoid currency fluctuations- When currency valuation fluctuates, the issues for
trading companies may be severe. For examples, if a company sells, its sells will be
uncompetitive and thus might go out of business through rapid increase of Sterling.
Devaluation would raise production costs and slash productivity if a business depended on
imported raw materials.
Keep inflation low- Governments that permit devaluation of their currencies will
contribute to inflationary pressures. Devaluation of currencies can trigger inflation by
rising AD, raising import prices, and growing costs for companies.
Capital market integration- In the modern banking systems, the position and weight of capital
markets today are increasing. Economic (and financial) assimilation should provide individuals
with access for speeding up economic growth to more advanced and able to compete capital
markets. This report will analyze the effects on growth in Countries of the convergence of capital
markets and identify the key factors that influence the creation of capital markets economic

growth in a specific economic (and monetary) union. Compatibility of capital markets, which
would be the process of transformation and not segmentation of capital markets, development of
market risk and pricing alignment. The global convergence of capital markets is at once a
significant force of globalization, a defining function of the ever more global economy. Financial
markets are settings where sellers and buyers, from financial assets, corporate securities, bond
funds and personal loans, meet to set deals. Capital markets International financial markets are
now open 24 hours a day and trades anywhere in the globe can be taken out in on those to
information technology. Capital flows now regularly surpass foreign exchange flows by 10-1.
The financial center markets are now exceeding foreign direct investment (FDI) and credit
expansion in portfolio investments and short-term expenditure. The cross border convergence of
ever more competitive and complex capital markets poses obvious governance problems. There
is no single major body that regulates global capital markets as opposed to global trade. In part
so because money (and capital markets) is several various types of financial; thus, there would be
little sense in a central organization. However, the border between national and foreign financial
markets is just as significant that decentralized foreign government involves major transfer of
control (Bussiere and Phylaktis, 2016).
There are definitely significant coordinating functions for international organizations, such as the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the OECD and for multilateral forums like the Eight
Community, (G8). The integration of the capital market, however, is governed primarily by the
networks of household regulatory authorities, including the Basel Banking stabilizer, IOSCO and
IAIS, which establish global standards and disseminate industry standards. Unique task forces
are established in particular by legislative networks and international organizations (Ghosh,
Ostry and Chamon, 2016). In order to counter money laundering and terror funding the Financial
Action Task Force (FATF) is one such example. Such networks demonstrate the technological
and thus ostensibly apolitical character of the global regulation of the capital markets in the
sovereignty world. The private sector leads to controlling the capital markets in relation to
investors and legislatures. Bonds play significant supervisory positions in many nations. The
convergence of the capital markets plays a role in foreign market governance in large exchanges.
Market regulation is assisted by scientific formulas focused on contemporary stock markets
themselves. Finally, private bond rating firms have a strong influence on the dynamics of the
global capital market.

Increasingly the value of international financial markets. As shareholders, the world economy
aims to diversify its portfolios globally. Such nations have gained tremendous publicity fast
growing economic growth with only now indications of capital markets. Based on the
information accessible and obstacles to capital inflows, shareholders. Determining risk-adjusted
returns in your domestic and capital markets. Evidence shows that the globe's markets vary
significantly in respect of their market structure and their disparities. So, on the basis of above
analysis of capital market integration, this can be stated that it is beneficial for growth of
international monetary system. On the basis of it a government can become able to overcome
from issues of ineffective monetary system. In the absence of proper integration of capital this
can be difficult to manage overall financial resources of a nation (Aizenman, Chinn and Ito,
2016).
Conclusion
On the basis of above project report this can be concluded that there are two aspects of
economy that helps in better management of international monetary system. These two aspects
are capital integration and stable exchange rate. Each of them plays a key role for managing
global monetary system in an effective manner. In the report detailed information about key
elements of these economical aspects is mentioned in an effective manner.

REFERENCES
Books and journal:
Chen, Q., Filardo, A., He, D. and Zhu, F., 2016. Financial crisis, US unconventional monetary
policy and international spillovers. Journal of International Money and Finance, 67,
pp.62-81.
Ahmed, S., Coulibaly, B. and Zlate, A., 2017. International financial spillovers to emerging
market economies: How important are economic fundamentals?. Journal of International
Money and Finance, 76, pp.133-152.
Fratzscher, M., König, P.J. and Lambert, C., 2016. Credit provision and banking stability after
the Great Financial Crisis: The role of bank regulation and the quality of
governance. Journal of international money and finance, 66, pp.113-135.
Bussiere, M. and Phylaktis, K., 2016. Emerging markets finance: Issues of international capital
flows-Overview of the special issue. Journal of International Money and Finance, 60,
pp.1-7.
Aizenman, J., Chinn, M.D. and Ito, H., 2016. Monetary policy spillovers and the trilemma in the
new normal: Periphery country sensitivity to core country conditions. Journal of
International Money and Finance, 68, pp.298-330.
Ghosh, A.R., Ostry, J.D. and Chamon, M., 2016. Two targets, two instruments: Monetary and
exchange rate policies in emerging market economies. Journal of International Money
and Finance, 60, pp.172-196.
Barroso, J.B.R., Da Silva, L.A.P. and Sales, A.S., 2016. Quantitative Easing and Related Capital
Flows into Brazil: measuring its effects and transmission channels through a rigorous
counterfactual evaluation. Journal of International Money and Finance, 67, pp.102-122.