Liberal Internationalism: Evolution and Crisis

International Relations
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Table of Contents
Question-1.............................................................................................................................................3
Question-2.............................................................................................................................................4
Question-3.............................................................................................................................................5
Question-4.............................................................................................................................................6
References.............................................................................................................................................8
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Question-1
John Locke has founded liberalism by arguing in favor of the right to life, liberty, and
property. The liberal international ideas were introduced by Wilson and modified by
Roosevelt and Truman (John, 2019). The ideas developed after the two world wars and in the
backdrop of the cold war. The liberal international order is not embodied as a fixed set of
principles. Liberal ascendency has started during the twentieth century during the world war
and economic turmoil. The models of liberal international order are known as version 1.0, 2.0
and 3.0 respectively. The first version contains Wilson's and Anglo-American liberal ideas
during the international settlement of World War I. The second version contains cold war
liberalism. The third version contains a post-hegemonic liberalism. The view expressed on
liberalism in the twenty-first century was completely different from that expressed in the
twentieth century. The United States was the major pioneer of liberal international order in
the twentieth century. The philosophy of liberalism is based on equal rights and liberty. The
liberalists support individual rights, limited government, capitalism, democracy, gender
equality, racial equality, freedom of the press, etc. Liberalism became popular among the
western philosophers during the age of enlightenment. Liberalism sought to replace the
absolute monarchy and hereditary privilege. Liberal internationalism refers to an open rule-
based system in which states cooperate with a view of achieving mutual gains. Government
and people have a deep interest in establishing a world based on f restraint, reciprocity, and
sovereign equality. Liberal internationalists are of the view that trade has a modernizing
effect on states. The five key dimensions of liberal international order are participatory scope,
rule of law, sovereign independence, sovereign equality, and policy (Grant, 2019).
After the 1848 revolution, an artistic movement began in France which is known as realism.
Realists were against the romantic genre predominating in the French literature. The realist
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