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Running Head: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1
Background
Bosnia and Herzegovina were considered culture rich in jewel of Balkan republics which was
earlier known as Yugoslavia. This belt suffered dramatically in the duration of 1990 because of
civil war in which three main groups were involved which were serbs, Croats and Bosnian
Muslims. Both material and social quality of this society were destroyed because of this conflict.
This conflict also reshaped proportion of minorities living in these countries along with
destroying person and professional relationships between members of various ethnic groups1.
During duration of 1991, it was explored that almost 31 percent of the Bosnian population has
been transformed into Serb, 17 percent remained with Croat, Bosniac percentage was 44%. In
addition, there was a small percentage of Yugoslav and other minorities like Roma/Sinti and
Jews. Earlier there was a mixed culture across ethnic lines related to marriage in 1991 in which
both Bosnia and Herzegovina were known for compatible ethnic which resulted in blending of
inhabitants related to various towns and villages2. In 1980s, there was a chain of transformation
related to social, economic and political settings across Eastern Europe. In this situation, it was
assumed that this transformation has a clear backup of Soviet Union which has built up tension
in Yugoslavia. In 1991, both Bosnia and Herzegovina have avowed their independence from
Yugoslavia. In 1992, there was a rise of genocidal civil war due to Serbian military intervention3.
Environment of heavy shelling and violence were reported in the form of people, land and social
setting which includes education system from 1992 to 1995.
Political impact
1 Ivo H. Daalder "Decision to intervene: How the war in Bosnia ended ," Brooking, December1,1998
https://www.brookings.edu/articles/decision-to-intervene-how-the-war-in-bosnia-ended/ (Accessed 7
March, 2020).
2 David N. Gibbs " The Srebrenica precedent." June 7, 2015https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/07/bosnian-
war-nato-bombing-dayton-accords/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=5a373aecd42aa6692b2e956caa29db22515567cb-
1583556506-0-AfefFe5nRD6Ap4TAPOccnTwCcQZBBJpP-
x86tB3wsZUzaXjoD2hiQdFPoY85tScX_Huclq4TnRrU_LpY_1QpZRnnCEbbGyQ4ObKBn-
TjVYODb36BqfrLEb3SNlXdTY3A0LUsbD9t9THzMrXfpytWzCXkNJTi-WCPtp-
waJPcnszqItSZlBxfxvAKFj-nxrju6kzM6-
JV5NR609ifhTiekm8y61GtEQRV8cAxzaRrcMglZ6PJWxaoYmIqKp04p0wMiyQpdFrh1gJV9rn4221YH
UXzQ4wDTw6jWBNf6pqb3U4Tf8Og-veik-
SEF4qsA3CGbHWJ5J7qS_233fPdy7cGA9xipb3YfGWhETQEUBCL5GtjmxnjhEKCf9Zs44RttNLO1mE2
sovPWJamq-BNMSOBpbM (Accessed 7 March, 2020).
3 John R. Schindler. "Forgotten failure in Bosnia." The national interest, August 20, 2012 10
https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/forgotten-failure-bosnia-7365 (Accessed 7 March, 2020).

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 2
Election was held in 1990 which resulted in coalition government formation by split power
between two parties which represents three ethnicities. Due to this tension inside and outside the
country arise. Both Bosnian Serb leader and Serbian Democratic Party resigned from the
government and formed their own assembly. This conflict gain more power when President
Izerbegovic proclaimed that Bosnias will gain independence. Bosnian Serbs were in support of
dominating Serbian state in Balkans which is known as Greater Serbia that supports Serbian
separatists4. Once United States and Europe identified Bosnia independence, Bosnian Serb forces
with the help of Milosevic started launching their military operations. They started attacking
Bosniak town near eastern Bosnia which included Zvornik and Foca. These forces were
expelling Bosniak civilians from social process to brutal process which was later recognized as
ethnic cleansing. The main objective was to change the demography of the region with the help
of military forces. In this situation, Bosnian forces tried to defend their areas but were not able to
control the situation which resulted in the control of Serb forces on almost three quarters of the
country and has set up their own governance in the east5. This conflict has taken many lives in
both populated as well as low populated towns of the country. Both Bosnia and Herzegovina
actually drew heavy support from the United States after gaining independence from Yugoslavia.
The United States played one of the major roles in ending Bosnian war which was known as one
of the lethal conflicts in Europe after the Second World War.
NATO involvement
Involvement of NATO has made this conflict very lethal by bombarding continuously through
airstrikes which lead to brokering of Dayton Peace agreement in 1995. In addition, around
20,000 troops were deployed by United States. This also become one of the most political
conflict points because of many congress members involved in policy debates by challenging
Bush and Clinton administration in the form of resolution and legal proposals. In 1995, United
States has actually become one of the major aid providers for Bosnia by supporting its territorial
integrity6. It has been found out that both U.S and EU have brokered unsuccessful rounds related
to constitutional reform negotiations and motivated leaders of different communities to come on
negotiation table in order to build a peaceful environment in an effective and efficient way.
Although there was no fix ordinance related to possible reforms. In addition, Many Bosnian Serb
4 Shaughnessy, Elizabeth. "Memory and Conflict: Interviews with Youth of the Bosnian War." Jednak
Książki. Gdańskie Czasopismo Humanistyczne 9" Memory, Melancholy and Nostalgia" (2018): 33-42.
5 Piacentini, Arianna. "“Trying to Fit In”: Multiethnic Parties, Ethno-Clientelism, and Power-Sharing in
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia." Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 25, no. 3 (2019): 273-291.
6 Babuna, Aydın. "European integration, Bosnia-Herzegovina and stability in the Western Balkans: A new
strategy." PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 19, no. 2 (2014): 1-32.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 3
leaders were looking for autonomy related to secession Bosnia. There were discussions going on
that Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina were creating a separate Croat- majority. Bosniak
leaders were inclined towards a centralized state. In this situation, leaders were aware that
partition related to these two could lead to violence and if a decentralization pattern is adopted it
will lead to less function of Bosnia government7. It seems that Bosnia statehood was not able to
hold for longer term because of US policy. Both U.S and NATO were in support of referendum-
related to Republike Srpska secession. Despite of internal challenges, there is presence of
external challenges which has concern over external influence on this region. It has been found
that Russia was acting as soft power by using spoiler tactics in order to influence Bosnia,
especially in Serb majority. Earlier power of Turkic was brought down during Ottoman Empire
heritage which is part of religious tradition.
War analysis
In April, 1992 a civil war broke out in Bosnia-Herzegovina and continued over three and half
year in which almost 210000 people have lost their life. It was referred that in this civil war that
three out of four deaths were not result of military action. This war impacted various land mine
and people working in these land mines. This resulted in economic instability of the country and
disrespected humanity on the global level which resulted in almost 1.3 million refugees which
had to leave their homes due to this civil war in order to find out safe zone and food. At that time
various diplomatic initiatives were carried out by U.S but they were not able to bring peace in the
region8. This lead to involvement of NATO military force in this area as the only option
available after all diplomatic initiatives failed. In 1992, NATO started showing its interest in the
general war between Bosnia and Herzegovina by acting as a peacekeeper through negotiation
process with the help of United Nations. But this primary negotiation of NATO intervention
resulted into their air action later. NATO group in July, 1992 conducted a meeting in which they
have decided to support United Nations in monitoring situation and try to create a peace
environment9. As an outcome of this action, operations carried out by Maritime monitor were
called off this was actually operated through Western European Union sharp Guard. After
understanding rise in conflict between Bosnia and Herzegovina, Security Council passed a
7 Plenta, Peter, and Hamza Preljević. "Challenges of the Integration Process of Bosnia and Herzegovina
towards the NATO Membership." In Second Sarajevo International Conference on Social Sciences (2016)
pp, pp. 530-553. 2016.
8 Cooley, Laurence, and Jasmin Mujanović. "Changing the rules of the game: Comparing FIFA/UEFA and
EU attempts to promote reform of power-sharing institutions in Bosnia-Herzegovina." Global Society 29,
no. 1 (2015): 42-63.
9 İsmail, K. Ö. S. E. "„The Premiere of the Post-Cold War Crisis in Balkans: CIA Documents on the
Disintegration of Former Yugoslavia (1989-1992)“." Codrul Cosminului 23 (2017): 426-444.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 4
resolution in which it has declared Bosnia and Herzegovina zone as no-fly zone. It was
considered a soft corner for NATO group to introduce their mission in full form in this area. This
mission included monitoring airspace of these conflict zones through sky operation.
Role of Security Council
Security Council in November 1992 issued a notice to halt all movement of ships in this conflict
zone in order to provide safe zones for their Cargos. At the same time, NATO decided to
deactivate its current operation and introduced new operation under name of operation Maritime
Guard. Under this operation, NATO forces had power to inspect ships which were moving in this
conflict zone10. This operation was known as military mission in which NATO has empowered
the situation under their control. This further lead to air mission which was earlier limited to only
monitoring and was supported by Security Council under the resolution of 816 which ensure
power to NATO to take any kind of action in order to keep peace in the area which including
setup of fighter aircraft in this zone. During duration of 1992-1993, role of NATO forces
gradually increased in this region. Both U.S and NATO agreed to provide their joint support in
fighter aircraft operations with support of United Nation resolution11. Everything started
changing dramatically in this conflict zone when NATO fighter shot down four Serb jets near
Banja Luka. This action was also known as the first military operation which escalated presence
of NATO in Bosnia. In reply to this, Serb attacked Gorazde which increased empowerment of
NATO group. This led to a full-fledged war between Serb fighters and NATO group.
Empowerment of NATO
NATO launched its first airstrike in April, 1994 by bombing various Serb target areas and
continued their mission without coordinating with United Nations. During this duration,
American pilot was shot down by Bosnian Serb solider as a reaction to airstrikes carried out by
NATO through their surface to air missile12. This further escalated situation to more aggressive
action from NATO and U.S in the form of joint operations in order to eliminate anti-air
capability of Serb soldiers. This war continued and Serbs launched their military attack which
resulted in the death of almost 8000 civilians. This incident is also known as Srebrenica massacre
10 Blum, Yehuda Z. "2 Was Yugoslavia a Member of the United Nations in the Years 1992–2000?." In Will"
Justice" Bring Peace?, pp. 13-38. Brill Nijhoff, 2016.
11 De Guttry, Andrea. "How Does the un Security Council Control States or Organizations Authorized to Use
Force?: A Quest for Consistency in the Practice of the un and of Its Member States." International
Organizations Law Review 11, no. 2 (2014): 251-293.
12 Col, John Andreas Olsen. "The quest for a new airpower strategy: systemic paralysis and systemic
empowerment." Air & Space Power Journal 29, no. 3 (2015): 29.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 5
because it was one of the horrifying incidents every happened after world war second. This
incident forced various nations to conduct an immediate meeting in the form of London
conference in July, 1995 in order to keep peace in this area. Conclusion of the meeting came out
in the support of power to NATO airstrike under command of UN military authority to
streamline this process13. In addition, authority was providing to this group to launch their attack
if any other civilian area was targeted in Bosnia. NATO air force was used on a large scale in
order to have proper control over this conflict area in the future.
London conference
Once, NATO was offered full support in the London conference, this group planned for more
aggressive air attacks on Serb soldiers in Bosnian. Serb forces attacked Sarajevo marketplace
through mortar shell which has taken life of 37 persons. NATO commander increases their strike
in August 1995 by bombing on Serb in individual as well as group form. As a result of this, soon
Serbs military started losing their ground and their power started stinking14. This forced them to
come on negotiation table with NATO by signing a peace agreement in Dayton in November
1995 which was also considered peace treaty. NATO provided 60,000 peacekeepers in this
region to maintain peace in this area. In this way, NATO group played a very important role in
eliminating Serbs soldiers and maintain peace in this high tension Bosnia area In October 1995,
there was a declaration of ceasefire between these three groups which Bosnian Muslims, Croats
and Serbs.
Dayton peace treaty
A meeting was conducted in Dayton in order to develop a peace round across these areas and
was known as General framework agreement for the peace agreement. It was signed in
December 1995 in Paris. There was a constitution development which was considered part of
Dayton included entire restructure of government in order to keep both Bosnia and Herzegovina
as a single country along with internal recognition with both exterior and interior boundaries
done which was destroyed due to war15. According to Dayton agreement, it was mentioned that
around 51 percent of territory belongs to main population of Bosnian Muslim and Croat while 49
percent of area belongs to other communities such as Serbian republic. In support to this,
13 Georgescu, Catalina Maria. "Peace-building, Europeanization and local self-government empowerment. A
cross-country constitutional and democratization indices analysis in the Balkans." Revista de Științe
Politice. Revue des Sciences Politiques 47 (2015): 21-40.
14 Mulchinock, Niall. "NATO’s Peace Support Interventions in the Balkans Since 1995 (Phase 1 Bosnia)."
In NATO and the Western Balkans, pp. 141-180. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2017.
15 Hall, Richard C. "Dayton Peace Accords, 1995." War in the Balkans (2014): 91.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 6
northeastern Bosnian town of Brcko in March 2000 was demilitarized in order to present a self-
governing unit. It has been seen that each nations were focused on presenting them as a single
unit16. This lead to subdivision of political power between these entities and has given rise to new
power patterns. Economic and foreign policy was decided by National government organization
on the base of Dayton agreement. Only education policies were given to entities and rest of all
stands in hands of federation.
16 Walasek, Helen, Amra Hadžimuhamedović, Valery Perry, and Tina Wik. "Cultural
Heritage Protection in post-Conflict Bosnia-Herzegovina: Annex 8 of the Dayton Peace
Agreement." In Bosnia and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage, pp. 215-234. Routledge, 2016.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 7
References
Primary
David N. Gibbs “The Srebrenica precedent." June 7, 2015
https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/07/bosnian-war-nato-bombing-dayton-accords/?
__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=5a373aecd42aa6692b2e956caa29db22515567cb-1583556506-0-
AfefFe5nRD6Ap4TAPOccnTwCcQZBBJpP-
x86tB3wsZUzaXjoD2hiQdFPoY85tScX_Huclq4TnRrU_LpY_1QpZRnnCEbbGyQ4ObKBn-
TjVYODb36BqfrLEb3SNlXdTY3A0LUsbD9t9THzMrXfpytWzCXkNJTi-WCPtp-
waJPcnszqItSZlBxfxvAKFj-nxrju6kzM6-
JV5NR609ifhTiekm8y61GtEQRV8cAxzaRrcMglZ6PJWxaoYmIqKp04p0wMiyQpdFrh1gJV9r
n4221YHUXzQ4wDTw6jWBNf6pqb3U4Tf8Og-veik-
SEF4qsA3CGbHWJ5J7qS_233fPdy7cGA9xipb3YfGWhETQEUBCL5GtjmxnjhEKCf9Zs44Rtt
NLO1mE2sovPWJamq-BNMSOBpbM (Accessed 7 March, 2020).
Ivo H. Daalder "Decision to intervene: How the war in Bosnia ended ," Brooking,
December1,1998 https://www.brookings.edu/articles/decision-to-intervene-how-the-war-in-
bosnia-ended/ (Accessed 7 March, 2020).
John R. Schindler. "Forgotten failure in Bosnia." The national interest, August 20, 2012 10
https://nationalinterest.org/commentary/forgotten-failure-bosnia-7365 (Accessed 7 March, 2020).
Secondary
Babuna, Aydın. "European integration, Bosnia-Herzegovina and stability in the Western
Balkans: A new strategy." PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 19, no. 2 (2014): 1-
32.
Blum, Yehuda Z. "2 Was Yugoslavia a Member of the United Nations in the Years 1992–
2000?." In Will" Justice" Bring Peace?, pp. 13-38. Brill Nijhoff, 2016.
Col, John Andreas Olsen. "The quest for a new airpower strategy: systemic paralysis and
systemic empowerment." Air & Space Power Journal 29, no. 3 (2015): 29.
Cooley, Laurence, and Jasmin Mujanović. "Changing the rules of the game: Comparing
FIFA/UEFA and EU attempts to promote reform of power-sharing institutions in Bosnia-
Herzegovina." Global Society 29, no. 1 (2015): 42-63.
De Guttry, Andrea. "How Does the un Security Council Control States or Organizations
Authorized to Use Force?: A Quest for Consistency in the Practice of the un and of Its Member
States." International Organizations Law Review 11, no. 2 (2014): 251-293.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 8
Georgescu, Catalina Maria. "Peace-building, Europeanization and local self-government
empowerment. A cross-country constitutional and democratization indices analysis in the
Balkans." Revista de Științe Politice. Revue des Sciences Politiques 47 (2015): 21-40.
Hall, Richard C. "Dayton Peace Accords, 1995." War in the Balkans (2014): 91.
İsmail, K. Ö. S. E. "„The Premiere of the Post-Cold War Crisis in Balkans: CIA Documents on
the Disintegration of Former Yugoslavia (1989-1992)“." Codrul Cosminului 23 (2017): 426-444.
Mulchinock, Niall. "NATO’s Peace Support Interventions in the Balkans Since 1995 (Phase 1
Bosnia)." In NATO and the Western Balkans, pp. 141-180. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2017.
Piacentini, Arianna. "“Trying to Fit In”: Multiethnic Parties, Ethno-Clientelism, and Power-
Sharing in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia." Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 25, no. 3
(2019): 273-291.
Plenta, Peter, and Hamza Preljević. "Challenges of the Integration Process of Bosnia and
Herzegovina towards the NATO Membership." In Second Sarajevo International Conference on
Social Sciences (2016) pp, pp. 530-553. 2016.
Shaughnessy, Elizabeth. "Memory and Conflict: Interviews with Youth of the Bosnian
War." Jednak Książki. Gdańskie Czasopismo Humanistyczne 9" Memory, Melancholy and
Nostalgia" (2018): 33-42.
Walasek, Helen, Amra Hadžimuhamedović, Valery Perry, and Tina Wik. "Cultural Heritage
Protection in post-Conflict Bosnia-Herzegovina: Annex 8 of the Dayton Peace Agreement."
In Bosnia and the Destruction of Cultural Heritage, pp. 215-234. Routledge, 2016.