Internet of Things: The Protocols and Applications
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This article discusses the concept of IoT technology and its building blocks, including packet switching, client/server computing, and the TCP protocol. It also explores IIoT and Industry 4.0, IoT solutions for animal welfare, and operational issues and mitigation strategies for deploying IoT in farms.
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Running head: INTERNET OF THINGS: THE PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS Internet of Things: The Protocols and Applications Name of the Student Name of the University Author’s note
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1INTERNET OF THINGS: THE PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS Table of Contents 1. Description of IoT Technology...................................................................................................2 2. Building Blocks of the Internet....................................................................................................3 3. Discussion on IIoT and Industry 4.0............................................................................................4 3.1 Discussion on Industrial IoT (IIoT).......................................................................................4 4. IoT Solution for Animal Welfare................................................................................................5 4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................5 4.2 System Architecture...............................................................................................................5 4.3 Network Deployment.............................................................................................................6 4.4 Testing...................................................................................................................................7 4.5 Road Map...............................................................................................................................7 4.6 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................7 5. Operational Issues and Deploying IoT in Farm and Mitigation Strategies.................................7 References........................................................................................................................................9
2INTERNET OF THINGS: THE PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS 1. Description of IoT Technology The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined as a concept within computing that would be able to describe the idea of connecting each of the physical objects. These objects would be able to connect and communicate with each other and thus identify themselves within an enclosed network.ThetermofIoT isprimarilyidentifiedwithRFIDastheprimarymethodof communication. The framework of IoT would be able to include each of the sensor based technology, QR codes and wireless technologies (Lee and Lee 2015). A particular object defined within the IoT framework could be a person who would have a heart monitor implant, an automobile that would have inbuilt sensors for alerting the driver in case of any additional need, a farm animal that would have a biochip transponder and many others. These devices would be assigned with an IP address and thus they would be able to conduct the transfer of data within the connected network. In the recent times, different organizations are making use of the IoT technology for operating in an efficient manner, understanding the demands of customers in a better manner and thus deliver enhance mode of customer service (Gao and Bai 2014). The use of IoT devices and the decisions gained from them would be able to help in improving the making of decisions and thus increase the business value. The IoT technology helps in extending the connectivity of the internet beyond the reach of traditional devices such as laptop and desktop computers, tablets and smartphones. The reach of the connectivity has diversified to a different range of devices and everyday used objects that would be able to utilize the embedded technology (Huh, Cho and Kim 2017). These are mainly used for communicating and interacting with the external environment with the help of Internet
3INTERNET OF THINGS: THE PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS technology.Some of theexamplesof IoT connecteddevicesaresecuritysystems,cars, thermostats, electric lights, alarm clocks, vending machines and many others. Different business could also leverage the applications of IoT in order to automate the safety tasks in order to make them perform testing with the aid of networked sensors and cameras for the purpose of detection of the ways of customer engagement with products. 2. Building Blocks of the Internet The computer internet technology primarily refers to the hardware, software and different transmission protocols that are mainly used for connecting computers in a network. The internet technology is meant for the purpose of receiving and sending of data from one computer to another based within a small network. ThethreebasicbuildingblocksoftheInternettechnologyarepacketswitching, client/server computing and the TCP protocol. Packet Switching– Packet switching is defined as a method for the transfer of data within a network in the form of packet. This method is also defined as the method of splitting of messagesintoparcels,routingthemessagesalongthecommunicationpathsandthen reassembling them at the final destination point (Diamantopouloset al.2015). At the destination point, the small data packets would be reassembled that would belong to the same file. The technique of packet switching mainly make use of Store and Forward technique in order to switch between packets. Client/Server Computing– The technique of client/server computing normally refers to the powerful client side computers that would be connected to more than one server computers. The client computer is much powerful in order to display, process the message and store the
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4INTERNET OF THINGS: THE PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS large files that might include sound and graphical files. The server side computers are mostly dedicated to some commonly used functions that would be mostly be needed by the clients. These include file storage services and also allow the software applications and different utility programs for the use by the client (Goodyear 2017). The client-server computing service can be consideredasanenvironmentthatwouldbeneededappropriatelyfortheallocationof application processing between the processes of client and server. The TCP Protocol– The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) can be defined as a standard that would be able to define the way of establishment and maintenance of a network conversation through the use of application programs for the purpose of exchange of data. The TCP protocol primarily work with the Internet protocol and thus defines the way in which computers would send packets of data from one computer to another (Dukeet al.2015). The IP and TCP would together form the basic rules that would define the framework of Internet. The TCP protocol is defined as a set of certain protocols that would specify the messages and the way in which the messages would be formatted, compressed, ordered and checking of errors. The IP protocol would also be able to provide the scheme of addressing for the Internet. 3. Discussion on IIoT and Industry 4.0 3.1 Discussion on Industrial IoT (IIoT) The Industrial IoT (IIoT) is defined as the use of IoT technology for the purpose of providing enhancement within the manufacturing and industrial processes. The IIoT technology primarily incorporates the use of Big Data and machine learning technologies for the major purpose of harnessing of sensor data, automation technologies and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication that have existed within the industrial framework for several years.
5INTERNET OF THINGS: THE PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS The principle philosophy behind the IIoT is based on smart machines that are far better than humans in terms of accuracy and high level of consistency (Mourtzis, Vlachou and Milas 2016). They help in capturing and communication of messages in real-time data. The collected data enables companies to gain the factor of problems and inefficiencies in a fast manner. The use of IIoT technology also helps the industries in saving money and time. They also help in supporting the efforts of business intelligence (BI). In the manufacturing industry, IIoT technology holds a major potential for the control over quality, green and sustainable practices, overall supply chain efficiency and supply chain traceability (Sanchez-Iborra and Cano 2016). In an entire industrial setting, IIoT is the primary key to the various processes such as enhanced field service, energy management, predictive maintenance (PdM) and asset tracking. 4. IoT Solution for Animal Welfare 4.1 Introduction The damage to crops is mostly caused due to animal attacks and is considered as the major fears that reduces the production of crops. The prime methods for countering the problem involves the making use of electrified mesh fences, organic or chemical substances and gas cannons (Catarinucciet al.2014). This discussion primarily puts emphasis on the impact of IoT based solutions that would be introduced on farms for increasing the productivity and profits based on better management of the welfare of animals. 4.2 System Architecture The system architecture that would be used within the farms are weather monitoring system, ultrasound repeller device and the implementation of back-end system.
6INTERNET OF THINGS: THE PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS The operating system within these devices are mainly enhances with the use of an open source system that is known as RIOT. This helps in providing of additional features such as well- organized network stack, multi-threading and allocation of memory (Baccelliet al.2018). The RIOT OS was mainly released in the year 2013 and is entirely based on the microkernel architectural framework. The OS is based on real-time use cases. In the part of networking,the RIOT OS makes use of a network stack that would be primarily be based on IP and further supported by IEEE 802.15.4, IPv6, UDP, CoAP and RPL. The OS is programmed with C/C++ syntax and are supported by multiple threads. A memory passing IPC is also present within the threads. The weather monitoring system consists of a real-time and observation over historic data that are in relation to the weather condition based in the territory of farmers. The device is fully solar-powered and is connected with various sensors such as humidity and temperature sensors, direction and win-speed sensors (Shang, Afanasyev and Zhang 2016). The device mainly communicates over the use of Wi-Fi technology that also supports the back-end systems. The device helps in gaining real-time knowledge based on the conditions of weather to the farmers and thus help them in performing a preferable treatment to the crops. 4.3 Network Deployment The deployment of the devices primarily comprises of low-power consuming solar repeller devices that would be equipped with a driver. These are meant for the purpose of the amplification of the speaker and sound. The different devices that are mainly running on RIOT- OS systems are interrelated with the help of a full mesh 6LowPAN network (Kamilariset al. 2016). The system based on weather monitoring is mainly positioned along with the repeller
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7INTERNET OF THINGS: THE PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS devices. The devices mainly consist with a low-power consuming microcontroller, which would be able to transmit the data collected fromthe weather to the W-Fi gateway. 4.4 Testing The effectiveness of the weather monitoring system and other devices would mainly be provided during the period of testing of each of the devices. During the testing phase, the weather station would be connected with the help of a Wi-Fi network to the present gateway. 4.5 Road Map With the positive impact gained from the testing phase, the next steps that would be carried out would mainly focus on the improvement of the effectiveness of the monitoring and repelling systems (Vermesan and Friess 2014). The hardware part should be further enhanced with the impact of sensors that would also monitor the conditions of soil and measure the amount of moisture within the soil. On the part of the software, it would be crucial for the addition and further improvement of the data analytic system. 4.6 Conclusion Based on the discussion, it could be concluded that an integrative approach should be used within the technology of IoT based on open source systems and low powered devices. The primary goal of the use of IoT supported devices within the agricultural sector is based on improving the factor of crop protection against extreme weather conditions and animal attacks. The future work of research would thus be focused on the present functionalities of the system. The research would also further investigate on the chances of incorporation of the features within the present system.
8INTERNET OF THINGS: THE PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS 5. Operational Issues and Deploying IoT in Farm and Mitigation Strategies The different operational issues for the deployment of IoT technology within farms are: Identification of Right Use Cases– Although there has been a huge rise in the agriculturebasedtechnicalcompanies,manyoftheentrepreneurshavetheleast experience based on working within the farm. This has resulted in lots of useless products resulting in extreme conditions to the farm. The mitigation strategies for this is based on taking of actionable insights based on overall farm management (Tzouniset al.2017). This would help in the identification of problems and thus the farmers would be able to take necessary action. Lack of Connectivity– Slow internet connection is also another major factor that reduces the productivity within the farm culture. This majorly impacts the gathering of farm related data, which would further result in making of important decisions by the farmers (Dlodlo and Kalezhi 2015). This problem could be mitigated with the impact of raising the technical connectivity within the farms. Faster and widely available internet connectivity would be helpful in uplifting of the internet infrastructure in the areas covered by farming. Lack of a proper IoT based specific Network– The range of connectivity is also another hindrance that is being faced within the farms. The range of data that would be sent from the devices to the farmers should be made large (Chin, Fan and Haines 2014). A network could also be constructed based on gathering of small bits of data and which would also promote a longer battery life. The impact of Bluetooth technology would prove to put a less impact over the IoT framework as the range of signal is small. Hence, a proper technology should be implemented within the farm that would be able to connect
9INTERNET OF THINGS: THE PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS all the existing IoT systems. This would further help the farmers in gaining a vast insight over the conditions of the farm and thus provide better recommendations to the progress of farm conditions.
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10INTERNET OF THINGS: THE PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS References Baccelli, E., Gündoğan, C., Hahm, O., Kietzmann, P., Lenders, M.S., Petersen, H., Schleiser, K., Schmidt, T.C. and Wählisch, M., 2018. RIOT: An open source operating system for low-end embedded devices in the IoT.IEEE Internet of Things Journal,5(6), pp.4428-4440. Catarinucci, L., Colella, R., Mainetti, L., Patrono, L., Pieretti, S., Sergi, I. and Tarricone, L., 2014. Smart RFID antenna system for indoor tracking and behavior analysis of small animals in colony cages.IEEE Sensors Journal,14(4), pp.1198-1206. Chin, W.H., Fan, Z. and Haines, R., 2014. Emerging technologies and research challenges for 5G wireless networks.IEEE Wireless Communications,21(2), pp.106-112. Diamantopoulos, N.P., Hayashi, M., Yoshida, Y., Maruta, A., Maruyama, R., Kuwaki, N., Takenaga, K., Uemura, H., Matsuo, S. and Kitayama, K., 2015. Mode-selective optical packet switching in mode-division multiplexing networks.Optics express,23(18), pp.23660-23666. Dlodlo, N. and Kalezhi, J., 2015, May. The internet of things in agriculture for sustainable rural development. In2015 international conference on emerging trends in networks and computer communications (ETNCC)(pp. 13-18). IEEE. Duke, M., Braden, R., Eddy, W., Blanton, E. and Zimmermann, A., 2015.A roadmap for transmission control protocol (TCP) specification documents(No. RFC 7414). Gao, L. and Bai, X., 2014. A unified perspective on the factors influencing consumer acceptance of internet of things technology.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,26(2), pp.211- 231.
11INTERNET OF THINGS: THE PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS Goodyear, M., 2017.Enterprise System Architectures: Building Client Server and Web Based Systems. CRC press. Huh, S., Cho, S. and Kim, S., 2017, February. Managing IoT devices using blockchain platform. In2017 19th international conference on advanced communication technology (ICACT)(pp. 464-467). IEEE. Kamilaris, A., Gao, F., Prenafeta-Boldú, F.X. and Ali, M.I., 2016, December. Agri-IoT: A semantic framework for Internet of Things-enabled smart farming applications. In2016 IEEE 3rd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT)(pp. 442-447). IEEE. Lee, I. and Lee, K., 2015. The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises.Business Horizons,58(4), pp.431-440. Mourtzis, D., Vlachou, E. and Milas, N., 2016. Industrial Big Data as a result of IoT adoption in manufacturing.Procedia Cirp,55, pp.290-295. Sanchez-Iborra, R. and Cano, M.D., 2016. State of the art in LP-WAN solutions for industrial IoT services.Sensors,16(5), p.708. Shang, W., Afanasyev, A. and Zhang, L., 2016, December. The design and implementation of the NDN protocol stack for RIOT-OS. In2016 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps)(pp. 1- 6). IEEE. Tzounis, A., Katsoulas, N., Bartzanas, T. and Kittas, C., 2017. Internet of things in agriculture, recent advances and future challenges.Biosystems Engineering,164, pp.31-48. Vermesan, O. and Friess, P. eds., 2014.Internet of things-from research and innovation to market deployment(Vol. 29). Aalborg: River publishers.