Internet Working With Tcp Ip Protocol

Running head: INTERNETWORKING WITH TCP/IP
Internetworking with TCP/IP
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

1
INTERNETWORKING WITH TCP/IP
Answer to Question 1:
Link Layer Frame – it is used for encapsulating the network layer datagram
Network Layer Datagram – It consists of the source and destination IP address written in
the header and similar to the packets but contain a small piece of data with the use of connection
less protocol.
An Application Layer Message – The message is denoted for the unit of information
whose entity of source and destination exists in the application layer (Tan, 2018). The
application layer manages the user interface and include network application for example email,
FTP, Telnet. The message has header and data.
Answer to Question 2:
Reliable data transfer using UDP Protocol
Yes, it is possible for an application to enjoy reliable data transfer even if the application
is running on UDP.
The reliability can be added at the application level with the use of different protocols such
as:
 Connection handling (maintain a track on the connection)
 Sequencing (rely on the frame orders)
 Acknowledgements (Making sure that all the frames are received)
 Flow control (throttling the data flow)
Another method that can be used for increasing the reliability is to send all the packets as
normal UDP packet and at the receiver end the packets are indexed (Pavarangkoon et al., 2017).

2
INTERNETWORKING WITH TCP/IP
After sending the packets a list of packet index is sent that are not received and thus it can
improve the reliability of UDP.
Answer to Question 3:
Details of the router connected with the three subnets are given below:
Subnet 1 – No. of interfaces 60
Subnet 2 – No. of interfaces 90
Subnet 3 – No. of interfaces 12
The following is the network address calculated from the major address 223.1.17.0/24
with the details of the steps following for getting the answer:
254 number of hosts are available for the subnet /24 (255.255.255.0). The major network
is subdivided into subnet address for meeting the constraint and the details of each of the subnet
is tabulated below (Kralicek, 2016).
Subnet
Name
Needed
Size
Allocated
Size Address Mask Dec Mask Assignable
Range Broadcast
B 90 126 223.1.17.0 /25 255.255.255.128 223.1.17.1 -
223.1.17.126 223.1.17.127
A 60 62 223.1.17.128 /26 255.255.255.192
223.1.17.129
-
223.1.17.190
223.1.17.191
C 12 14 223.1.17.192 /28 255.255.255.240
223.1.17.193
-
223.1.17.206
223.1.17.207
Calculation:

3
INTERNETWORKING WITH TCP/IP
Address: 223.1.17.0 11011111.00000001.00010001 .00000000
Netmask: 255.255.255.0 = 24 11111111.11111111.11111111 .00000000
Wildcard: 0.0.0.255 00000000.00000000.00000000 .11111111
=>
Network: 223.1.17.0/24 11011111.00000001.00010001 .00000000 (Class C)
Broadcast: 223.1.17.255 11011111.00000001.00010001 .11111111
HostMin: 223.1.17.1 11011111.00000001.00010001 .00000001
HostMax: 223.1.17.254 11011111.00000001.00010001 .11111110
Hosts/Net: 254
Subnet 1 - 90
CIDR > 62 thus
126 maximum address is allocated
Subnet 2 – 60
CIDR > 30 thus
62 maximum address is allocated
Subnet 3 – 12
CIDR > 6 thus
14 maximum address space is allocated
Answer to Question 4:
The URL of the interact website is entered in the web browser address bar and it makes the
browser to check the cache for DNS records and finding the corresponding IP address of the
entered URL. The DNS is used as a database that maintains the URL name and links it to an IP
address. Each of the URL has a single IP address assigned which belongs to a computer hosting
the website and the access is requested. In case the requested URL is not found in the cache a

4
INTERNETWORKING WITH TCP/IP
DNS querry is initiated by the DNS server of ISP for finding the IP address of the interact2
website. The process is continued to the higher level until the IP address is retrieved. A TCP
connection is initiated by the browser with the server for transferring information. Internet
protocol is used by the browser to building the connection (Ma, Liu & Wen, 2016). There are
different protocols but TCP is used for the HTTP requests. For the establishment of the
connection TCP/IP three-way handshake process is followed and the following three steps are
used:
 A SYN packet is sent by the client to the server via internet for approaching for new
connection
 If there is open ports the server accepts and initiates the connection and respond by
sending acknowledgement as SYN/ACK packet
 On receiving ack packet an ACK packet is sent for acknowledging it and the TCP
connection is established.
A HTTP request is sent by the browser to the webserver after this and the request is handled
by the server and as response is sent back. An HTTP response is sent by the server containing the
webpage requested and status code, compression type, cookies, etc.
The content of the web page is displayed by the browser in phases i.e. checking HTML tags and
sending GET request for additional elements on the page.

5
INTERNETWORKING WITH TCP/IP
References
Kralicek, E. (2016). DNS, DHCP, IPv4, and IPv6. In The Accidental SysAdmin Handbook (pp.
189-201). Apress, Berkeley, CA.
Ma, Q. M., Liu, S. Y., & Wen, X. J. (2016). TCP Three-Way Handshake Protocol based on
Quantum Entanglement. Journal of Computers, 27(3), 33-40.
Pavarangkoon, P., Yamamoto, K., Murata, K. T., Okada, M., Mizuhara, T., & Takaki, A. (2017).
An experiment of high-speed data transfer technique from Syowa via INTELSAT.
Tan, T. Z. (2018). Separation of Layers.