Intervention and Management of COPD

Running head: INTERVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF COPD
Intervention and management of COPD.
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
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INTERVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF COPD
Table of Contents
Introduction: 2
Pathophysiology: 2
Pathophysiology of COPD: 2
Exacerbation of the COPD: 3
Pathophysiology of pneumonia: 4
Pharmacology of the medications administered: 5
Salbutamol: 5
Budesonide/efomoterol fumarate dehydrate (symbicort): 6
Tiotropium: 7
Amoxicillin: 8
Ceftriaxone: 8
Levoflaxone: 9
Psychosocial interventions for COPD: 9
Conclusion: 10
References 11

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INTERVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF COPD
Pathophysiology:
Pathophysiology of COPD:
Pathophysiology can be defined by the detailed exploration and analysis of the
physiological processes and mechanisms that aid in development of the disease condition. COPD
can be defined as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, and is a life-threatening respiratory
disease. The pathophysiological manifestation of the disease generally begins with affecting the
airways and air sacs of the patient, restricting smooth breathing process of the patient. It has to
be mentioned that COPD is an umbrella term, and it encompasses two key respiratory disorders,
chronic bronchitis and emphysema. During inhalation the air moves through the trachea through
2 tubes called bronchi, and these tubes branch out into smaller tubes called bronchioles, which
further diverge into small air sacs called alveoli. Emphysema can be categorized as an alveolar
disease, which mainly affects the walls of the alveoli. The damage to the wall fiber of the alveoli
that leads to lack of elasticity in the wall fiber and it effect stability of the patient of exhaling
(Albert et al., 2011).
Pathophysiology of COPD and correlation with smoking (Vogelmeier et al., 2011)

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INTERVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF COPD
Bronchitis on the other hand is developed due to the inflammation of the bronchial tubes
accompanied by the over secretion of mucus. The over secretion of mucus eventually leads to
blocking of the airways and contribute to difficult air passage during the process of respiration. It
has to be understood that smoking is a very important contributing factor that has a profound role
in the pathophysiologic development of this respiratory disorder. For the case study, Robert, the
patient under consideration had been a chain-smoker for 40 years, smoking can be considered as
the origin of the disease he had developed. According to the case study, Robert had been
diagnosed with COPD 18 months ago and had been feeling unwell for months befire that as well.
Hence, it can be concluded that the onset of manifestations brnchitics and emphysema had begun
since a long time. The added burden of smoking excessively had contributed effectively to
further deteriorating the disease, along with the age factor of the patient in the case study.
COPD pathway (Vogelmeier et al., 2011) impact of age on COPD (Erb-Downward et al., 2011)
Exacerbation of the COPD:
An exacerbation can be defined as the sudden worsening or deterioration of the
conditions that the patient is going through. In case of COPD, exacerbation can be due to many
factors; however the most common contributor is bacterial infection. It generally comprises of