India | History, Map, Population, Economy, & Facts

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INTRODUCTION
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South
Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and
the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south,
the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares
land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and
Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of
Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border
with Thailand, Myanmar and Indonesia.
Indian cultural history spans more than 4,500 years. During the Vedic period (c. 1700
BCE – c. 500 BCE), the foundations of Hindu philosophy, mythology, theology and
literature were laid, and many beliefs and practices which still exist today, such as
dhárma, kárma, yóga, and mok ṣ a, were established. India is notable for its religious
diversity, with Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity, and Jainism among
the nation's major religions. The predominant religion, Hinduism, has been shaped by
various historical schools of thought, including those of the Upanishads, the Yoga
Sutras, the Bhakti movement, and by Buddhist philosophy.
Politics
India is the world's most populous democracy. A parliamentary republic with a
multi-party system, it has eight recognised national parties, including the Indian
National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and more than 40 regional
parties. The Congress is considered centre-left in Indian political culture, and the BJP
right-wing. For most of the period between 1950—when India first became a republic
— and the late 1980s, the Congress held a majority in the parliament. Since then,
however, it has increasingly shared the political stage with the BJP, as well as with
powerful regional parties which have often forced the creation of multi-party coalition
governments at the centre.
In the Republic of India's first three general elections, in 1951, 1957, and 1962, the
Jawaharlal Nehru-led Congress won easy victories. On Nehru's death in 1964, Lal
Bahadur Shastri briefly became prime minister; he was succeeded, after his own
unexpected death in 1966, by Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi, who went on to lead the
Congress to election victories in 1967 and 1971. Following public discontent with the
state of emergency she declared in 1975, the Congress was voted out of power in 1977;
the then-new Janata Party, which had opposed the emergency, was voted in. Its
government lasted just over two years. Voted back into power in 1980, the Congress
saw a change in leadership in 1984, when Indira Gandhi was assassinated; she was
succeeded by her son Rajiv Gandhi, who won an easy victory in the general elections
later that year.

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The Congress was voted out again in 1989 when a National Front coalition, led by the
newly formed Janata Dal in alliance with the Left Front, won the elections; that
government too proved relatively short-lived, lasting just under two years. Elections
were held again in 1991; no party won an absolute majority. The Congress, as the
largest single party, was able to form a minority government led by P. V. Narasimha
Rao.
A two-year period of political turmoil followed the general election of 1996. Several
short-lived alliances shared power at the centre. The BJP formed a government briefly
in 1996; it was followed by two comparatively long-lasting United Front coalitions,
which depended on external support. In 1998, the BJP was able to form a successful
coalition, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). Led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the
NDA became the first non-Congress, coalition government to complete a five-year
term. Again in the 2004 Indian general elections, no party won an absolute majority,
but the Congress emerged as the largest single party, forming another successful
coalition: the United Progressive Alliance (UPA). It had the support of left-leaning
parties and MPs who opposed the BJP. The UPA returned to power in the 2009 general
election with increased numbers, and it no longer required external support from
India's communist parties. That year, Manmohan Singh became the first prime minister
since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1957 and 1962 to be re-elected to a consecutive five-year
term. In the 2014 general election, the BJP became the first political party since 1984 to
win a majority and govern without the support of other parties. The incumbent prime
minister is Narendra Modi, a former chief minister of Gujarat. On 20 July 2017, Ram
Nath Kovind was elected India's 14th president and took the oath of office on 25 July
2017.

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STATISTICS
All developing country like India, are facing one major problem i.e. Unemployment.
There are limited numbers of jobs in India and youth population is growing day by day.
Here the condition of more demand and less supply, hence unemployment generated
and the rate of generation are very fast like compound rate. There are high risk and
uncertainty in agricultural and industrial sector. The increasing unemployment problem
is definitely a serious for India. Without doing some efforts we cannot think of getting
success in any field and this will also true for increasing population. We should handle
the unemployment in such a manner that everyone gets a suitable job and help in
increasing the growth of the country.
The rural and informal sectors of the Indian labour market accounted for 93% of the
employment in 2011, and these jobs were not covered by the then existing Indian
labour laws. According to the 2010 World Bank report, "low-paying, relatively
unproductive, informal sector jobs continue to dominate the Indian labor market." "The
informal sector dominates India ’ s labour markets and will continue to do so in the
medium term", states the World Bank, and even if the definition of the "formal sector
is stretched to include all regular and salaried workers, some 335 million workers were
employed in the informal sector in 2004–5".
For decades, the Indian governments have used unusual terminology and definitions
for who it considers as "unemployed". For example, "only those people are considered
unemployed who spent more than six months of the year looking for or being available
for work" and have not worked at all in the formal or the informal sector over that
period. Alternate measures such as the current weekly or daily status unemployment
definition are somewhat better. Using the current daily status definition, the
unemployment rate in India had increased from "7.3 percent in 1999–2000 to 8.3 percent
in 2004–5", states the World Bank report. However, these "better" official data too have
been a source of "unending controversy" since the 1950s, states Raj Krishna. In 1958–
59, the Indian government began defining a current status employed as any person if
"he was gainfully occupied [for wage or no wage] on at least one day", during the
reference week [reference period] "regardless of the hours of work" he might have put
in on that "gainfully occupied" day [or days]. A person was counted as "current status
unemployed", since 1958 according to this official method, if he was not at all
"gainfully occupied in that reference week and was available for work for at least one
day in that reference period".