Retention of Students in Higher Education Institutions: A Case Study of GSM London

This report explores the issues relevant to student retention in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) with a focus on the sense of belonging. Analyze case studies and theories, and assess the effectiveness of pre-sessional programs on student retention. The case study is based on GSM London, an independent provider of education affiliated to Plymouth University. The report also discusses the models, principles, and theories of assessment and their application in the educational context.

Introduction
The following report would attempt an exploration of the various issues that are relevant
in the retention of the students at the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) with a special
knowledge on the sense of belonging on the part of the student.
The retention of the students is one of the main agendas of the various HEIs. Tinto (2012)
states that almost 25% of the students tend to discontinue their higher studies. This is known to
have a huge impact on the overall development of the society at large. The curriculum should be
innovative in nature as well as assist in the establishment of the various strong support
mechanisms for the learners.
The study aims at the creation and the strengthening of the sense of belonging on the part
of the students as well as improves the retention of the students. The report will analyse several
case studies and the underpinning theories would be analysed. The study will majorly focus on
the effectiveness of pre-sessional programmes and its impact on the student retention
programmes.
Key research questions:
1. Does a pre-sessional programme improve the students’ sense of belonging to the
institution?
2. Does a pre-sessional programme improve students’ attendance, submission and
continuation rates?
Background and rationale

GSM London is one of the independent providers of education that is affiliated to the
Plymouth University. The educational institution is known to have been offering undergraduate,
postgraduate and doctoral degrees to 7,000 students over 31 taught degree programmes. It is
observed that 93% of the students have been undertaking an undergraduate course. Established in
the year 1973, the college evolved from a family-run business to one of the largest independent
providers of higher education within the country. The student body of the college demonstrates a
greater diversity within the student body. 94% of the student body belongs to the Black and
Minority Ethnic (BAME) as well as 86% of the students are mature. The institution is generally
supportive of the Widening Participation policy as have been implemented by the government.
The majority of the students belong to the low-income families or from the families that are
generally under-represented within the society.
Walker (2009) states “Retaining students is now at the heart of the widening participation
agenda. To meet government targets institutions will need to continue to build on the successful
recruitment of under-represented groups. However, this means that universities are now
attracting students with an increasingly diverse range of skills and experiences, from a variety of
different entry routes”. Sanders and Higham (2012) opine that the retention rates of certain
students are excessively high rates of drop-out. Thus, the institution is advised to implement
strategies to assist the achievement of the educational goals as well. Engstom and Tinto (2008)
highlight that “Access without support is not an opportunity”. Noel-Levitz (2008) state that
‘Students persisting to completion of their educational goals is a key gauge of student success,
and therefore institutional success’. The majorly used metrics in these cases refer to the
completion and the graduation rates. The metrics are used to demonstrate the retention rates of
the students as well as their success rates and are thus extremely important to the HEIs. Braxton,

Hirschy and McClendon (2004) opine that these help in the assessment of the organisational
performances as well as the services that it provides to the students.
The retention and success rates of the students are one of the major concerns at GSM
London at the 3rd and the 4th level. The following table demonstrates the continuation rates at
GSM London for the session of Autumn 2015 to September 2018.
Reflection on marking and assessment: Marking process as learning opportunities 26 May
2019 week 11
Robert Ajani
This is the first time I am evaluating dissertation scripts, specifically capstone
dissertations of students. I felt this to be a tedious yet essential job on the part of the assessors.
The assessment procedures according to my knowledge is considered to be extremely fair and
maintain the equality among the students. This is done through the system monitoring or the
double-marking. In case of dissertations, the other moderators further help in the reviewing of
the marking processes. The job at hand helps me in understanding the array of perspectives that
are used by the students in completing the assignment.
On the other end, there are also observed cases wherein the students attempt academic
misconducts in the completion of the assignments. There are observed cases of plagiarism,
collusion and ghost writing in the completion of the assignment. This leads to the development
of the frustration among the assessors like me. The other major source of my frustration are those
students who trend to cover up for their academic misconducts with help from the internet and
the textbook references that remain undetected by the Turnitin software.

The second marking has been a matter of conscience from my end. I observed that a
certain section of the students does not follow the instructions that are provided to them. The
scripts are marked in an inadequate manner. The conversation with my colleagues state that there
is a lack of the knowledge on the part of the tutors as well which leads to the awkward and the
unfair markings. The teachers should hold the work experience alongside the understanding of
the undergraduate students. The tutor should maintain the credibility, competence as well as the
justification regarding the marking of the undergraduate dissertations. The tutors should also
have an academic training as well.
I have personally experienced this during my study for bachelor’s degree in oil and gas at
GSM after I completed my master’s degree at one of the eminent European universities in 2002.
My supervisor had left the GSM before I could meet him for the first time and thus, I was left
with no supervisor. I had been awarded 67% as my final grade and now can just imagine the
process being an experienced assessor of dissertations. The improvement of the marking on the
part of the assessors at GSM might help the development of the reputation of the university as a
whole.
3.1 Analysis of the models, principles and theories of assessment
3.2 Application of the models, principles and theories of assessment
Introduction
Assessment from an educational viewpoint refer to the documentation and the usage of
the data for the refinement of the programs and the improvement of the student learning as well.
The major methods of the collection refer to the examinations, assignments and direst tests.
Black and William (1998) highlight that the assessments help in the increment of the student

engagement within the educational activities that are conducted by the concerned institution. The
students are further evaluated through the various types of assignments like formal, informal,
diagnostic and initial assessment. The following section will shed light on three assessment tools
and the theories, principles and models linked to the same.
Assessment tool 1 [initial informal]
Spielberger (2004) stated that this tool did not implement the psychometrics for the
analysis. Black and William (1998) further highlight that this tool implements the methods of the
checklists, observations and portfolios alongside the various quizzes, question-answer activities
in order to make a proper assessment of the student. However, Black and William (2005) state
that this tool for the assessment might help the students in the increment of their academic
standards as well.
The assessment tool might be linked to the informal theories like behaviourism,
humanism and constructivism. The assessment methods should maintain fairness,
standardization and measurability in order to help in the effectivity and the reliability of the
purpose. I generally utilise the question and answer as my diagnostic or initial assessment for the
informal assessment tool 1. I had applied the William theory like the multiple-choice question-
answers for the assessment of the knowledge of the student in the health and the social care. This
would help me in the planning of the future lessons as well. The methods had also helped me
gain insight into the existing knowledge of the students and thus help me advise them on the
ways of improvement as well as understand their learning needs. This would further help in the
understanding of the learning needs as well as monitor the progress of the learners.

I had implemented the Kolb’s learning model for the analysis and the critical evaluation
of the assembling and the delivery of the teaching. I had included the four stages cycle of Kolb’s
learning model like reflective observation, conceptualization, experimentation and concrete
experience in developing an ease in the teaching methods as well. I had further highlighted the
need for gaining insight into the knowledge level of the learners as well.
For instance, I would create a real-life scenario that relates to the understanding of the
suicidal nature of a person from the data that has been shared by the patient. This will be
followed by the reflective observation on the triggers to the suicidal tendencies as have been
undertaken by the concerned person. This might also help in the creation of a new assessment.
Effectiveness
The assessment is known to have been effective since it meets the assessment principle
and the needs of the learners that are proven to be consistent, reliable and valid. This has
enhanced the accessibility, explicit nature and the transparency among the learners and the
teachers. The model had further helped me in the proper understanding of the set up and delivery
of the lesson by promoting the learning abilities of the students.
Improvement
I am unable to provide a proper feedback due to the high number of students within the
classroom. This further poses issues in addressal of the weaknesses of all the learners. Thus, I
ask the students to exchange their answer sheets. I have further insisted the institution to help
reduce the number of students in each class. This would help me manage as well as provide
feedbacks to the learner during the teaching session.
Assessment tool 2 [formal]:

Formal assessments involve the pre-planned methods of testing the learners within the
classroom regarding their learnings. Reynolds et al. (2010) describe it as a medium of
educational and measurement validation so as to highlight the understandability of the factors
that are taught. In this case I would like to implement the theories as have been stated by Kolb in
order to measure the delivery of the lesson sessions. I had used the Hattie two-way feedback in
the implementation of the constructivist and the humanist theories. I had implemented the class
tests as a summative assessment for my learners at the term ends. This had helped me in the
understanding of the progress of the children and the areas of improvement that needs to be
highlighted.
I consider the promotion and the enhancement of the greater amount of the
comprehension of the students to be my responsibility as an educator. This forces me to use the
various evaluation methods to gain insight on the strengths and the weaknesses of the students as
well as devise plans for improving their weaknesses. The various assessments that are devised
should be in accordance to the policy and the regulations that are maintained within the given
institution. For instance, the educational institutions especially schools operational within the
United Kingdom should follow the standardised national assessment for maintaining a national
benchmark.
I had implemented the Petty’s Medal and mission for the identification of the learner
competency demonstrated through the assignment. The assessment information should be shared
among all the students in order to maintain the transparency within the organisation as well. The
procedure and the tasks should be intriguing to the student and not prove to be disadvantageous
to them. The assessments should help in the evaluation of the student as well.
Effectiveness of the assignment

The above discussed method is considered to be effective, timeless and reliable in nature.
The observation from my end had been effective in nature and helped in the identification of the
of the commitment of the students as well as assisted in devising the learning of the students.
Improvement
The improvement of the assessment methods requires a reflection on the performance and
the learning strategies that are adopted for the improvement of the feedback that I provide to the
students. This would help me meet the needs of the students and the other forms of the
assessments.
Assessment tool 3
The technology has helped in the reshaping of the education processes. This has helped in
the development of the processes of knowledge acquirement and the assessment methods. This
has a huge effect on the administration of the assessments. I implement the online training in the
delivering the lessons which in turn enables the students to access the lecture materials for the
completion of the assessments. This also enables me to understand the various issues that are
highlighted by the students as well provide feedback to the students.
The feedback is known to have been a two-way traffic in order to provide a justification
the essence of the factor. The teachers and the students might have an exchange of the
assessments and grade through the online medium. This has helped me in increasing the
effectiveness of the assessment and the incorporation of the feedback of the learner as well. This
method helps in the active participation of the learners within the given organisation.
Principle

I implement the principle of the validity in order to ensure the proper attainment of the
outcome on the part of the learner. I consider it to be my responsibility to ensure the reliability
and consistency of the assessment for meeting the needs for the learners.
The ensuring of the explicit, accessible, transparent, and consistent nature of the
assignment is a part of my own responsibility. I also feel that I should remain available to the
learners. The procedure and the tasks should be intriguing to the student and not prove to be
disadvantageous to them. The assessments should help in the evaluation of the student as well.
The assignment should further reflect the nature of the subject.
Effectiveness
The online assessment method is easily accessible and is convenient for the use. This is
highly flexible and helps in the proper planning within the given organisation as well.
Improvement
The continuous improvement has helped me in the understanding of the development and
the subjectivity of the assessments. I tend to incorporate the latest technologies within my
teaching programs as well.
Linkage between achievement and retention and initial and diagnostic assessments
The initial and the diagnostic assessments has helped in the improvement of the resources
and knowledge that are provide by the organisation in order to meet the needs of the students.
this has helped in monitoring the performance of the students as well.
Impact on the planning and the assessment schedules

The learner portfolio contains all the sample work that can be used in the development of
the overall reporting of the assessment and the various reporting processes. The teacher would
provide the strategies in order to solve the problems in case of the learner’s risk assessments. The
portfolio would also hold individual learning goals, assessment schedules in order to demonstrate
a time efficiency. The institution is capable of planning effective assessment for students as per
their knowledge and skill levels.
Reliability
I learned about the importance of the referencing in order to enhance the reliability of the
task. I further gained better knowledge on the designing of knowledgeable assignments in the
development of the students.
I further ensured that the students learned majorly about the research methods like the use
of internet and the textbooks in the composition of the assignment at large.
Task 4
4.1 Models and theories related to development and curriculum
4.2 Application of models and theories related to development and curriculum
Curriculum defined
Iwasiw et al. (2009) opine that the “Curriculum development in nursing education helps
nurses educators create a program of study that will meet the contextual needs of their
individual setting’’. Thus, the curriculum might be defined as a lesson plan jointly put together
by teachers knowledgeable about the topic for the overall benefit of the course for the learners to
achieve the learning outcome. The assessments are generally used for the determining the ability

of the learner in graduating as well as assist the educational improvement of the students. On the
other hand, a curriculum might also be defined as the designed and structured lesson plan for
students to gain knowledge and achieve an educational standard.
Analysis of three theories
In this section, I would be analysing three different theories of learning. The theories as
suggested by Piaget and Skinner would help me in the analysis of the curriculum. The theories
by Herbert Kliebad and Shiro would help me address the issues of health and social care
education. Coon and Mitterer (2008), in their paper highlighted Maslow to be a humanist.
Piaget argues that the construction of knowledge is bases on the individual experiences.
This implies that the knowledge of the learner might be based on the previous experiences of the
learner. On the other hand, Skinner favoured the operand conditioning of the learning process
and changes in individual behaviour.
Herbert Kliebad (1893-1958) implements the historical approach towards the
examination of the work forces like humanists, social efficiency, development in child study and
social meliorism Kliebad (2004) criticised the idea of a static curriculum. He instead highlighted
the curriculum to be a dynamic identity that helps in the education and is observed to be going
through various changes over the course of time as well.
Shiro (1890-2007) applies the philosophical approach in examining curriculum
ideologies. Shiro (1890-2007) marks the groups as social academic, social efficiency, learner-
cantered and social reconstruction ideologies. The two theories acknowledge the development of
the mental reasoning. The theories further argue that the education helps in the systematic
development of the reasoning power and not solely the reformation of the society. Shiro (2008)

puts forth the argument that the vision of the writers and the concerns help in the assembling of
the resources for the construction of the curriculum implemented in the American colleges.
My peer has demonstrated the implementation of the theories by Piaget and Skinners for
addressal of the curriculum in case of hospitality studies. The Piaget’s has been useful in the
building of the cognitive structure during the developmental stages of the child. Skinner’s theory
on the other hand has helped him in the development of the social reform and the mental
reasoning.
Tyler’s Model
The four stages of the Tyler’s model are used in the development of the health and social
care curriculum. These refer to the instructional content and strategies, objectives, organisation
of experience of learning and evaluation and assessment. On the other hand, my peer utilised the
model in determination of the subject objectives of organisation, identification and evaluation of
educational experience.
Principles
I had utilised the following in the designing of the curriculum.
 Introduction
 Current context
 Social and economic environment of educational policy, teaching and learning
 Educational policy statement
 Government goals for education
 Statement of Board learning objectives and outcomes
 Outcome-knowledge, understanding, competence.

The structure of the education system in this case refers to “number of years of schooling
stages and number of weeks” while the structure for the curriculum follows “learning areas and
subjects; organisation content within the framework”.
My peer had utilised the various principle valid in the context of hospitality. These
included the following enlisted factors.
 Planned development materials
 Defining objectives with good experience
 Organised learning experience
 Enhancing learner’s logical growth
Models used
I had implemented the following models in the designing of the curriculum.
 National policy
 Economic policy
 Ideological policy for the purpose of Education
 \National curriculum
 14-16/19 CURRICULUM
 Diplomas
 Modular or unit based
 Professional or vocational standards
On the other hand, my peer had only implemented only the national policy for the
designing of the hospitality curriculum.

Contextual difference of curriculum approach
In order to have a proper understanding of the contextual difference of curriculum
approach, I attempted an explanation on the basis of the work as has been enlisted below.
 Skills for life
 Business
 Different groups of students
 Different institution
 Different countries
On the other hand, my peer had only implemented vocational learning and employer
needs.
Meeting my learner’s needs
My curricula are designed to meet all the needs of the learners. In order to achieve this, I
had implemented the following measures.
 Creating experience through professional techniques of service management in Health
and social care.
 Ensuring clarity of logical decision through organisation, interpretation, analysis of
information and formulation of rational solution with the help of integration of computer
and internet working. This has empowered my sources of resource-based information.
This has helped in the improvement of the accessibility.
 Modelling the behaviour of effective ethical learners through demonstration of leadership
principle in health and social care.

The implementation of the curriculum designing as implemented by me helps the learners
in the following ways.
 Provides access to learners
 Differentiating processes that engage flexibility with interesting centre and product
 Methods of demonstrating levels of skills
 Inclusive learning environment
 Balanced political and organisational targets
Task 5
5.1 Models and theories relevant to reflection and evaluation
Boud, Keogh and Walker state that the reflection processes implemented by people
through their activities tend to involve the thinking processes, mulling over and the evaluation
through the recapitulation of the experience of the learning. Tate and Sills (2004) highlight that
the critical reflection on the part of the person for the exploration of the personal and the
theoretical knowledge for understanding of their view in several ways.
The reflective process involves the following factors as have been enlisted below.
 Stop and thoughts
 Analysis of decision
 Drawing on theory
 Relation of reflection to actions
The teachers are advised to implement the four steps of reflection as have been
highlighted above in order to improve the learning practices. The implementation of the

processes would help in the analysis of the decision and the implementation of the theoretical
factors that would help in the development of the various future strategies in the given field.
The teacher as well as the learners should be capable of thoughts on the existent
knowledge for generating new ideas and supportive knowledge for their actions, behaviours for
the achievement of the required outcome. The reflection on our practice involve journal entries,
mentoring, peer reviews and utilising tools to reflect on significant incidents.
The informal reflection involves the individual questioning for the develop awareness of
own assumption for generating action, knowledge or ideas. On the other hand, formal reflection
draws on information from researches and theories for providing guidance and frameworks for
the practice. For instance, as an educator in the field of health and social care, I reflected on the
practices that I follow through the utilisation of the feedbacks that helped in the improvement of
my works and addressing the needs of the students.
Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle
The model was developed in the year 1988 and found a basis on the stages highlighted in
the experimental cycle by Kolb. The model by Gibbs majorly highlighted the repetitive actions
and tasks. The propounder states that the situation might be analysed through the questions at
each stage of the cycle thereby promoting the learning tendencies in the concerned person. The
six stages of reflection as mentioned by Gibbs are as follows.
 Description of situation
 Description of feelings of the involved person
 Description of feelings of surrounding people
 Evaluation of the experience

 Positive factor
 Negative factors
 Areas of improvement
 Contribution
5.2 Application of models and theories related to reflection and evaluation
I had implemented the formal course reflection strategy and the questioning choices for
the learners in my career as an educator in the fields of health and social care. I had further
implemented the Gibbs’ reflective cycle in my practice as an educator in the fields of health and
social care. I had incorporated various question sessions within my lesson in order to have the
students reflecting on their various activities as well. This helped me to gauge the understanding
of the students in the given subject.
The next process involved the reflection on the various learning styles to judge the
effectiveness of the concerned processes. In case the process is not effective, I would attempt an
implementation of the various additional processes like the incorporation of the video clips
within the lessons. The learners would be asked to reflect on the videos which would help me to
develop a better understanding of the capability of the students to explain, evaluate and analyse
the various clips. This would further help in the understanding of the results of the video clips as
well as put forth a proper engagement of the students in the critical discussion on the task.
John’s Model (description, reflection, influencing factors, alternative strategies, learning)
The structure reflection might be utilised in order to assist the reflection of the early
stages of the learning as have been highlighted by the students. The theory highlights the ways in
which people might judge themselves while being within and without the boundaries of the

situation. The conditions of being within the situational boundaries refer to the major focus on
the self, being attentive to the emotions. The conditions of remaining outside the situational
boundaries would refer to the description of the concerned incident, significance of issues and
the principles of the situation as well. The propounder further includes the feelings regarding the
situation and the influential factors.
Dewey (1939) as cited in Rolfe, Freshwater, and Jasper (2001) highlight that the
reflection deals with witnessing own experiences funded on the experimental learning. Driscoll
(2000), on the other hand, uses the three-stem questions in reflecting on a situation which include
“what?”, “so what?” and “now what?”. The last two questions have implemented a deep and
meaningful insight into the process.
The Kolb’s Learning Cycle highlights four levels of reflection as follows.
 Diverging styles “which generate feeling after watching a situation and reflect on the
account of the situation”
 Assimilating styles “where we based our learning on logical sound by watching and
thinking”
 Converging styles is about “doing and thinking”
 Accommodating styles is about “intuition of practical and experimental approach”
Kolb’s learning cycle highlights the various ways of reflection of a person. The Gibbs
reflective cycle, on the other hand, highlights the in-depth thoughts on the given process. It is
juxtaposed with the reflective model proposed by John enhance the critical decision-making
skills and encourage the scaffolding of the learner under the supervision of a trainer.

I have implemented these tools in my career as an educator in the fields of teaching
health and social care. These have helped in understanding that the record-keeping and reflection
capabilities are the major traits that one should possess in this profession.

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