Introduction to Criminology Criminal Justice

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Introduction to Criminology and Criminal Justice
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Abstract
No matter your jurisdiction, crime is a common thing ranging from murder , robbery ,
assault , cybercrime among others . The society tries the hardest to find the best area where they
cannot deal with such crime but none . Either, the crime goes up or down.
Keywords: Robbery, murder, crime
Introduction
Living in the contemporary society particularly in the United States and Canadian
jurisdiction . There have been increase in considerations of reducing mass incarceration. The
criminal justice system has diverse roles in the b efforts of reducing the rate of incarceration by
deterring crime . The discussions as to whether to punish criminals through incarceration or
deterring crime from happening have been on the rise . In this paper , we shall review the most
effective approaches for the society as well as criminals .Through a set of recommended books
we shall review the most effective was that the society can implement new plans and the sources
that support such perspectives. Greg Berman and Julian Adler believe that all criminal ought to
be incarcerated in respect to their crimes . However, Wendy Sawyer and Peter Wagner believe
that criminals clearly need to be incarcerated as it has the best benefits to the society1.Punishment
can be described as the infliction of a punitive measure as a consequence for a particular offense.
Discussion
Criminal justice systems in Various jurisdiction in the United States have different roles
within it to reduce the rate of incarceration and deter crime and ensure that the public is safe 2.
The various government agencies involved in the justice system gather a significant amount of
data that can be utilized in these efforts . However , it should also be developed in a manner that
1 Wagner, Peter, and Leah Sakala. "Mass incarceration: The whole pie." Prison Policy
Initiative 12 (2014).
2 Pattillo, M., Western, B., & Weiman, D. (Eds.). (2004). Imprisoning America: The social
effects of mass incarceration. Russell Sage Foundation.

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helps policymakers or the public understand the development3 . As public support for reforms in
the criminal justice system continues to grow , its necessary we get the facts straight and
understand the bigger picture4 .The level of incarceration in and whether a criminal is supposed
to be put in rehabilitation has been a discussion for many years in the Californian jurisdiction .
However , as Wendy Sawyer and Peter Wagner argue , other states such as New York have
considered incarceration more than rehabilitation . However, the most important this is to
understand the key aggravating and mitigating factors5.
The mitigating factors are important when determining the if an offender is supposed to
be incarcerated or rehabilitated or both . Recently , court system in New York implemented
frameworks that mainly focus on aggravative factors the determinant of culpability6 . As a result,
the sentencing council often considers the injury done on the victim as well as the lack of
remorse by the offender7 . This in turn leads to most offenders being considered more for
incarceration rather than rehabilitation . Such consideration were shown in the case of Michael
Murray who had his sentencing extended from 15 years to 20 years after he was accused of rape
and kidnapping her son8 . The court considered that , due to the threats towards the victim and
her son, the offender qualified only for incarceration . Such kind of verdicts have led to mass
3 Fairfax Jr, R. A. (2010). From Overcriminalization to Smart on Crime: American Criminal
Justice Reform-Legacy and Prospects. JL Econ. & Pol'y, 7, 597.
4 Forman Jr, J. (2012). Racial critiques of mass incarceration: Beyond the new Jim Crow. NYUL
Rev., 87, 21.
5 Berman, Greg. Start here: A road map to reducing mass incarceration. The New Press,
2018.
6 Constantine, Robert, Ross Andel, John Petrila, Marion Becker, John Robst, Gregory Teague,
Timothy Boaz, and Andrew Howe. "Characteristics and experiences of adults with a serious
mental illness who were involved in the criminal justice system." Psychiatric services 61, no.
5 (2010): 451-457.
7 Alexander, M. (2020). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness.
The New Press.
8 postwar American history." The Journal of American History 97, no. 3 (2010): 703-734.
Wagner, Peter, and Leah Sakala. "Mass incarceration: The whole pie." Prison Policy Initiative
12 (2014).