Introduction to Information Technology

This document provides an introduction to information technology and its role in business success. It discusses the social and ethical issues associated with IT, different types of networks, the impact of the internet on business, the role of IT in management, and the stages of system development.

Introduction to
Information
Technology

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
Literature Review............................................................................................................................4
Analysis and discussion...................................................................................................................5
Information technology...............................................................................................................5
Ethical and social issue of information technology.....................................................................5
Types of network.........................................................................................................................7
Growth of ITC and use of Internet and its effects on business....................................................8
Role of information technology in management.........................................................................9
Stages of System development..................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Today, Information technology plays an integral role in any type of industries.
Information technology is very essential for the business’s success and survival. In the modern
life, information technology is extremely necessary. IT helps to improve the company’s
performances and productivity. It also enhances promotion activities and reputation of the
business. Sainsbury is a big supermarket company. It is a 2nd leading chain in the United
Kingdom. It is founded by John James Sainsbury in 1869. In the 1922, the company became the
biggest retailer of the groceries market. It deals in many products such as clothing, groceries,
home ware and outdoor etc. This report will include the role of information technology in the
failure and success of a business. This report will also highlight the social and ethical issues that
associated with IT. This report will also include the types of networks and usage of internet and
its impacts. This report will also state about the role of IT in management in the organization and
various stages of system development.
Literature Review
According to the Hemrungrote, Jakkaew and Assawaboonmee (2017) Information
technology is the use of computer to transmit, store and retrieve information or data. It is used
many business operations and all data is to be secure and safety from electronic data. Information
technology plays an important role for all organization and to create a better technology in
business to expand is efficient way. Information technology is helpful for all organization such
as communication though messaging, voice, emails and video calls etc. this are essential part of
columniation between all organization. As per the Price and Shanks (2016) Organization is rely
on IT to help them to more productive and its benefits any business by allowing organization to
work more efficiently manner. It is important in today for all business. It is help for organization
towards faster communication between department and protection of important documentation.
Information technology is creating, many benefit such as innovation in many fields, ease of
access to information, save time and cost efficiency. These are essential factor for information
technology. Smith and Wong (2016) states that this technology is very helpful for all
organization and to improve business environment. Information technology is benefit to the
business world and it will allow the company’s to work more efficiently.

There are several reasons and elements of the information technology in which it is useful for
businesses because information technology allows fast and accurate completion of tasks. This
saves time and resources of the organisation. Information technology is playing key role in
present business environment in which it has established better connectivity within and outside
organisation. Along with it has specific important in each and every function of the business such
as management, production, marketing all the functions have importance of information
technology.
Analysis and discussion
Information technology
Use of information technology is foster innovation in organization and it is important
used for all organization. The Sainsbury company success its depend on many factor and it is
accurate and analysis the right technology. This technology is used to provide a specific data
and plan in business. Information technology its provide many tools to solve complex problems
in business so it is effectively used by organization.
Information technology plays an important role in many phases of organization such as
decision making, business growth and resource management. Today, technology is essential part
for all business and it is effectively used in organization. IT is help for organization, workers
and, managers to improve efficiency in business. The long term business success, information
technology is important part for all organization (Benckendorff, Xiang and Sheldon., 2019).
It is also uses in helping companies to expand globally and providing better information
to Sainsbury organization. Information technology is a play a vital role of organization and it is
use in much business is goal to make business become more successful. It is essential use of
technology in organization is for communication through to collect much information and
monitor success of organization (Asongu and Boateng., 2018). Information technology is to
Crete better environment for business and it is helpful for all company to achieve organizational
goals.

Ethical and social issue of information technology
Information technology is define many issue is related to ethical issue and it is include
major ethical issue is personal right, harmful action, patents copyright, access right and trade
secrets.
Harmful actions
Information technology is main ethical issue and harmful actions in the computer ethics
refers to negative or damage consequences to the all information. This principal of ethical
conduct is any outsider’s use of information technology in manner to any loss of the employee
and users. It is main ethical issue for information technology and to recover from this harmful
actions is efforts and extra time are required to remove the all viruses from the all computer
system in information technology.
Personal privacy
It is essential ethical issue in information technology. Information technology is
facilitates the all users having their own operating system and software tools to access the server
(Zhai and Massung., 2016). It is major ethical issue challenges for IT organization and society to
maintain the integrity and privacy of data.
Patents
Patens are main ethical issue and it is difficult to deal with this type of issue for
information technology. Patens are very difficult as compared with a copyright. The patents
holder in IT has to revel the full details of program to an all programmer for s building program.
Social issue
Social issue includes privacy and confidentiality, health insurance discrimination, issue
related to socially vulnerable populations, individual responsibility and issue related to ethnicity,
race and implementation are main social issue of information technology.
Privacy and confidentiality

This are another ethical issue of information technology and privacy and confidentiality
issue are effects any social issue related all confidential data is to affect by social issue (Orlova
and Mokhova., 2017).
Socially vulnerable populations
Socially vulnerable populations are main social issue and it is also can be used on share
somatic mutations. Information technology are effect many social issue and to conduct is proper
manner.
Employment discrimination
This is also main social issue and employers who have concern about all employing
individuals who are risk of failure illness. This is main social issue for information technology.
Types of network
Local area network (LAN)
Local area network is one of the simplest types of network and it connects many groups
of computer and low-voltage device is use in short distance. Local area network can built with
inexpensive hardware such as hubs and network adapters. It is used for single sites and not use
for the outside world. Local area network provides a higher security and the data is transferred at
extremely faster rate ion local area network (Avgerou and Walsham., 2017).
Wide area network (WAN)
Wide area network is connects computer across longer physical distance and it is
important network for all organization. The internet is the important examples of wide area
network and it’s connecting all computers together around the whole world. A WAN is
containing multiple smaller networks such as MANs and LANs.
Personal area network (PAN)
The most basic type of network and this type of network is found in small office and it is
managed by one person or company from a single device. This type of network is providing

great flexibility such as upload a photo from cell phone to desktop computer and it is important
for organization. Personal comport device are used to develop the personal area network are the
mobile phone, media players and laptop (Lloyd., 2020). This network covers an area of thirty
feet.
System area network
System area network is used to define a local network and that is designed to provide
high-speed connection and storage area network. Computer connected on system area network as
a single system at high speed.
Metropolitan area network
Metropolitan area network is a network covers a large geographic area and it has a higher
range than a local area network. All government agencies use this metropolitan is network to
connect all private industries and citizens (Beynon-Davies., 2016). This network is uses by all
organization such as it also is used for communication in the military and it is used in
communication between all banks.
Growth of ITC and use of Internet and its effects on business
Information and communication technology has expanded to every aspect of life and
business. Before 2005 information connectivity was very limited and the growth in this is result
of increase in ICT infrastructure. In this along with external internal infrastructure were also put
together and integrated to work together. Along with development of ICT infrastructure internet
uses also increased and resulted in improved connectivity. Businesses also started using internet
in their basic functions and later became integral part of all functions of the business because of
its capacity to increase effectiveness and decrease time required for communicating and
completing different functions of business (Pradhan, Mallik and Bagchi, 2018). Some of the
effects that Internet made on Sainsbury’s are;
Accessibility- This is an important effect of the internet on business that this has filled the gap
between consumers and businesses. Consumers have access to products of Sainsbury’s and along
with this Sainsbury’s also can direct access its consumers. This improved capability of
Sainsbury’s to provide better products and service to customers ensuring customer satisfaction.

Information- This is another effect of internet on business that information receiving, sharing
and analysing has become much easier than it was earlier before internet. This enables
Sainsbury’s to learn about latest trends and also allows it to Gain information regarding
competitors and their activities. Increased information and improved analysis of information
result in improved decision making of the Sainsbury’s.
Marketing- This is most important effect that internet has made on Sainsbury’s. it can now
market and promote its products and brands in several manners which was not possible earlier.
Improved connectivity, personalised marketing has increased effectiveness of marketing. This
also resulted in increased visibility of the brand and brand awareness has also increased this has
been possible at lower cost of marketing.
Role of information technology in management
Information technology emerged as supportive for business activities and element to
contribute in business efficiency (Pristiwa, Huang and Ayuningtyas, 2017). But presently
Information Technology has become important for survival of business. management is also an
important aspect of business and is IT is playing important role in management at Sainsbury’s as
well. Some of the roles that IT is playing in management at Sainsbury’s are as follows-
Communication with employees, suppliers and customers
Communication is inherent in organisation functions and this is why IT has very
important role to play in for communication between suppliers, employees and customers.
Presently customers are also being communicated through IT in form of digital and social media
marketing and they are based on information technology. Suppliers provide all the required
resources to Sainsbury’s and they can be easily managed and communicated with help of
information technology. Email is an important tool for that. Employees which are part of
communication within organisation have also become easy for Sainsbury’s through information
technology. Sainsbury’s can create its personalised system for organisational communication.
Inventory Management System
Sainsbury’s is a retail organisation and this is why it is important for Sainsbury’s to
manage inventory. Sainsbury’s need to ensure availability of the stock and inventory to meet

demand and also ensuring that store does not have inventory more than it actually requires.
Through information Technology it is possible to manage inventory more easily. This system
which is operated through information technology ensures that stores of Sainsbury’s has enough
quantity according to demand and when inventory falls below certain level this trigger order for
additional stock. This has contributed in effectiveness of inventory management at Sainsbury’s.
Customer Relationship Management
This is another area of management at Sainsbury’s where IT is playing important role.
CRM system captures every interaction of customer with company and this is helpful in ensuring
that customers can be given more enriching experience (O'Mahony and et.al., 2016). The
interaction with one customer involving complaint from the customer helps in working on better
experience of another customer.
Stages of System development
Planning- This is first stage of system development. This includes identification of scope of the
problem and determines solution to the problem accordingly. This also includes determination of
resources, costs, time and benefit and other items that might be required for development of
system.
System Analysis and Requirement- This is second stage and in this stage teams consider
functional requirements of the project or solution (Wong, Yu and Too, 2018). This stage also
undertake analysis of system which means that needs of the end user are analysed and considered
to ensure that new system can meet expectation of end user.
System Design- This is third stage and this stage involved detailed description of all the
specifications and features and operations of the system. This are aimed to be such that are
capable of satisfying the functional requirements of the proposed system that will finally be in
place.
Development- This stage of the system development is the stage where actually development
function gets started. This means that this stage is the beginning of the development of system.
This not just starts development of the system but also mark end of initial section of the process.
This stage of the system development is also known and characterised as instillation and change.

Integrating and Testing- This is stage in which complete system is integrated and along with
the integration this stage also includes testing the stage in relation with programs and procedure.
This normally carried out by quality assurance professional. This is done to determine if the
system which has been proposed in design meet the initial set of goals of business regarding the
system.
Implementation- This is stage of system development when majority of the program code is
written (Kramer, 2018). In this stage project is put into the production by moving data and
components from old system and they are placed into new system via direct cutover.
Operations and Management- This is last stage of the system development and in this stage of
the system development end users of the system can fine tune the system, if they wish to boost
performance and add new capabilities or meet additional user requirement.
CONCLUSION
From the above report, it is concluded that the nowadays, information technology is
majorly used in the many business operations and functions. Information technology may be
described in the two divisions such as communication technology and information. IT plays a
crucial role in Sainsbury organization. It assist in storage, create, secure, exchange and process of
all forms of electronic information and data. Information technology encourages innovations
and creativity in business. Innovations help in improving data management and storage, data
distributing and faster processing. It makes company operate more effectively and efficiently.
Business uses information technology in their different departments such as manufacturing,
finance, security and human resources. Company can adopt information technology in their
operations by using different software and computers to operate their functions in a very smooth
manner. It is also summarized that IT assist in achieving cost efficiencies, improving business
processes, maintain a competitive in the whole market and driving revenue growth. It provides a
great assistance by speed up the time to provide the new and unique products to reach at the
market.

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