Energy Expenditure and Balance Analysis

This assignment delves into the concept of energy expenditure and its relationship to different lifestyle choices. It presents a table outlining Physical Activity Levels (PAL) associated with various occupations and activities. Furthermore, it provides a detailed energy balance calculation for a 45-year-old female based on her energy intake, Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), Estimated Energy Expenditure (EEE), and PAL. The analysis demonstrates the energy balance status by comparing energy intake to the sum of BMR and EEE.

Introduction to Nutrition
DTN101
Assessment Task 2 Part 2
Data Analysis
Student Name:

Table 3: Analysis of Dietary Intake
Number of serves per food group
Food Amount
Consumed
Vegetabl
es and
legumes/
beans
Fruit Grains Lean meats and
poultry, fish, eggs,
tofu, nuts and seeds
and legumes/beans
Milk, yoghurt,
cheese and/or
alternatives
Unsaturated
spreads and
oils
Discretionary
choices
Energy from
this food
Red
pawpa
w(smal
l)
500g 6 2100
Cup of
Milo
-50g 1 0
Tuna 95g 1 100
Lettuce 150g 2 100
Tomat
oes
cherry
35g 1 350
Snow
peas
15g 1 350
Chees
e
15g 1 1 500
Avoca
half
21g 1 350
Musial
bar
70g 1 0
Chicke
n piece
130g 1 500
Sweet
potato
125g 2 350
Brocco
lipiece
s
110g 2 100
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Number of serves per food group
Food Amount
Consumed
Vegetabl
es and
legumes/
beans
Fruit Grains Lean meats and
poultry, fish, eggs,
tofu, nuts and seeds
and legumes/beans
Milk, yoghurt,
cheese and/or
alternatives
Unsaturated
spreads and
oils
Discretionary
choices
Energy from
this food
cauliflo
wer
112g 2 100
Pumpk
in
pieces
116 2 700
Glass
of
scotch
dry
250mls
Glass
of
water
12 a
day
250mls
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Total 13 8 1 1 0 2 5600
Table 4: Comparison data from the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating
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Food group Serving size Energy per serve
Vegetables and
legumes/beans
75 g
http://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/food-essentials/five-food-groups/
vegetables-and-legumes-beans
100 – 350 kJ
Use smaller value for salad
vegetables and greens, use larger
value for starch vegetables
Fruit 150 g
http://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/food-essentials/five-food-groups/fruit
350 kJ
Grain foods 30-40 g (breads, dry cereals)
75-120 g (cooked grains eg pasta, rice)
http://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/food-essentials/five-food-groups/grain-
cereal-foods-mostly-wholegrain-and-or-high-cereal-fibre
500 kJ
Lean meats and poultry,
fish, eggs, tofu, nuts and
seeds and legumes/beans
60-100 g meat, poultry, fish
150 g legumes
http://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/food-essentials/five-food-groups/lean-
meat-and-poultry-fish-eggs-tofu-nuts-and-seeds-and
500-600 kJ
Milk, yoghurt, cheese and/or
alternatives
40 g cheese
200-250 g milk or yoghurt
http://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/food-essentials/five-food-groups/milk-
yoghurt-cheese-andor-their-alternatives-mostly-reduced-fat
500-600 kJ
Unsaturated spreads and
oils
10 g nuts or margarine
7 g oil
260 kJ
Discretionary choices http://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/food-essentials/discretionary-food-and-
drink-choices
600 kJ

Table 5: Comparison to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating
Food Group Serves Consumed Recommended number of
serves per day
Vegetables and legumes/beans 13 5
Fruit 8 2
Grain foods 0 6
Lean meats and poultry, fish,
eggs, tofu, nuts and seeds and
legumes/beans
1 2.5
Milk, yoghurt, cheese and/or
alternatives
1 3
Unsaturated spreads and oils 0-2.5
Discretionary choices 2 0-2.5
* recommended number of serves per day can be calculated at
http://www.eatforhealth.gov.au/node/add/calculator-servings
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Table 6: Activity calculations for each day
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Activity = A Hours spent on
activity = H
Energy cost per
activity (taken from
Table 7) = E
kJ/kg/hour
Weight (kg) Energy
expended
(H x E x kg) kJ
Dressing
undressing
1 0.4 75 30
Eating 1 1.7 75 127.5
Drinking 1.75 1.7 75 223.125
Sweeping 0.33 5.9 75 146.025
Standing 0.33 2.1 75 51.975
Walking for
leisure
2.75 8.4 75 1732.5
Washing/
vacuuming
3.33 11.3 75 2822.175
TV/awake/
lying still
1.75 0.4 75 52.5
Sleeping 7.33 0 75 0
Reading 3.50 1.6 75 420
Activity = A Hours spent on
activity = H
Energy cost per
activity (taken from
Table 7) = E
kJ/kg/hour
Weight (kg) Energy
expended
(H x E x kg) kJ

Table 7: Energy Cost of Activities (modified from Table 7.11, Guthrie, 1989)
Activity code Activity Energy Cost
kJ/hour/kg body weight
B Boxing 47.7
CP Carpentry (heavy) 9.6
CYM Cycling at moderate speed approx. 10km/hr 10.5
CYF Cycling at fast speed approx. 25km/hr 31.8
DS Dancing slowly 12.6
DQ Dancing quickly 15.9
C Dressing and undressing 2.9
D Driving 3.8
E Eating 1.7
FE Fencing 30.5
F Football 4.0 (approx)
HRW Horse riding - walk 5.9
HRT - trot 18.0
LW Laboratory work 3.4 (approx)
L Lying still, awake, e.g. watching television 0.4
P Painting 6.3
FP Peeling potatoes – standing – other food prep 2.5
PPS Piano playing - slow 3.3
PPF - fast 5.9
TT Table tennis 18.4
R Reading 1.6
RO Rowing in a race 67.0
RU Running 29.3
SE Sewing 1.7
SG Singing (loudly) 3.3
SI Sitting in lectures, sitting in a car or on public
transport
1.7
SK Skating 14.6
SL Sleeping 0
SQ Squash 30.0 (approx)
ST Standing 2.1
SF Sweeping floor 5.9
SW Swimming 33.0
T Tennis 18.0 (approx)
TY Typing (rapidly) 4.2
V Vacuuming 11.3
VP Violin playing 2.5
WS Walking leisurely (4-5km/h), walking the dog
(depends on dog!)
8.4
WR Walking at reasonable pace (6-6.5km/h) 14.2
WQ Walking quickly or up incline (7.5-8.5km/h) 38.9
WD Walking - downstairs 0.05 /15 steps
WU - upstairs 0.15 /15 steps
WT Writing 1.7
To estimate the energy costs of an activity not listed here, choose one that
involves a similar amount of muscular activity
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Table 8: Equations to determine basal metabolic rate (BMR) - Schofield
Age Equation (weight in kilograms)
Males 10-17 (74 x weight) + 2754
18-29 (63 x weight) + 2896
30-59 (48 x weight) + 3653
>60 (49 x weight) + 2459
Females 10-17 (56 x weight) + 2898
18-29 (62 x weight) + 2036
30-59 (34 x weight) + 3538
>60 (38 x weight) + 2755
(Schofield, 1985)
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Table 9: Energy expenditure levels for different lifestyles
Description of lifestyle Examples of occupations PAL*
1. At rest, exclusively sedentary or lying (chair-
bound or bed-bound).
Old, infirm individuals. Unable to
move around freely or earn a
living.
1.2
2. Exclusively sedentary activity/seated work
with little or no strenuous leisure activitya
Office employees, precision
mechanics.
1.4–1.5
3. Sedentary activity/seated work with some
requirement for occasional walking and
standing but little or no strenuous leisure
activitya
Laboratory assistants, drivers,
students, assembly line workers.
1.6–1.7
4. Predominantly standing or walking worka Housewives, salespersons,
waiters, mechanics, traders.
1.8–1.9
5. Heavy occupational work or highly active
leisure.
Construction workers, farmers,
forest workers, miners, high
performance athletes.
2.0–2.4
6. Significant amounts of sport or strenuous
leisure activity in addition to 2, 3 or 4 above.
Add extra
PAL unitsa
* Physical Activity Level
Adapted from Black et al (1996), German Nutrition Society (2002) and FNB:IOM (2002)
a Note: For sports and strenuous leisure activities (30–60 minutes, 4–5 times per week) add
0.3 PAL units per day, or calculate how much extra PAL to add from data in Chapter 12 of
US:Canadian DRI report (FNB:IOM 2002)
(NHMRC et al, 2006)
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Table 10: Energy balance data summary
Gender: Female
Age (yrs): 45
Height (m): 1.537
Weight (kg): 75
BMI (kg/m2): 31.7478
Energy intake (kJ) 5600
BMR (kJ) 118278
EEE from activity record (kJ) 5605.8
EEE from activity record (kJ) + BMR 123883.8
PAL 1.9
EER from BMR x PAL (kJ) 1272329.1
Energy balance [energy intake –
(EEE+BMR)] (kJ) -118283.8
EER = estimated energy requirement, BMR=basal metabolic rate,
EEE = estimated energy expenditure.
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