Dissertation: Marine Paints Manufacturing and Antifouling Technologies

This dissertation delves into the realm of marine paints manufacturing, focusing on the latest technologies employed in the antifouling paint industry. The research begins with an introduction to the background of marine coatings, their purpose in protecting ships from corrosion and biofouling, and the historical use and subsequent ban of Tributyltin (TBT) due to its harmful effects on marine life. The dissertation then outlines the research's aim, objectives, and research questions, along with a proposed timescale. A comprehensive literature review examines the evolution of antifouling products, including the development of new biocides and the advantages and disadvantages of these products. The research also explores the contribution of anti-fouling manufacturers to ecological sustainability. The methodology section details the research methods, approaches, and philosophies employed, along with data collection strategies. The findings, discussion, and sampling sections provide insights into the efficiency of the latest technologies, the key factors for ecological sustainability, and the advantages and disadvantages of new antifouling products. The dissertation concludes with a discussion of the findings and recommendations for the industry. The study also explores the use of biomimicry in creating new antifouling products. The research examines Chugoku Marine Paints Limited's advancements in technology and its role in developing innovative antifouling solutions.

Dissertation
To investigate
“Marine Paints Manufacturing”
The latest technologies used in Antifouling
Paint Industry
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INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................
Background of research...............................................................................................................4
Overview of research...................................................................................................................4
Rationale of research...................................................................................................................5
Aim..............................................................................................................................................5
Objective......................................................................................................................................5
Research Questions......................................................................................................................6
Timescale.....................................................................................................................................6
Literature Review.................................................................................................................................
Introduction..................................................................................................................................8
Theme 1: The New Antifouling product......................................................................................8
Theme 2: Advantages and disadvantages of the new Antifouling product...............................12
Theme 3: Contribution of anti-fouling manufacturers to ecological sustainability...................15
Research Methodology.......................................................................................................................
Introduction................................................................................................................................19
Research Methods......................................................................................................................20
Research Approaches.................................................................................................................22
Research Philosophies...............................................................................................................24
Data Collection...................................................................................................................................
Findings.....................................................................................................................................27
Discussion..................................................................................................................................29
Sampling.............................................................................................................................................
Introduction of sampling............................................................................................................30
Types of sampling......................................................................................................................31
Importance of sampling.............................................................................................................32
Ethics, access, and costs.....................................................................................................................
Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................34
Bibliography.......................................................................................................................................
Online References..............................................................................................................................
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INTRODUCTION
Background of research
Marine coating systems are mainly applied to offshore structures and ships both in ocean
and fresh water contain bodies. It serves with dual purpose i.e. protect the structure of ship from
deterioration, as well as keep its durability (de Wit-de Vries and et. al., 2019). The merchant fleet
at worldwide level is comprised with bulk carriers, ships, tankers, cargo ships, cruise ships,
container ships and passengers. Marine coatings possess specific functional properties which
helps in protecting the surface of ships corrosion from foulings (Dawoud, 2012). Along with this,
such coatings also protect submerged materials other than ships like yachts, vessels and more
from sea water, which also improves their durability as well as overall performance.
TBT refers to Tributyltin that is mainly used as a biocide in bottom or anti-fouling paint,
which is applied to ocean hulls, to improve performance of ship (Martins and et. al., 2019). This
would also help in increasing durability of ship that reduces biofouling rate i.e. organism growth
on hull of ship. But applying such type of biocide which contain (C4H9)3 Sn group, when leaches
out into marine environment prove highly intoxicated for other non-targeted organisms
(Bhadbhade, 2019). This toxic which is also an obseogen, has been used as a fungicide,
bactericide, insecticide and wood preservative. So, it is affecting aquatic life and led to collapse
the number of organisms. The high concentrations of TBT and/or other organotoxins are found
in coastal waters at several locations worldwide. Therefore, to prevent life of other organisms,
usage of TBT has completely banned in 2003, in antifouling coatings. This ban has forced
marine organisations to reconstruct the formulation of accommodating various biocides, which
contain copper designated materials and supplemented with the booster biocidal products
(Debnath, 2014). Thus, new technology needs to implement for antifouling coatings, which are
expected to drive efficient market growth. For this purpose, a dissertation is made on latest
technologies used today, in antifouling paint industry for preventing ships from corrosion in sea
water.
Overview of research
Chugoku Marine Paints Limited is known for its advancements in technology and also
accountable for giving the technology regarding leading antifouling. It is known as one of the
world's famous paint producers, originated from Japan Hou (2020). It has founded in 1917 and
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headquartered in Hiroshima City of Japan. This manufacturing firm paints colour townscapes
beautifully and the living environment surrounding the sea, by protecting materials from
deterioration and corrosion. After its foundation, Chugoku Marine Paints, Ltd. or CMP group has
dedicated its business to protect materials like steel in harsh fouling, corrosive marine
environments and other, through its antifouling products and anti-corrosive technologies
(Bhadbhade, 2019). In addition to this, innovative technologies of respective firm produce a
number of products or services to support industrial development, such as paints for boats,
woodworking and curable paints for underwater materials, which are represented by first UV-
curable paints of Japan. Standing on this development spirit via high dedication and innovation,
lead CMP group to become one the innovative marine paints manufacturing firm (Aykin, 2019).
Considering on banned for usage of TBT in coating paint, this company has developed new
innovations to adopt that enhance the efficiency and durability of ships, including protecting the
marine organisms, a research is conducted in present research (De Groot and Spiekerman, 2020).
It includes enzyme based coating systems; low energy and hydrophobic foul-release coatings;
biocide free and two-component of fouling release coatings; anti-fouling copper-free system; and
Nano antifouling coatings.
Rationale of research
The main purpose of conducting present research is to analyse efficiency of latest
technologies, which are used by Marine Paints Manufacturing like Chugoku Marine Paints, for
antifouling coatings (Ali, 2020). This would help in evaluating the key factors of respective
industry, for improving ecological sustainability and maintaining durability of ships by
manufacturing new biocide products.
Title
To investigate “Marine Paints Manufacturing”. The latest technologies used in Antifouling
Paint Industry
Aim
“To investigate the key factors that help to maximize the contribution of Chugoku Marine
Paints and other manufactures contribute to sustainability through a balance of improved
ecological sustainability or energy saving”.
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Objective
 To improve the ecological sustainability new biocides and compare with products that
damaging effects on the environment.
 To determine the advantages and disadvantages of new Antifouling products.
 To evaluate the model of the key factors for consideration by the anti-fouling
manufacturers that contribute to sustainability.
Research Questions
 How can we improve the ecological sustainability of new biocides and compare with
products that damaging effects on the environment?
 What are the advantages and disadvantages of the new Antifouling product?
 What is the model of the key factors for consideration by the anti-fouling manufacturers
that contribute to sustainability?
Timescale
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Identifying
title of
study
Problem
statement
and select
the
company
with tutor
Setting
deadlines
Literature review
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Selecting
techniques
for
research
Determinin
g Budget
Data
Interpretati
on and
analysis
Evaluating
results and
findings
Presenting
conclusion
and
recommen
dations
Documenti
ng results
Submissio
n of report
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Literature Review
Introduction
It refers to a comprehensive part of a research, which summarises past collected
information through various researchers’ views on a certain topic. It creates a landscape the
information about significant works done by previous researchers, through numerous
methodologies (Mullarkey and Hevner, 2019). With this assistance, present researchers can
collect vast data and address the main objectives of projects, efficiently. Considered a particular
form of research which reviews, critiques as well as synthesizes representative literature on a
certain topic, in a systematically and integrated way, so that new frameworks and perspectives on
the same, can be generated. Along with this, body of literature review also includes entire studies
which addresses the related or identical hypotheses to meet research objectives effectively.
Furthermore, a well mannered way of integrative review, helps in meeting the same standards as
compared to primary research with regards to clarity, rigor and accuracy (Snyder, 2019). For this
purpose, to carry out literature review, a number of concepts can be integrated such as
theoretical, systematic, methodological and historial reviews, so that research problems can be
addressed efficiently. In context with the science-based project, to evaluate the efficiency of the
new antifouling system and its features for marine paints, several articles, and published
information will be summarised below, where theoretical review is taken to generalised the
concepts. The purpose of such form of revieing a theory, is to examine the importance and
corpus of theory, which has accumulated with respect to particular issue and phenomena
(Aksnes, Langfeldt and Wouters, 2019). In addition to this, theoretical literature review also
allows researchers to establish theories on antifouling products and technologies that have been
developed yet, in order to develop new hypotheses for meeting present problems.
Theme 1: The New Antifouling product
Hou (2020) said that high-performance antifouling is based on the combination of various
types of techniques which provides a spectacular result. This type of antifouling technique
provides high performance in different conditions and also operating in worldwide. Initially,
marine coating systems after then applied to ships as well as on offshore structures within
freshwater and sea environments Aykin (2019). It serves a dual purpose in terms of protecting
the structure of ships from deterioration, also keeping the same looks good. Since the world
merchant fleet is encompassed with bulk carriers, container ships, tankers, cargo, passenger, and
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cruise ships Snyder (2019). So, marine coatings which have specific functional properties, help
these fleets in protecting the surface of ships from significant corrosion. Such coatings also
protect submerged materials like vessels, and more from seawater, corrosion, and abrasion. In
addition to this, the application of marine coatings also improves the durability of the vessel and
its overall performance. Antifouling coatings are considered as specialized paints that applied to
the hull of ships, for slowing the marine growth that affects vessel performance and its durability
on the underwater area Bhadbhade (2019). For preventing marine growth, this type of hull
coating also acts as a barrier for the occurrence of any type of hull corrosion, which degrades the
metal and weakens it. Furthermore, it improves water flow that passing the hull of the fishing
vessel.
According to Malcolm Latarche (2016), it has been evaluated that active compounds of
TBT which are used in antifouling coatings are slowly released within the marine environment.
So, it consequently results in the killing of marine life, which attaches itself to the bottom side of
ships. In this regard, after observing these causes, the shipping industry reflects on globally ban
of using TBT as an active biocide Hou (2020). They have moved for using the reinforcing
biocides like Diuron (3-(3,4-dicholorophenyl), Irgarol 1051 (2-methylthio-4-tert-butylamine-6-
cyclopropylamine-s-trazine), copper pyrithione, and more. While using these co-biocides it has
further evaluated that Zineb and zinc pyrithione are least harmful as compared to TBT for the
marine organism but Irgarol and Diuron are evaluated as much harmful Subramanian (2016).
Therefore, after evaluating the environmentally harmful action of these well known, efficient as
well as versatile self-polishing paints, manufacturers have been enforced for using new more
antifouling paints, which are combined with environmentally friendly biocides. Afterward, the
products with biocides for this purpose are grouped under 3 main categories, as – tin-free self-
polishing paints (TF-SPCs), controlled depletion paints (CDPs) and hybrid systems, with the
inclusion of co-biocides and copper oxide. In this regard, after considering the ecological these
paints are completely free of TBT Verma (2019). They are based on the amount of release of
biocides and co-biocides, however, the action of them is not fully clarified, therefore, paint
manufacturers move towards fully biocide-free antifouling paints.
For this purpose, a new Antifouling product is developed by using the biomimetics
approach, which deals with a design based on bio-inspired, instead of direct copying the natural
biological functions. This approach mainly implies the usage of the natural world – a model
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based on a ‘bottom-up’ strategy for the formation of hierarchical structures Dawoud (2012). The
application of this kind of approach for coatings mainly includes deposition control of
inorganics, like silver and silica by biomolecules. This approach is developed by investigating
the diverse mechanisms used by marine organisms for protecting their surfaces from fouling.
Furthermore, the biomimetics approach within the marine ecosystem, allowed for the
development of some specific antifouling properties Ali (2020). Natural chemical defense
methods which include chemical prospecting for pharmaceuticals, including a molecular
approach for antifouling has yielded the potential compounds with a wide variety. Under this
approach, a key chemical antifouling mechanism related to marine organisms usually occurs
through the production of secondary metabolites, which is also known as natural products and
are classified as per metabolic pathway or biosynthesis (Snyder, 2019). Such natural products
include Sponges (Porifera), Corals (Cnidera), Algae, Sea-urchins (Echinodermata), Sea-squirts
(Tunicates), Bacteria, and Bryozoa. The performance of these natural products as antifoulants is
initially tested via effective concentration within bioassay and barnacle use as a key fouling
organism Aykin (2019). Effectiveness of these natural products used for antifouling is depicted
by using the table below –
Natural products that incorporated into paint systems
Natural products Paint system
Bacteria: Bacillus pumilus
extract, Bacillus lichenifo,rmis
extract, Pseudomonas sp.
extract Bacillus subtilis extract
Paint resin Revacyl 380,
which is water based chemical
Marine Sponge
Bromocyclopeptides:
Barettin
8,9-dihydrobarettin
Commercially coatings:
SPC SPF Lotree
FabiEco SPC International TF
Solid paint/weak SPC Lotréc
H2000 Solid paint/weak SPC
Lotréc
Sodium benzoate
Chestnut tannin
Soluble matrix tannate paint;
calcium carbonate, tannate,
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Mimosa tannin
Quebracho tree tannin
rosin, white spirit, phenolic
varnish, Soluble matrix
sodium benzoate paint.
Therefore, to develop a new antifouling product, Chugoku Marine Paints Ltd., will use a
biomimetic approach which has relatively less impact on the environment and marine organisms.
Biomimetic is defined as the study of investigating the structure as well as the function of
biological systems, to get inspiration for sustainable design of antifouling products and
engineering of materials (Carić 2016). One of the most beneficial parts of using the biomimetic
approach includes the area of green tribology for the development of highly optimized
tribological surfaces on ships for the prevention of fouling. It includes multifunctional; reactive
to the surrounding environment; and usage of biological and physical design strategies in
combined form. Natural surfaces in this regard are self-healing, self-cleaning, and possess the
ability for producing cell-to-cell communication signals for the prevention of colonization
( Nasir 2017). Under this process, tribology includes interfacial science in terms of flowing fluid
over the solid surface, including friction which is induced by the same. Drag reduction of hulls of
ships helps in increasing vessel availability, fuel efficiency, and invasive species of translocation,
which ultimately reduce the life-cycle costs.
Through the perception of Selim (2020), it has evaluated that key biomimetic surface
features that are related to resistance and fouling exclusion from shells of over thirty-six species
of marine mollusks are characterized into five parameters that are positively correlated with
fouling resistance (Reijnders 2012). These parameters include low fractal dimension; high
skewness regarding waviness and roughness profiles; higher values of isotropy; and last is mean
surface roughness having lower values. Among all these surface parameters, which are strongly
correlated with 20% fouling removal is waviness, including the highest waviness profiles and
weakest fouling adherence (Debnath 2014). While considering the importance of mechanical
properties and structure of mollusk shells from synthetic biomimetic materials’ perspective.
Foul-release coatings which are based on silicone elastomers having low surface free energies
seem to be successful for the fast-moving vessels only, because the decrease in the linkage of
strength facilitates, removes at speeds more than 20 knots (Biomimetic characterisation of key
surface parameters for the development of fouling resistant materials. 2008). Apart from this,
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diatoms having the higher attachment strength upon the hydrophobic surfaces remain on Foul-
release coatings (FRCs) over near about 30 knots.
Theme 2: Advantages and disadvantages of the new Antifouling product
As per the perception of Bhadbhade (2019), it has been evaluated overall that Marine
biofouling which is an accumulation of the biological material on the underwater surfaces, has
plagued commercial as well naval fleets. In this regard, integrating the concept of biomimetic
approaches will provide new insights for designing and developing alternative, surface-active
antifouling (AF) technologies and non-toxic antifouling products (Selim 2020). In the marine
environment, entire submerged surfaces are mainly affected by fouling organism attachment, like
bacteria, algae, invertebrates, and diatoms, which causes an increase in hydrodynamic resistance,
resulting in increased the fuel consumption, with a reduction in speed and operational range.
Along with this, other economic factors that raise demand for new antifouling products include
additional costs of dry-docking, including an increase in fuel costs and corrosion, etc. Past
solutions to antifouling which includes TBT are generally used in toxic paints which has a
detrimental effect on the life of marine organism worldwide (Solér 2020). Therefore, it
prohibited the use of such antifoulants and it has led management to the search for new
biologically inspired antifouling strategies (Irwin and et. al., 2019). Therefore, for maintaining
the durability of ships, new biocide products are manufactured by using biomimetic approaches.
These antifouling coatings are special coatings that help in preventing the marine organisms’
accumulation on the surface of ships, increasing its durability. However, it has analyzed that
typical antifouling coatings marine paints are not biomimetic but it is based upon the
synthetic chemical compounds, having poisonous effects on environment (Kura2014). It
includes tributyltin or TBT compounds, which are considered as main components in marine
paints and used for preventing biofouling of ship hulls. Along with this, typical antifouling
components are highly effective at combatting the barnacles’ accumulation and other
problematic organisms, where paints containing organotin are also damaging to various
organisms, which may interrupt entire marine food chains Martin (2019). Therefore, Chugoku
Marine Paints, Ltd., is going to use a biomimetic approach for producing a new marine
antifouling product, which helps in reducing the negative impact of coating on the environment.
Biomimetic antifouling coatings as a comparison, highly lucrative due to having a low
environmental impact. Marine coating refers to that category of antifouling paints which are
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