IoT based Healthcare

This research report presents the up-to-state artwork relating to IoT, challenges, technologies, trends, and future recommendation of the Internet Of Things in healthcare systems. It discusses the technologies that are applied to IoT and healthcare systems, including embedded technologies, wireless communication, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence among others. The report also highlights the challenges faced in IoT based healthcare, such as lack of a central system.

Running head: IOT based Healthcare 1
IOT based Healthcare
Name
Institution

IOT based Healthcare 2
Abstract
Modern healthcare is being redesigned technologically, economically and architecturally
by revolution ofthe Internet Of Things (IoT). Internet Of Things (IoT) has started to gain and
attract a lot of attention and popularity in recent years due to its alleviation of key development
in healthcare systems. The purpose of this research report is to present the up-to-state artwork
relating to IoT, challenges, technologies, trends, and future recommendation of theInternet Of
Things in healthcare systems. Some of the technologies that are applied toIoT and healthcare
systems include; embedded technologies, wireless communication, big data analytics, and
artificial intelligence among others. IoT has been recommended by many health practitioners as
an effective way to engage with patients due to its common adoption. But any system doesn’t run
without obstacles. IoT has some drawbacks and weaknesses that cause challenges to health
facilitates. However, there are avenues like sustainable development which bases IoT to have
some future research on IoT healthcare bases issues.

IOT based Healthcare 3
Introduction
Healthcare is a crucial and essential structure in people’s lives. Modern healthcare is
required in the current era due to the aging growth of people and high increase in chronic
diseases. The solution that is very much appropriate to this demand of health resources in the
hospital is the integration of IoT to the hospital systems. IoT healthcare is an interconnected
infrastructure of both software & hardware applications and more so healthcare devices that
receive and send data from IT-specific systems in the healthcares& hospitals. Evolution of IoT
things has a foundational mission of optimizing better and sufficient healthcare in an easier and a
faster way and much convenient to the environment (Baker, Xiang, Atkinson, 2017). This
interconnection connects healthcare providers and patients through technology and software
developed specifically for the purpose. This technology is helping the health industry to
revolutionize and create better relationships from patients to physicians to the entire workforce
and all having a similar goal of engaging and cultivating the whole health process. IoT
integration from other different industries have proven the plausible characteristic of IoT based
healthcare and it has verified that remote monitoring of things, data sampling & collection, and
data transfer is possible between patients and healthcare facilities. Several related research works
have been done previously on specific areas and technologies related to this survey were also
included in the study (Baker, Xiang, Atkinson, 2017).This research report tries to uniquely
identify all the key crucial components of healthcare and the Internet Of Things. This report
further looks into annotated bibliographies of various sources which had tried to analyze and
tackle Internet Of Things and healthcare industry.
Literature Review
The following section discusses technologies in IoT based healthcare systems. This
involves the in-depth definition of Internet Of Things which mostly is mistaken by technology
definition. Then it also involves the concepts like the trends, challenges involved in the field, and
annotated bibliographies. Smart devices have the capability of interacting and integrating with
other smart things. A fitting example is that a smart watch simply integrates with your phone
which simply connects with the health provider´s systems such that in case of an emergency and
someone is wearing the smartwatch, it will easily share the data with your spouse´s phone and
also the hospitals` system. According to Miorandi, Sicari, Pellegrini, &Chlamtac (2012), a smart

IOT based Healthcare 4
device can be described as anything which poses the ability to communicate that is able to send
and receive messages, perform simple computations and it is identifiable uniquely.
Technologies behind IoT Healthcare
Wireless networks are among the technology that powers the IoT systems and some of
the networks include; Bluetooth, wireless sensor networks, Wi-Fi, low range WANs, PANs, low
power WANs and Near Field Communication among others (Gubbi, Buyya, Marusic, &
Palaniswami, 2013).
Sensing is another type of technology that has pushed IoT systems in healthcare to
greater levels. Devices with sensing capabilities have progressed in a very inferential way. These
devices are cheap and easy to install hence they do not undermine the involved parties
economically. But whatsoever, it has been noted that sensing technology is not an essential factor
in powering IoT (Miorandi et al., 2012).
Attack Reason for
Vulnerability
Violation of security Measures taken
Hidden channel attacks Sharing of the hardware
components and the VM
servers
Confidentiality Flushing the cache
memory,
Limiting the rate of
switching the cache,
Hard Isolation,
Noisy access time of
data
Virtual machine
migration attacks
Bugs from VM
migration software,
Clear copying of
memory pages,
Performance of
unauthenticated
migration
Availability,
Confidentiality,
Integrity
Server Authentication,
Encrypting the
migrating pages
Theft of service attacks Sampling of VM
resources periodically
Non-repudiation,
Availability
Fine-grain sampling
using high precision
clocks,

IOT based Healthcare 5
Random sampling
Insider attacks Luck of trust in
administration of the
cloud
Confidentiality and
Integrity
Homomorphic
Encryption,
Data chopping for secret
storage
Virtual Machine escape
attacks
Hypervisor bugs of the
software
Confidentiality,
availability and Integrity
Adding the isolation
domain between the
hardware and the
hypervisor
Another upping essential technology which is fueling IoT applications in the health
industry is the radio frequency identification popularly known as RFID. This type of technology
is actually an improvement over the barcode systems where it has enhanced the development of
microchips which has the capability of wireless data communication (Gubbi et al., 2013).RFID
reader actually reads a lot of tags and doesn’t require any sight interactions and it offers writing
capabilities additional of the reading capabilities. (He & Zeadally, 2015). The tags which are
processed by RFID have the ability to store sensitive data which can be of much help to health
facilities with a good example of meds identification. In this type of technology, security and
privacy are issues which need a lot of research since it can be easily accessed by unauthorized
objects(Miorandi et al., 2012).
Cloud computing. This is a platform or a working base which provides complex
computing services over the on-demand networks. Cloud computing is a technology which is
enhancing IoT services in healthcare based facilities where it is aggregating and analyzing big
data that is generated all over the processes. Examples of data processed include; temperature of
patients, the proximity of things to the patients, pressure, blood sugar, biometrics, and also
financial statements of the individuals among others and the challenge arises when integrating all
the data (Davenport &Lucker, 2015).
Big data analytics is another technology which is included in the IoT healthcare systems.
Large volumes of data are transported from various smart devices and locations over the
available networks, they are stored in databases. Amounts of data generated by these IoT gadgets
are huge and need to be analyzed in order to make rightful decisions(Schatsky&Trigunait, 2011).

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Annotated Bibliography
Alharbe, N., Atkins, A., & Champion, J. (2015). Use of Cloud Computing with Wireless Sensor
Networks in an Internet Of Things Environment for a Smart Hospital Network. The
Seventh International Conference on eHealth, Telemedicine and Social Medicine (pp. 52-
58). Lison, Portugal: eTelemed.
This research examines the implementation of Internet Of Things utilizing cloud
computing on a healthcare environment. The several modules of IT design to maintain the
network are detailed as well as the service and healthcare impact IoT applications have in
healthcare. The research findings detail how fragmentation of IoT is reduced through the
interoperability of cloud computing and the capability to supply, collect, and integrate
information through a range of sensors, systems, and software. The research focuses on the IoT6
research project aimed at redesigning the standards related to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
to better accommodate the growing demands of IoT innovations and permit objects and devices
to Internet Protocol (IP) enabled. Although the research has a healthcare focus, the findings and
benefits of deploying IoT solutions utilizing cloud computing are common across the industry. A
variety of business models can benefit from improvements to privacy and security, scalability,
outsourced support and maintenance capabilities, improved data processing and management,
improved network access, availability, and reliability. The IT proposed smart network systems
architecture and benefits are not restricted to any one industry and there is a significant
convenience in connecting numerous smart objects and networks together and improving
interoperability.
Andersson, P., &Mattsson, L.-G. (2015). Service Innovations enabled by the Internet Of Things.
IMP Journal, 9(1), 85-106.
This journal completed by Andersson and Mattsson had an objective which was to design
a theoretical structure that enables simulations to utilize Internet Of Things to provide service
innovations and new dynamic processes that benefit end users. The article highlights have ICT
advancements which have been fundamental in changes to business models and service
propositions that drive growth, efficiency, employment opportunities and competition while
evolving business process and improving society. The research method utilized studied IoT

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reports across the industry and the findings are primarily conceptual and driven by the analysis
of the recent trend and investment across multiple sectors. It details that multiple devices can be
connected to the same unsecured cloud network and the different actors and objects can
effectively overlap. This cloud computing concept details the emergence of new “ecosystems”
emerging through interconnect infrastructure. This work conducted and outlines the integration
potential between industries and the importance of the establishment of new business networks
and shared IT infrastructure through the utilization of IoT and Cloud Computing. The conceptual
framework proposed is relevant to studies being undertaken as it identifies the future dependency
between IoT users and cloud computing and proposes an idealistic future that was derived
through the exploration of service improvement and innovation
Nolin, J., & Olson, N. (2016). The Internet Of Things and convenience. Internet Research, 26(2),
360-376.
This study was conducted by Nolin and Olson and explores the linkage between
convenience and the evolution of IoT technology. Concept of “any-everything” connectivity is
introduced and described as the movement towards ubiquitous computing and ambient
intelligence being frequently connected to the internet and transitioning from 24/7 remote
connectivity for anyone to 24/7 remote connectivity for any and everything, which is defined as
the alpha convenience. The concept of alpha convenience in relation to IoT is analyzed from a
critical perspective using the Constructive Technology Assessment (CTA) method. The
assessment considers and scrutinizes current issues including the societal impact of wide-spread
ubiquitous computing and ambient intelligence and the violation of privacy. The practical
research study completed highlights the vast opportunity for adaption and expansion with IoT
applications and architectures to improve business efficiencies and expand day-to-day societal
consumer convenience through smart anything. The limitation of this work is that the concept of
alpha convenience identifies challenges within data management and IT architecture but fails to
address these problems with best practice strategies. Alternatively, the work is valuable as it
markets alpha convenience as a driver of continued IoT innovation while identifies the
opportunity costs that are sacrificed along the way.

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Shon, T., Cho, J., Han, K., & Choi, H. (2014). Toward Advanced Mobile Cloud Computing for
theInternet Of Things: Current Issues and Future Direction. Mobile Networks
andApplications, 19(3), 404-413. doi:10.1007/s11036-014-0509-8
This article by Shon et al, discusses issues like security bleaches and network
connectivity for radical mobile cloud computing for Internet Of Things. The author of the article
outlines the open challenges faced and solutions available concerning mobile cloud computing.
The article also tries to determine how cloud computing use is creating challenges as it tries to
maintain security. The author recommends some guidelines on how to integrate IoT mobile
devices with the cloud computing. Limitation found in this research is that it has only
summarized a small area of security. This research will assist to supplement the information in
the IoT healthcare but although it has no significant work carried on security.
Sun, Y., Bie, R., Thomas, P., & Cheng, X. C. (2014). Advances on data, information, and
knowledgein the Internet Of Things. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing Journal, 18,
1793-1795.
The study done by Sun and others explores the IoT importance and the ability to integrate
and effectively management large scales of disparate data. To achieve IoT benefits, the authors
highlight that it is essential to correctly and safely identify IoT applications; effectively organize,
model and integrate, large volumes of structured and unstructured data; have business
intelligence capability to acquire knowledge and value from big data; and ensure security and
privacy of your business and consumers is not a risk. The paper is useful as it explores potential
solutions to better manage data models and process big data in IoT environments and address
security and privacy issues that result from mobile computing and IoT applications and
networks. The outline provided provides valuable insights into the importance of how the capture
of information and internal data management practices are integral in realizing IoT benefits. In
relation to the topic of IoT and healthcare, this article provides justification for the adoption
challenges of data management and security.
Challenges faced in IOT based health-care
Lack of a central system.
Data collected from IoT devices is so wide and of variety. These may include patient’s
glucose levels, metabolic breakdowns, vital signs among others and all these data does not get

IOT based Healthcare 9
transported in a central location. This makes the information to have less value as it is not shared
among health providers (RedaChouffani, 2010).
Without health providers, IoT data is meaningless.
Information collected from IoT devices is only valuable when it is within the framework
of a health provider.
Security concerns in IoT data
Implementation of IoT in healthcares is giving concerns whether privacy is maintained.
The patient’s information is collected and transmitted over the networks which are sometimes
not secure.
Rapid technology change
More than one IoT gadget is required for one patient to capture the required health data.
Due to this reasons, a patient is required to have additional costs for facilitating all the hardware
and connectivity technology (RedaChouffani, 2010).
These challenges are more than the above discussed above. IoT is faced by many challenges but
it depends on how it is integrated with other systems and how the user takes the challenges.
Recent trends in IoT based healthcare
There are various current trends in the healthcare sector. IoT has tried to solve and impact
most problems in this sector like the rapid increase of patients infected with chronic diseases like
blood pressure, the aging population and poor health systems (Islam, Kwak, Kabir, Riazu,
Daehan, Humaun, Kyung, 2015).IoT is being used to monitor the condition of patients infected
with chronic infections remotely. Patients have been able to do a follow up on their conditions
without going to the hospital and hence it has reduced the high costs the health sector is
associated with. On the other side, health providers can be able to check up on their patients
through an IoT application. The elderly have been able to minimize the no of times they are
admitted to a hospital. The prominent and senior people have been fitted with IoT gadgets to
determine when they have emergencies (Geng, 2017).
Concerns also are ongoing on the focus of the prevention and rather than treatment
measures. The current and tradition healthcare system focus on treatment of the illness while

IOT based Healthcare 10
prevention of the same disease is a much more cost-effective approach. This is also true when it
comes to treating patients using the holistic approach (Deloitte, 2017).
Current medicinal services is being upgraded mechanically, financially and structurally
by upheaval of the Internet Of Things (IoT). Web Of Things (IoT) has begun to pick up and
draw in a great deal of consideration and fame as of late because of its mitigation of key
advancement in human services frameworks. The motivation behind this exploration report is to
introduce the up-to-state fine art identifying with IoT, challenges, advancements, patterns, and
future suggestion of the Internet Of Things in social insurance frameworks. A portion of the
advancements that are connected to IoT and medicinal services frameworks incorporate;
installed advances, remote correspondence, huge information examination, and computerized
reasoning among others. IoT has been suggested by numerous wellbeing professionals as a
powerful method to draw in with patients because of its basic appropriation. Yet, any framework
doesn't keep running without deterrents. IoT has a few disadvantages and shortcomings that
reason difficulties to wellbeing encourages. Be that as it may, there are roads like feasible
advancement which bases IoT to have some future research on IoT medicinal services bases
issues
Patient engagement is another recent and important trend. The launch of digital platform
e-health in can be seen as another trend which is trying to minimize the inefficiency problem
caused by administrative processes experienced in healthcare facilities. This platform offers all
stakeholders a protected form of access and inquiry in well-caredata at a general place which
avoids replication of patient’s information (Gerkens&Merkur, 2010). Electronic health record
enterprise also is a recent trend which standardizes information exchange. Some companies are
offering web-based services for storing individual health records. Electronic health record system
is able to store and manage easily the health data which it shares with the health providers
(Steinbrook, 2008).
IoT has offered more opportunities and trends in healthcare and the following diagram
summarizes them.

IOT based Healthcare 11
The outcome measures hierarchy. Reprinted from “What is value in healthcare?” by
Porter, M., 2010, New England Journal of Medicine, 363(26), p. 2479. Copyright [2010] by
Massachusetts Medical Society.

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Conclusion
This research report discusses the existing technologies behind IoT based healthcare and
some lessons can be learned from them. This section discusses some recommendations for the
future. Machine learning is very important in offering IoT based healthcare. It is applied in
almost every IoT application and gadget. However, there are fewer studies which have been done
on the same. According to research, cloud computing problems have been mostly addressed and
solved. Nevertheless, security of the IoT devices in collecting, transmitting and storing data in
cloud computing is being questioned. There is extensive research which is in place for ensuring
that privacy is maintained.
This section discusses some future recommendations in the health industry and in relation
to Internet Of Things. More research should be done on self-learning algorithms where this is a
subtopic of machine learning. These algorithms are difficult to implement in practice but they
can revolutionize healthcare. The government should regulate policies in place to facilitate
invention of applications which can improve healthcare sector. Data processing is another field
which can impact IoT healthcare a lot. It needs further and deeper research as it should be able to
process raw data to meaning information and suggest ways of prevention from harm.

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References
Alharbe, N., Atkins, A., & Champion, J. (2015). Use of Cloud Computing with Wireless Sensor
Networks in an Internet Of Things Environment for a Smart Hospital Network. The
Seventh International Conference on eHealth, Telemedicine and Social Medicine (pp. 52-
58). Lison, Portugal: eTelemed.
Andersson, P., &Mattsson, L.-G. (2015). Service Innovations enabled by the Internet Of Things.
IMP Journal, 9(1), 85-106.
Baker, S. B., Xiang, W., & Atkinson, I. (2017). Internet Of Things for Smart Healthcare:
Technologies, Challenges, and Opportunities. IEEE Access, 5, 26521-26544.
Davenport, T. H., &Lucker, J. (2015). Running on data. Deloitte Review, (16), 5–15.
Deloitte. (2017). 2017 Global Healthcare Outlook. Retrieved from
https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/life-sciences-and-health-care/articles/global-
health-care-sector-outlook.html
Geng, H. (2017). Internet Of Things and Data Analytics Handbook. John Wiley & Sons.
Gerkens, S., &Merkur, S. (2010). Belgium: Health system review. Health Systems in Transition,
12(5), 1–266.
Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., &Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet Of Things (IoT): A vision,
architectural elements, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems,
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He, D., &Zeadally, S. (2015). An Analysis of RFID Authentication Schemes for Internet of
Things in Healthcare Environment Using Elliptic Curve Cryptography, 2(1), 72–83.
http://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2014.2360121
Islam, S. M. R., Kwak, D., Kabir, H., Riazul Islam, S. M., DaehanKwak, D., HumaunKabir, M.,
Kyung-Sup Kwak, K. S. (2015). The Internet Of Things for Healthcare: A
Comprehensive Survey. Access, IEEE, 3, 678–708.
http://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2437951
Miorandi, D., Sicari, S., De Pellegrini, F., &Chlamtac, I. (2012). Internet Of Things: Vision,
applications and research challenges. Ad Hoc Networks, 10(7), 1497–1516.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2012.02.016
Nolin, J., & Olson, N. (2016). The Internet Of Things and convenience. Internet Research, 26(2),

IOT based Healthcare 14
360-376.
RedaChouffani. (2010). challenges of IoT in healthcare that put it at risk of failure. Retrieved
fromhttps://searchhealthit.techtarget.com/tip/Five-challenges-of-IoT-in-healthcare-that-
put-it-at-risk-of-failure
Schatsky, D., &Trigunait, A. (2011). Internet Of Things Dedicated networks and edge analytics
will broaden adoption. Deloitte University Press, 307–323.
Shon, T., Cho, J., Han, K., & Choi, H. (2014). Toward Advanced Mobile Cloud Computing for
theInternet Of Things: Current Issues and Future Direction. Mobile Networks
and Applications, 19(3), 404-413. doi:10.1007/s11036-014-0509-8
Steinbrook, R. (2008). Personally controlled online health data--the next big thing in medical
care? The New England Journal of Medicine, 358(16), 1653.
http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp0801736
Sun, Y., Bie, R., Thomas, P., & Cheng, X. C. (2014). Advances on data, information, and
knowledge in the Internet Of Things. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing Journal, 18,
1793-1795.