IoT's Role in Smart E-Healthcare Services

This assignment delves into the transformative role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in shaping smart e-healthcare services. Students are tasked with critically analyzing a collection of research papers that shed light on various aspects of IoT implementation in healthcare, including its impact on asset management, security, privacy, and diverse applications. The focus is on understanding how IoT technologies empower personalized healthcare, improve data collection and analysis, and enhance patient monitoring.

IoT in Health Care
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Abstract—the study reflects various applications and the
insight of the IoT in the healthcare industry. The IoT term stands
for internet of things. The IoT has a vast application in the
healthcare industry along with the other industries. Using the IoT
technology for patient health data collection has been the greatest
and most popular application of all. The healthcare organizations
has developed various kinds of networks for connecting the IoT
with the organization environment. The report has been
developed with the purpose of proposing an IoT solution for
healthcare organizations that can easily and effectively allow the
organizations to collect health-related data of the patients who has
been discharged but need to be under monitor. The wireless
monitoring is the latest trend for the past years. The project has
considered connecting the server through the mobile device so
that the data communication can be done uninterrupted. A hybrid
cloud architecture has been selected to complete the network
design.
Keywords— Cloud, Cloudlet; IoT; WBAN; Network; BSN;
Health Monitoring System; Patient Monitoring System; IEEE
802.16.5; E-Health; Mobile Healthcare; Arduino; Hybrid Cloud
1. INTRODUCTION
The IoT is the abbreviation of Internet of Things. The report
is created for understanding the use and impact of IoT in
healthcare organizations. Within this report, various
implementations and researches of Internet of Things in the
domain of Healthcare organizations has been discussed [13].
This discussion is done through selecting ten articles. With the
enhancement of low-power circuits, sensors that can be wore
WBAN or wireless body area network, the advancement of IoT
in the healthcare industry has been a great success. The report
mainly describes various methods of utilizing Internet of
Technology within healthcare industry and selecting one
approach that is most suitable. The purpose of selecting that one
methodology over the others has been described properly in the
report. The report also describe the issues that has is possible to
rise during or after development. The connection between the
sensors and the server is critical task in the IoT technology [6].
The IEEE Standard is required to be considered while
developing the system as it will only communicate with the
server. The communication can be of two-way or single way.
The report is consisting of an introduction for making IoT
understandable and providing a brief idea regarding the report.
Then literature review part is provided to shoe the researches
that has been done in recent years (from 2014 to present) on
Internet of Things. This literature review part is generated using
at least ten articles collected form academic databases. The real
problem for this report will be creating an IoT approach that can
be used by all the healthcare organizations. The report will be
attending several attempts to provide solutions to the problems.
Stating the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed IoT is
another part of the report. The report also mentions the future
researches that can be done in the domain of proposed IoT.
2. BACKGROUND/LITERATURE REVIEW
The IoT or Internet of Things is rapidly taking over the
international as well as domestic industries and its future
applications are too bright. Various big organizations (who are
dominant in world market) are considering as a strong part of
future business. The implications of IoT in healthcare
organizations are a considerable part of research. The use of
information technology in the healthcare organizations has
been a great success over the years. Now, the organizations are
working on integrating the IoT with exiting IT infrastructure to
facilitate the patient care and improve treatment quality. The
IoT has been more popular due to increase in availability in the
broadband connection and mobile data. The IoT requires a
strong and stable connection to be connected to the server and
IT infrastructure of healthcare 24*7.
2.1 IoT
The IoT, in simple words, can be explained as the device
that can be connected to the internet and performs as an on/off
switch. The examples of IoT is vast starting from mobile
phones, coffee machines to health monitoring band, extended to
what else can be though about. These devices are generally
connected to various devices to control it over the internet [14].
The Internet of Things is considered to be a framework of
interrelated computing technologies, digital and mechanical
machines, people and animal, which are offered with distinctive
identifiers and the capability for transferring data/information
over the network with no need of interaction of human or
human-computer interaction [15].
In 21st century, the IoT has become the most powerful
communication standard. Within the environment of Internet of
Things, the daily activities of the healthcare process becomes an
aspect of the internet because of the ability of computing and
communication. For the healthcare organization, the Internet of
Things has served as a powerful entity to extend the concept of
internet and making internet usage more passive [1]. The
sensors like environment, wearable and implanted has made the
healthcare organizations to make the best use of IoT.
2.2 Body Sensor Network
The Body Sensor Network or Body Area Network is
considered to be the part of wearable computing device’s
wireless network. It can be implanted within the body or it can
be embedded in the body of the patient. Another popular usage

of BSN is mounting on the surface of the human body [16].
These devices can be carried by the patient in within the pockets
or bags. The major application of body area network has been
done for identifying if the patient will experience a heart attack
before even he/she can experience heart attack. This is done by
recognizing and measuring the alterations in the major signs of
body. Another application is injecting insulin into the patient
body, if the insulin level drops, through pump. BANs uses the
international standard named as IEEE 802.15.6 [19]. The
healthcare organizations are integrating the BSN as the major
part of treatment to the patients. The biggest advantage of BSN
is that it allows monitoring the patient health while the patient is
not admitted to the hospital. It serves as a remote monitoring
system for the healthcare organization.
2.2.1 Security Prequistics of Body Sensor Network
The first requirement of BSN in terms of security is privacy
to the data. It is highly recommended that BSN does not transfer
the patient data mistakenly to the neighbor or external network.
Communication eavesdrop can be a critical factor as it can be
used for overhearing the communication and the stolen data can
be used for illegal activities [17]. The coordinator can be
confused if the adversary transit an old data to the network after
capturing the real data unauthorized. The anonymity can be
used for hiding the packets so that the adversary cannot
recognize the patient who transmits the packet.
2.3 Application of Big-Data
Within the domain of healthcare management, the third-
dimensional medical imaging is a crucial factor in collecting
the 3D healthcare data. The Internet of Thing device is used for
gathering the 3D image data and these data are transferred to
the cloud based data storage. The engine that will be generating
the adaptive and lossless dynamic 3D images is the IoT device
[3].
2.3.1 Health Shock Prediction
The family history can be the cause of the health-shock on
an individual person. The reason for this health shock
prediction research is identifying the geographical, socio-
economic and demographic conditions and its impact on the
patient. Inorder to this research a lot of data is needed to be
handled that can only be done through a big-data infrastructure.
The cloud based application will allow remote access to the
data and the IoT will be using for data gathering at base level
from patient and environment and transferring it to the cloud
database. The interoperability problems can create challenges
in the development of this IOT-Cloud based big-data
infrastructure [4]. The article did not provide any information
how to prevent or control the challenges that occur due to this
interoperability issue.
2.3.2 Using Signcryption
It is considered to be the part of cryptography and public key
primitive. The purpose of the cryptography is continuously
running functions that are related to encryption and signature.
It can prevent a unauthorized entity to access health record
stored in cloud or moving fro IoT to cloud [20]. Another
purpose of Signcryption is preventing any unauthorized person
or device to change the health record.
2.3.3 Internet of Medical Things based on Cloud
Periodically broadcasting and collecting data from distributed
location has been enabled by the IoT based Cloud. It is
essential that the healthcare organizations understands the risks
and challenges in developing the IoT based healthcare system.
The integrated cloud computing and internet of things will be
used for developing the health monitoring system. The routing
of the network in case of internet of medical things will be
constituted dynamically and intermittently in contrast of end-to
end conventional routing that happens continuously.
2.4 CodeBlue (Health Monitoring System)
Among the major healthcare researchers, the CodeBlue is
one of the most popular. Harvard Sensor network lab has
developed project for making the healthcare emergency care
more effective and efficient. In this approach several sensors
are installed in the body of the patient to stroke patient's
disaster and rehabilitation response [8]. The sensors optimized
and handled by the Gateway that has been named as
SwissGate. The implanted or body-worn sensors are used for
gathering the patient health associated data in case of
healthcare monitoring systems that are based on the IoT.
Fig 1. Healthcare Monitoring System that is based on IOT [8]
2.4.1 MSN
Medical Sensor Network or MSN is enabled by the
universal recognition, communication ability and sense. These
sensors are used for identifying and capturing the information
from the body of the patient and later utilized for medical
diagnosis and treatments [10]. These signals are then through
wireless/wired medium transmitted to the gateway.
2.4.2 Smart e-Health Gateway
It supports various protocols of different communication. It
serves as the communication point between the local internet
and MSN. It gathers data from various sub-networks and then
executes the protocol conversions. It also provides services like
data aggregation.
2.4.3 Back-End System
The remaining entities that are used for establishing the
system are considered to be the backend system. The cloud
computing platform is used for transferring the gathered data
from the local database to cloud based database. The
datawarehouse store all the data gathered by the health
monitoring system in a single location [14]. It is useful in
finding all the data that the system has gathered from the
beginning.
2.5 Clinical Care
Monitoring the psychological data of the patients who are
admitted to the hospital. Noninvasive monitoring systems are

identical for these purposes. The gateways and cloud are used
for collecting the pscycholigcal data of the patient. It also
supports the clinical care of the organization through the
continous flow of data [12]. This data flow is automated in the
system, so no human interaction is required for the system.
Fig 2 Monitoring patient remotely [6]
2.5.1 Wireless Sensor Networks
These IoT devices are used for gathering data from the
patients and purpose is same as the network of BNS that
connected various sensors. Ubiquitous Sensor Network is the
part or even can be called as the extension of WSN. It is
integrated into the IoT's application system. The Wide area
network is used for establishing a connection between the
gateway and cloud. The gateway first analyses these gathered
data then transmit it to the cloud. The sensors that are
connected to the Ubiquitous Sensor Network measure the
physical information of tracked parameter [2]. These sensors
are easy to use, cheap and lightweight.
2.5.2 Connection to Internet
Either of three approaches is mainly followed for
connecting the internet to the Wireless Sensor Network. These
approaches are a single gateway, using the hybrid network and
multiple sensors.
Fig 3 Using a Single Gateway [7]
Using a single independent gateway is used for connecting the
WSNs to the Internet is currently the most popular method of
establishing communication between sensors and internet
server.
2.6 Mobile Healthcare
Continuous and fast perception of smart mobile devices is
an active factor turning the smartphones in the IoT devices
using the user interfaces. This serves as a crucial role for
interacting with the platform. Various organizations like the
Samsung, Apple, Google and other telecom enterprises are
developing the IoT device platform through the use of their
products [11]. In order to provide personal healthcare, the
healthcare is considered to be a user-configured service. These
services must be able to alter the requirements and
environment dynamically.
Fig 4 Mobile Phone and Medical Device Authorization Model
[9]
Each of the medical devices is recognized through a unique
identification number. These ids are transmitted to the mobile
phones, and a token consisting of a mobile device and medical
device unique identification number is generated. The process
is critical in recognizing who is the user of the device. The
precondition of this method is that the medical device must be
registered within the platform.
Fig 5 Medical Device Service Model [9]
2.6.1 Data Binding
After the services like monitoring, device and user is
registered to an authorized platform; the binding services are
activated automatically or manually. A special automation
method is used for mapping user data using the medical
devices and smartphones. These make the process of dynamic

and repetitive monitoring services easy. The service
information is defined by the s-id in the service platform as per
the fig 6.
Fig 6 Data Binding Protocol Sequence Diagram [9]
The mobile devices request for transmitting the Auth.req to
the service platform in order to receive a token and service
related information (s-id as mentioned above).
2.6.2 Flexibility Goals in Mobile Healthcare Data Collection
End-user coding and configurator entity are used for
providing the flexibility. In order to design the instruments (the
instruments are questions and texts) required associated with
data collection are developed using the configurator. The
coding is usually done in various programming languages so
that multilingualism can be enabled. The model-based
mechanism is used by domain specialists for defining the
structure and logic of the instruments that are associated with
the data collection process. On the abstract level, the sensors
used for gathering data are modelled [10]. During the runtime
this seonsors carryout the process of data collection.
The instruments are installed in the mobile user devices after
the mapping of the data collection instruments to a process
model. In order ensure flexibility, the process management
technology is used. In addition to that, the strong processing of
the activity instance done during the data collection method.
In order to have flexibility, several possible issues are
considered and first one is a process engine that is lightweight
used for robust computation of the process model that is used
for defining the logic behind the developed instruments that is
to be installed in the smartphone devices.
Fig 7 Data Collection Process Flexibility Approach [10]
2.6.3 Mobile Health Care Network
The servers ate stored within the used for storing, evaluating
and processing the data collected through mobile devices. The
heterogeneous mobile networks are used for supporting
connection to the mobile device and server [21].
Fig 8 Mobile Healthcare Network [11]
3. ISSUES/SOLUTIONS
Five ways of using the IoT in healthcare has been described
in the above literature section in the study. These methods are
using BSN, Cloud and IoT in healthcare, CodeBlue, using IoT
in clinical care and using mobile in healthcare solutions. All of
these methods have sensors in common [19]. These methods
need to collect data using an IoT sensor device either implanted
in the body or attached to the body surface. The requirements
for developing the project are to identify the sensors most suited
for the patients who are not within healthcare compound,
establishing a connection to the server used for collecting,
processing and evaluating data, an IEEE standard to establish a
connection and many more.
At the beginning of the report, the problem statement that was
mentioned was like this ‘The real problem for this report will be
creating an IoT approach that can be used by all the healthcare
organizations’. Now after the finding information from the
literature and analyzing that information, an exact idea of the
project has been developed. According to the new and clear
requirements of the project, the new problems of the project are
identifying the suitable sensor network used for the data
collection process, establishing the IEEE standard for the
communication, a network for data transmission and receive as
well as cloud server configuration for data store and processing.

3.1 Selecting the Sensor Network
The wireless body sensor network will be developed with
the purpose of collecting data from the patient body.
Fig 9 WBAN with IoT sensor [2]
The sensors that will be attached to the body of the patient will
be connected to the Wireless Body Area Network.
3.1.1 Wearable Sensor Node
The primary entities of the wearable sensor nodes are
MCU or microcontroller unit and three sensors that will be
used for information collection and data processing.
Fig 10 Activity Diagram of WSN [2]
The MCU or microcontroller unit remains at the core of the
sensor node. This equipment is used for collecting data from
the sensors and processing those data. The MCU is also
responsible for power management. The power management is
used for controlling the power consumption by the sensor node
[22]. The Arduino microcontrollers can be used as the MCU as
these microcontrollers are cheaper than other microcontrollers
and do effective processing. This sensor node will be designed
in such a way that it can be connected to ECG, GSR and EEG
plug-in sensors regarding the human body significant signals
measurement for the future designs. The microcontroller
should be able to run in 3.3V.
A flexible PCB will be soldered with ADXL362 and
connected to the sensor node. The accelerometer will be
consisting of a significant feature called motion triggered
wakeup [23]. The power consumption of the accelerometer will
be consuming only 2 micro ampere current while creating
output on 100 Hz. The current consumption will significantly
low, in case of triggered wake-up mode, to 270 nano ampere.
ADXL362 will also be used for establishing the fall detection
method.
MAX30205 temperature will be used as the temperature
sensor. The accuracy of MAX30205 is very high and it the
prime reason for selecting it. The sensor will be consuming 600
micro ampere power from 2.7 to 3.3 volt [2].
Pulse Sensor will be using for collecting the data regarding
the heartbeats of the patients. It is PPG sensor that serves as a
plugin. The current consumption of the sensor will be forty-
two micro ampere.
Fig 11 WSN circuit PCB [2]
3.1.2 BLE Transmission
The BLE module will be used for transmitting the collected
data from the sensor node to the mobile device. The mobile
device associated information and analysis has been proposed
later in this report. The CC2541 chip will be used in this
project as the BLE module. This low energy consumption
bluetooth device consumes only 17.96 and 18.2 for RX and TX
respectively. The module is bluetooth 4.0 enabled device that
can communicate with iOS and Android devices [24].
3.2 IEEE 802.15.6
It is the latest released IEEE international standard for the
Wireless Body Area Network. The standard is capable of
providing support to the wireless body area network by
allowing low power, very reliable wireless communication,

short-range connection within the surrounding environment of
the human body who wears the sensor node. This standard is
capable of a supportng enormous range of data rates regarding
various applications. Proper specification of the wireless
communication in short range vicinity to the body has been
done within this IEEE standard [19]. The national mecial and
regulatory authorities have sanctioned various frequency bands
for use in the standard. In addition to that, it also uses the
industrial scientific medical or ISM bands for communicating
purpose. The standard support the 10 Mbps data rates, quality
of service or QoS and low power consumption. It is done along
with the non-interference strict guidelines.
3.2.1 Security
The IEEE 802.15.6 provides security to the network
through the authentication, privacy protection, confidentiality,
integrity, and replay defence. The sensor nodes will have three
security levels such as unsecured communications at level 0,
authentication without encryption at level 1 and authentication
with encryption at level 2. During the development, the third
level security has been selected which specifies that the sensor
node and hub will joint securely using both the authentication
and encryption. Mainly four protocols that are key agreement
that have security issues has been removed in the IEEE
802.15.6 [19].
3.3 Network
The network architecture is consisting of three distinct
interconnected layers called as sensing layer, network layer and
application layer. The main part of the project is establishing a
connection between the sensing layer and network layer. The
sensing layer will be consisting of the sensor node and mobile
devices. The network layer will be the cloud based server.
Fig 12 Network Architecture [5]
In this network IoT devices are always resource-
constrained with the store-carry-and-forward method of packet
forwarding only when their storage is available. The heavy
computation of the collected data will be done by the cloud
server as the sensor nodes are not capable of doing this
incentive tasks. Thus this network will be consisting of
protocols regarding offer efficiency to IoT sensor nodes. The
sensor node will be connected to the mobile device in order to
have connection to the internet. The BLE module will connect
the sensor node to the mobile device. The mobile device will
be connected to the Cloud Server that will collect data from the
sensor node through the mobile device internet connection. The
IEEE Standard that will be used for the connection is IEEE
802.15.6 [19].
3.3.1 Network Authentication Protocol:
The authentication protocol that will be used in the network
is a Lightweight Anonymous Authentication Protocol. The
authentication protocol will be consisting of two phases. The
first phase is the registration phase and the second phase is the
anonymous authentication phase. The objectives of the
authentication protocol are mutual policy for authentication,
preventing forgery cyber attacks, achieving anonymity
property and less overhead for computation.
3.3.2 Wireless Body Area Security in the Network
The sensor node at first provide a request for a association
frame to the hub. The network then identify the node through
the unique identifier and then allow or reject the sensor node
request. The connection with the sensor node is destroyed by
the server if the response the request is rejected. If not then a
mutually agreed master key will be shared to the sensor node.
This is generally done for creating the PTK or Pairwise
Temporal Key.
3.4 Cloud Server
The Hybrid Cloud Architecture will be used within the
project. The cloud processing will be storage, visualization and
analytics. The project is determined to provide a IoT solution
to the healthcare centers which is able to store data for a very
long time. The data that will be stored in the cloud database
will not only hold the biochemical informations but also assists
in diagnosis of health issues.
3.4.1 Hybrid Cloud Architecture
The cloudlet will be using in the project that is a limited in
terms of computing and storage platform. This rejects the
requirement of intensive tasks that are outsourced to the
enterprise cloud. In terms of the wireless body area network,
the cloudlet is proposed as a solution for delivering the low
latency regarding the time critical processes. There is a key
issue in connecting the mobile devices to the cloudlet directly
through the mobile internet. The issues is that the data is
exposed to the mobile network.
3.4.2 Secure Data Storage in the Cloud
Providing privacy to the patient clinical data is a major
concern of the project. The security concern is mainly related
to the data security in the cloud storage system. According to
HIPPA or Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act,
protecting the confidential medical records from disclosure is a
crucial factor. First of all encryption method will be used for
protecting the data from the cyber criminals [5]. This ensures
data protection even if the data is stolen. Various other security
approaches will be considered as important while transmitting
data from sensor node to the cloud.
3.4.3 Analytics
The data coming from the wearable sensors will required to
be coped with the streaming data. Analytics on the WS
(wearable sensor) data can be conceptualized with the use of
machine learning methods and pattern recognition techniques.

Few of the issues that will occur during deploying analytics in
the cloud [17]. These issues will be solved during deployment
and a register will be used for gathering data regarding these
issues.
3.4.4 Visualization
The visualization of the data stored in the cloud is a
significant factor in terms of treatment of patient monitoring.
This happens in the application layer of the network as
mentioned in the Fig 12. The data that will be stored in the
cloud will not be easy to understand by the physicians.
Therefore it is essential that the data is visualized to the
physicians or healthcare center representatives. For this
purpose a interface will be developed that will be consisted of
various forms and reports.
4. FUTURE RESEARCH
The future work is consisted of securing the cloud system
and communication channel. Developing direct communication
between the sensor nodes and server. The project has been
developed using a local processing unit, mobile phone device,
in this case. If the mobile phone damaged or even gets
switched off, then the sensor node will lose communication
with the server. This implies that the whole IoT technology is
very much depended on the mobile device and its internet
connectivity. In order to develop, the IoT device that is
independent of the connectivity of the mobile network, a
device has to be connected to it that can connect the
microcontroller directly to the server. The microcontroller
should be able to handle extensive data flow from the sensor
node to the server. Another future research is developing a
more compact device which will hold the microcontroller,
accelerometer and other equipments in a single place. Proper
wiring of the sensor and the board will be done so then it can
only be disconnected by clicking on a lock switch. Developing
a band that will serve as the four sensors combined. These
device will be wearable and stylish. In order to make the
product more consumer friendly and stylish it is a slight
approach. Additional sensors can be attached to the device is
needed.
The cloud security is a big concern of the future research.
Maybe it is the main research paradigm. The IoT and Cloud
connection is the main issue in this project, and even though
the solution has been proposed against this issues, there are
many things that needed to be considered. The server must be
protected with a firewall, may be a hardware-based firewall for
better protection. Instead of having a different cloud storage
system, the project future work may consider the hospital
storage system as the main database. This will allow the
healthcare organization to have better control over the data.
5. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
5.1 Advantages
Through the wireless sensor network, the configuration of the
network is done without a fixed infrastructure. It is appropriate
for non-reachable areas like rural areas, sea and other places.
Through the WBAN, the usage of extensive wires can be
avoided. Integrating new devices into the network is easy, and
the connection is flexible. A centralized tracking medium can
be accessed by the wearable body area network [2]. The device
can be physically separated from one to another to make the
device more effective. Considering the development of
additional workstation can be done using the wireless sensor
network. The biggest advantage of the Wearable Body Area
Network is that it is most suitable for connecting the
implemented various sensors on the human body to the main
hub. In this project, four sensors have been selected for
connecting to the microcontroller which is further connected to
the BLE module. The BLE module is the key to connecting the
sensor node in the WBAN to the mobile device [33]. The
accuracy of data in the WBAN is very high, and percentage of
possibility of error occurring is low.
IEEE 802.15.6 is a highly secure international standard for
WBAN. The authentication with encryption security level is
able to provide a very secured data transmission method to the
proposed network of the project. The data transmission rate can
be selected as per the requirement of the project as the standard
supports up to 10mbps of the data rate. For now, the data rate
has been considered to be 100 Kbps. The PTK or pairwise
temporal key is the primary aspect of secure connection.
Thorugh this key, the network will identify the device that is
connected to the server. As the key will destroy as soon as the
session is destroyed, the cyber criminal will not be able to trace
the path of communication between the sensor node and the
server.
Through the utilization of the cloud storage in the project
proposed framework, the remote identification and storage of
data have been enabled. The patient health information will be
stored in the electronic form. These data are easy to store,
maintain and retrieve. As the hybrid cloud will be used, the
streamlined collaboration will be achieved. This pushes the
impact of the project on the healthcare organisation form
efficient patient monitoring to share critical data with various
health related causes. This will make the disaster response
more realistic. The whole organization will be able to retrieve
the data related to patient health [43]. The cloud will eliminate
the need of installing a physical data storage in the hospital
environment. As the data remains in the cloud server virtually,
if the internet connection of the mobile device is equal or more
than 120 Kbps, the connection between the device and server
can be established. The cloud-enabled the integration of
analytics in the proposed cloud environment in the project.
This analytic is highly powerful and able to compute tasks in
real-time. The project is created with the purpose of providing
a powerful IoT technology for healthcare that can personalize
the patient monitoring activities [21]. The cloud analytics is a
good approach for that.
The application of the proposed IoT technology will not be
limited to only the healthcare organization which has
implemented it. The organizations that use this IoT technology
can share data with each other through the various solutions
that cloud provides [38]. With proper analysis and data sharing
process, the future advancement in the proposed IoT
technology can be identified.
The project has been developed by considering four sensors
for collecting patient information. As these sensors are not
mandatory to implement in every sensor node, the device has

become tremendously flexible. The PCB will consist of mainly
the accelerometer and connection ports. Only the required
sensors can be connected to the PCB. The microcontroller is
very cheap and reliable that makes the IoT system a quality
product. Arduino can be operated using c like coding. As the
network will allow the Bluetooth to connect to a specific
mobile device, the hacking cannot be an easy task. The layers
that have been proposed in the cloud architecture is appropriate
for the project. All these layers will compute tasks individually.
The only connection between these layers will be data
receiving. As the data flow will be done in one way,
controlling the IoT device from other location is not possible.
The device will not identify any information coming from an
external entity. The mobile device will not be having any
control over the device like with on/off or others. It is because,
in case the phone is hacked, which is a common attack recent
years, the mobile installed application cannot be used to
operate the device. The phone will not decode the data coming
from the sensor node; it will only be decoded at the server
where it will be stored.
5.2 Disadvantages
No matter how much effort and money is put into securing the
cloud based database, the cloud always remains vulnerable to
the cyber attacks. As these cloud storages are accessible from
any location and at any time, various attacks can be done in
one cloud system simultaneously. The cloud service provider
can also sell the sensitive patient health-related data to
competitors or any other organization.
The decision of making the sensors node as a combination of
speed modules may not be a very high idea in terms of
connectivity. The connection between the sensor and the PCB
can disrupt by various causes like falling from a height,
accident, or removing clothes. In case of the elderly,
reconnecting the sensors to the nodes is a critical task.
The wireless approach of the body area network will make the
sensor nodes vulnerable to cyber attack. If the cybercriminals
identify the MAC address of the mobile device that is
authorized to connect to the sensor node, the cyber criminals
can get access to the WBAN. Even if the data is not decrypted
by the hackers, getting access to the cloud server will become
comparatively easy.
The whole project is a complex one. From developing a
mobile application for iOS and Android to an interface for data
visualization retrieved from the cloud, the entire project is very
vast and time-consuming. The cost of the project will be high
due to development of an application for various platforms.
6. CONCLUSION
The paper has presented an IoT solution to the patient
monitoring application paradigm in the healthcare industry. As
the project has been done by considering the sensor nodes
being within a Wireless Body Area Network, the power source
of the node must be good enough to support the system for a
very long time. As Arduino microcontrollers are consist of
having volatile memory, all the variables that will be stored in
the microcontroller will be deleted as soon as the power goes
out. The report did not focus on this solution. In the future
research, the microcontroller will be changed to RaspberyPi or
something similar; this issues will be automatically solved.
The sensors that have been discussed in the report can be
placed at various places of the body The sensor will gather that
particular data for which it is designed no matter where in the
body it is attached. There are few areas of the body that is
suitable for various readings, so before mounting in the body of
the patient, it is recommended that knowing the body readings
is essential. Many wearable devices that have been developed
in the recent days, like a wrist band, can be a better approach
for this project. The cost of developing this kind of band are
high and considering the budget of the project which is still not
being considered as industrialized, the project has concentrated
on some very interesting aspects.
Apart form the IoT solution, the report has been considered
the network of the system to be very secure and efficient. The
IEEE 802.15.6 has three layers of security, and the project has
been believed to be selecting the most secure layer which is
also the most complex. In case of system security, no
compromise has been tolerated [41]. The patient monitoring
system is a very sensitive task as it consists of various patient-
related sensitive data. Making the communication path one
way, the system has been able to prevent the attacks in the
sensors itself. Getting into the system through the
communication channel is pretty tuff.
The report has also reflected light on the topic of the mobile
healthcare system. The report has chosen this topic because the
mobile devices and the network it runs on is very vulnerable
and damaging the readings is easy. If a separate IoT device is
installed in the body, then hacking a hardware based system
gets away more difficult.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report has been developed with the help of <Your teacher name>. The university <your university> has provided all the
resources that were required to develop the report.
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