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IoT in Health Care (Doc)

   

Added on  2020-05-16

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IoT in Health CareName of the StudentName of the UniversityStudent NumberCourse IDEmail Address of StudentAbstract—the study reflects various applications and theinsight of the IoT in the healthcare industry. The IoT term standsfor internet of things. The IoT has a vast application in thehealthcare industry along with the other industries. Using the IoTtechnology for patient health data collection has been the greatestand most popular application of all. The healthcare organizationshas developed various kinds of networks for connecting the IoTwith the organization environment. The report has beendeveloped with the purpose of proposing an IoT solution forhealthcare organizations that can easily and effectively allow theorganizations to collect health-related data of the patients who hasbeen discharged but need to be under monitor. The wirelessmonitoring is the latest trend for the past years. The project hasconsidered connecting the server through the mobile device sothat the data communication can be done uninterrupted. A hybridcloud architecture has been selected to complete the networkdesign.Keywords— Cloud, Cloudlet; IoT; WBAN; Network; BSN;Health Monitoring System; Patient Monitoring System; IEEE802.16.5; E-Health; Mobile Healthcare; Arduino; Hybrid Cloud1. INTRODUCTIONThe IoT is the abbreviation of Internet of Things. The reportis created for understanding the use and impact of IoT inhealthcare organizations. Within this report, variousimplementations and researches of Internet of Things in thedomain of Healthcare organizations has been discussed [13].This discussion is done through selecting ten articles. With theenhancement of low-power circuits, sensors that can be woreWBAN or wireless body area network, the advancement of IoTin the healthcare industry has been a great success. The reportmainly describes various methods of utilizing Internet ofTechnology within healthcare industry and selecting oneapproach that is most suitable. The purpose of selecting that onemethodology over the others has been described properly in thereport. The report also describe the issues that has is possible torise during or after development. The connection between thesensors and the server is critical task in the IoT technology [6].The IEEE Standard is required to be considered whiledeveloping the system as it will only communicate with theserver. The communication can be of two-way or single way.The report is consisting of an introduction for making IoTunderstandable and providing a brief idea regarding the report.Then literature review part is provided to shoe the researchesthat has been done in recent years (from 2014 to present) onInternet of Things. This literature review part is generated usingat least ten articles collected form academic databases. The realproblem for this report will be creating an IoT approach that canbe used by all the healthcare organizations. The report will beattending several attempts to provide solutions to the problems.Stating the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed IoT isanother part of the report. The report also mentions the futureresearches that can be done in the domain of proposed IoT.2. BACKGROUND/LITERATURE REVIEWThe IoT or Internet of Things is rapidly taking over theinternational as well as domestic industries and its futureapplications are too bright. Various big organizations (who aredominant in world market) are considering as a strong part offuture business. The implications of IoT in healthcareorganizations are a considerable part of research. The use ofinformation technology in the healthcare organizations hasbeen a great success over the years. Now, the organizations areworking on integrating the IoT with exiting IT infrastructure tofacilitate the patient care and improve treatment quality. TheIoT has been more popular due to increase in availability in thebroadband connection and mobile data. The IoT requires astrong and stable connection to be connected to the server andIT infrastructure of healthcare 24*7.2.1 IoTThe IoT, in simple words, can be explained as the devicethat can be connected to the internet and performs as an on/offswitch. The examples of IoT is vast starting from mobilephones, coffee machines to health monitoring band, extended towhat else can be though about. These devices are generallyconnected to various devices to control it over the internet [14].The Internet of Things is considered to be a framework ofinterrelated computing technologies, digital and mechanicalmachines, people and animal, which are offered with distinctiveidentifiers and the capability for transferring data/informationover the network with no need of interaction of human orhuman-computer interaction [15]. In 21st century, the IoT has become the most powerfulcommunication standard. Within the environment of Internet ofThings, the daily activities of the healthcare process becomes anaspect of the internet because of the ability of computing andcommunication. For the healthcare organization, the Internet ofThings has served as a powerful entity to extend the concept ofinternet and making internet usage more passive [1]. Thesensors like environment, wearable and implanted has made thehealthcare organizations to make the best use of IoT.2.2 Body Sensor NetworkThe Body Sensor Network or Body Area Network isconsidered to be the part of wearable computing device’swireless network. It can be implanted within the body or it canbe embedded in the body of the patient. Another popular usage
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of BSN is mounting on the surface of the human body [16].These devices can be carried by the patient in within the pocketsor bags. The major application of body area network has beendone for identifying if the patient will experience a heart attackbefore even he/she can experience heart attack. This is done byrecognizing and measuring the alterations in the major signs ofbody. Another application is injecting insulin into the patientbody, if the insulin level drops, through pump. BANs uses theinternational standard named as IEEE 802.15.6 [19]. Thehealthcare organizations are integrating the BSN as the majorpart of treatment to the patients. The biggest advantage of BSNis that it allows monitoring the patient health while the patient isnot admitted to the hospital. It serves as a remote monitoringsystem for the healthcare organization.2.2.1 Security Prequistics of Body Sensor NetworkThe first requirement of BSN in terms of security is privacyto the data. It is highly recommended that BSN does not transferthe patient data mistakenly to the neighbor or external network.Communication eavesdrop can be a critical factor as it can beused for overhearing the communication and the stolen data canbe used for illegal activities [17]. The coordinator can beconfused if the adversary transit an old data to the network aftercapturing the real data unauthorized. The anonymity can beused for hiding the packets so that the adversary cannotrecognize the patient who transmits the packet. 2.3 Application of Big-DataWithin the domain of healthcare management, the third-dimensional medical imaging is a crucial factor in collectingthe 3D healthcare data. The Internet of Thing device is used forgathering the 3D image data and these data are transferred tothe cloud based data storage. The engine that will be generatingthe adaptive and lossless dynamic 3D images is the IoT device[3]. 2.3.1 Health Shock PredictionThe family history can be the cause of the health-shock onan individual person. The reason for this health shockprediction research is identifying the geographical, socio-economic and demographic conditions and its impact on thepatient. Inorder to this research a lot of data is needed to behandled that can only be done through a big-data infrastructure.The cloud based application will allow remote access to thedata and the IoT will be using for data gathering at base levelfrom patient and environment and transferring it to the clouddatabase. The interoperability problems can create challengesin the development of this IOT-Cloud based big-datainfrastructure [4]. The article did not provide any informationhow to prevent or control the challenges that occur due to thisinteroperability issue.2.3.2 Using Signcryption It is considered to be the part of cryptography and public keyprimitive. The purpose of the cryptography is continuouslyrunning functions that are related to encryption and signature.It can prevent a unauthorized entity to access health recordstored in cloud or moving fro IoT to cloud [20]. Anotherpurpose of Signcryption is preventing any unauthorized personor device to change the health record.2.3.3 Internet of Medical Things based on Cloud Periodically broadcasting and collecting data from distributedlocation has been enabled by the IoT based Cloud. It isessential that the healthcare organizations understands the risksand challenges in developing the IoT based healthcare system.The integrated cloud computing and internet of things will beused for developing the health monitoring system. The routingof the network in case of internet of medical things will beconstituted dynamically and intermittently in contrast of end-toend conventional routing that happens continuously. 2.4 CodeBlue (Health Monitoring System)Among the major healthcare researchers, the CodeBlue isone of the most popular. Harvard Sensor network lab hasdeveloped project for making the healthcare emergency caremore effective and efficient. In this approach several sensorsare installed in the body of the patient to stroke patient'sdisaster and rehabilitation response [8]. The sensors optimizedand handled by the Gateway that has been named asSwissGate. The implanted or body-worn sensors are used forgathering the patient health associated data in case ofhealthcare monitoring systems that are based on the IoT. Fig 1. Healthcare Monitoring System that is based on IOT [8]2.4.1 MSNMedical Sensor Network or MSN is enabled by theuniversal recognition, communication ability and sense. Thesesensors are used for identifying and capturing the informationfrom the body of the patient and later utilized for medicaldiagnosis and treatments [10]. These signals are then throughwireless/wired medium transmitted to the gateway.2.4.2 Smart e-Health GatewayIt supports various protocols of different communication. Itserves as the communication point between the local internetand MSN. It gathers data from various sub-networks and thenexecutes the protocol conversions. It also provides services likedata aggregation.2.4.3 Back-End SystemThe remaining entities that are used for establishing thesystem are considered to be the backend system. The cloudcomputing platform is used for transferring the gathered datafrom the local database to cloud based database. Thedatawarehouse store all the data gathered by the healthmonitoring system in a single location [14]. It is useful infinding all the data that the system has gathered from thebeginning.2.5 Clinical CareMonitoring the psychological data of the patients who areadmitted to the hospital. Noninvasive monitoring systems are
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identical for these purposes. The gateways and cloud are usedfor collecting the pscycholigcal data of the patient. It alsosupports the clinical care of the organization through thecontinous flow of data [12]. This data flow is automated in thesystem, so no human interaction is required for the system.Fig 2 Monitoring patient remotely [6]2.5.1 Wireless Sensor NetworksThese IoT devices are used for gathering data from thepatients and purpose is same as the network of BNS thatconnected various sensors. Ubiquitous Sensor Network is thepart or even can be called as the extension of WSN. It isintegrated into the IoT's application system. The Wide areanetwork is used for establishing a connection between thegateway and cloud. The gateway first analyses these gathereddata then transmit it to the cloud. The sensors that areconnected to the Ubiquitous Sensor Network measure thephysical information of tracked parameter [2]. These sensorsare easy to use, cheap and lightweight. 2.5.2 Connection to InternetEither of three approaches is mainly followed forconnecting the internet to the Wireless Sensor Network. Theseapproaches are a single gateway, using the hybrid network andmultiple sensors.Fig 3 Using a Single Gateway [7] Using a single independent gateway is used for connecting theWSNs to the Internet is currently the most popular method ofestablishing communication between sensors and internetserver. 2.6 Mobile HealthcareContinuous and fast perception of smart mobile devices isan active factor turning the smartphones in the IoT devicesusing the user interfaces. This serves as a crucial role forinteracting with the platform. Various organizations like theSamsung, Apple, Google and other telecom enterprises aredeveloping the IoT device platform through the use of theirproducts [11]. In order to provide personal healthcare, thehealthcare is considered to be a user-configured service. Theseservices must be able to alter the requirements andenvironment dynamically. Fig 4 Mobile Phone and Medical Device Authorization Model[9] Each of the medical devices is recognized through a uniqueidentification number. These ids are transmitted to the mobilephones, and a token consisting of a mobile device and medicaldevice unique identification number is generated. The processis critical in recognizing who is the user of the device. Theprecondition of this method is that the medical device must beregistered within the platform. Fig 5 Medical Device Service Model [9]2.6.1 Data Binding After the services like monitoring, device and user isregistered to an authorized platform; the binding services areactivated automatically or manually. A special automationmethod is used for mapping user data using the medicaldevices and smartphones. These make the process of dynamic
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