IoT in Farming: An Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review

This paper provides an annotated bibliography and literature review on the potential of IoT in farming. It explores the benefits, challenges, and future implementation of IoT applications in agriculture. The literature review covers topics such as digitalization of agriculture, factors affecting smart agriculture, opportunities, risks and challenges, and future implementation of IoT applications.

Running head: IOT IN FARMING
IOT IN FARMING
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

Annotated Bibliography:
Hussain, F. (2017). Internet of things: Building blocks and business models (No. 978-3, pp.
319-55404). Springer International Publishing.
Hussain provides a clear description of the IOT application growth in the farming
industries with proper justification. According to the author, IOT applications are the game
changer as it covers a large domain from data sensing to data analytics. Peoples are becoming
accustomed to daily activities being interconnected via smart devices to outside world. Author
describes the integration of core building blocks of IoT such as networking, communication,
processing and sensing (Hussain, 2017). This paper is an example of a good literatures where
several information related to the topic is explained with appropriate figures. This paper is
mainly focused on the IOT building models with emerging service and applications. The
emerging applications are widely described and compared with each other to evaluate the
effectiveness of this applications. This paper also provide useful insights about the internet of
thing application and how it can be adopted as a game changer in the farming industry. Readers
will understand the practical challenges of integrations, deployment and security and learn some
basic design principles in IoT.
Ryu, M., Yun, J., Miao, T., Ahn, I. Y., Choi, S. C., & Kim, J. (2015, November). Design and
implementation of a connected farm for smart farming system. In SENSORS, 2015
IEEE (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
Agriculture has been one of the most important industries in human history since it offer
necessary resources such as fiber, energy and most importantly food (Ryu et al., 2015). Firstly,

Author present a clear overview of agriculture industry with existing problems in the industry.
Then author describe the possible development by utilizing proper technologies. This paper also
presents a farming system which is connected with IOT technologies. The detailed design and
implementation process for connected farms are also illustrated with proper justification. Later,
the advantages of such technologies are described while compared with typical farms. This paper
also contains several figures associated with the IOT service platform in the farming. This
figures helps to understand the author approach. At last, author define and describes the service
scenario along with the advantages of connected farm-based smart farming systems. This paper
also provide useful insights about the internet of thing application and how it can be adopted as a
game changer in the farming industry.
Kamilaris, A., Gao, F., Prenafeta-Boldú, F. X., & Ali, M. I. (2016, December). Agri-IoT: A
semantic framework for Internet of Things-enabled smart farming applications.
In Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2016 IEEE 3rd World Forum on (pp. 442-447). IEEE.
This paper is mainly focused on the advancement of the internet of Things and possible
development through a large number of sensors data streams. Author describes the current status
of the IOT implementation for collect, process and analyze data streams in the real-time
(Kamilaris, Gao & Prenafeta-Boldú, 2016). According to the author, the smart solutions designed
to offer support and assist to make decision. Author identified that, the current development
process of the IOT is mainly analytics focusing on specific areas, providing stream processing
and domain-dependent. This paper also provide useful insights about the internet of thing
application and how it can be adopted as a game changer in the farming industry. The IOT
development in the farming have many external parameters such as regulation and weather
condition which have major influence on the IOT development in the farming industry. Author

also presents semantic framework for smart farming applications. Agri-IoT supports large-scale
data analytics and event detection, ensuring seamless interoperability among sensors, services,
processes, operations, farmers and other relevant actors, including online information sources
and linked open datasets and streams available on the Web.
Agrawal, H., Prieto, J., Ramos, C., & Corchado, J. M. (2016, September). Smart feeding in
farming through iot in silos. In The International Symposium on Intelligent Systems
Technologies and Applications (pp. 355-366). Springer, Cham.
This paper describes the smart farming practices and the utmost importance of economy
to ensure the development and growth and avoid issues like food insecurity, well-being and food
production rate. Author also describe the problem areas associated with conducting such
practices in small farms. Such is the case of expensive weighing machines for silos, while the
range of possibilities of the Internet of Things (IoT) could intensively reduce these costs while
connecting the data to intelligent Cloud services, such as smart feeding systems (Agrawal et al.,
2016). This paper also provide useful insights about the internet of thing application and how it
can be adopted as a game changer in the farming industry. This paper demonstrate IOT device
and a proper methodology to monitor quality and quantity of resources while estimating the
volume of the resources at several period along with the external factors. Author also showcase a
smart feeding system which was implemented through a virtual organization of agents. This type
of application can be used to provide optimal value to the framing industries. Author also
recommend certain practices which could be adopted by the firming industry to gain more
revenue.
Rupanagudi, S. R., Ranjani, B. S., Nagaraj, P., Bhat, V. G., & Thippeswamy, G. (2015,
January). A novel cloud computing based smart farming system for early detection of

borer insects in tomatoes. In Communication, Information & Computing Technology
(ICCICT), 2015 International Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
This paper provides a broad description about the current difficulties faced by the
farming industry. As the nature around us is changing dramatically day by day, it is effecting
many key resources. Author identified the main issues which are faced by the farmers due to the
pest infection. Pest infection is the major issue that impacts the productivity and revenue of the
farming industry. Author proposed a novel approach to solve the problem by constantly
monitoring the corps. Continuous monitoring cannot be conducted by farming executive. IOT
application can be used to solve the problem. This paper contains a methodology to detect pest
on tomato by video monitoring and robotics. This paper also provide useful insights about the
internet of thing application and how it can be adopted as a game changer in the farming
industry. Author also present a prototype design with camera to detect such kind of pests which
could affect the corps. Authors demonstrate the setup of the technology while focusing on the
tomato corps.
Literature review:
This section of the paper demonstrate different author perspective associated with the
chosen topic. Different literature provides different perspective and frameworks for IOT
development in the farming industry. This literatures were collected from authenticated sources.
Several literatures are collected and reviewed in order to extract useful information about the
IOT development in the farming industry (Jaishetty & Patil, 2016). Farming industry is facing
numerous issue to continue their production due to several factors such as weather condition,
regulation and pests. IOT applications can be used to solve this issue to an extend and help the

industry to gain more control over the production rate. IOT applications such as video
monitoring and robotics can be customized as necessary for proper monitoring the corps
(Kamilaris et al., 2016). Many author provides several framework to demonstrate the setup and
workflow structure of their approaches.
Digitalization of Agriculture
The industry 4.0 has been helping in changing the trend by transforming the production
capabilities for industries in different sectors. Implementation of IoT in the farming sector has
been a key factor in increment of production in agriculture in this decade. The trend in the
market has changed with the digitalization of farming including IoT, Big Data and Artificial
Intelligence. The use of the IoT has been creating lot of opportunities in the market for farming
sector. IoT has able to change scenario of traditional farming (Jayaraman et al., 2016). The
concept of smart agriculture has been enabled with the integration of internet of things in the
agriculture industry. IT has helped in enabling high productivity, maximizing yield and
minimizing waste with real-time data collection and analysis. There are various IoT based
application related to agriculture including rate technology, smart irrigation, precision farming
and smart greenhouse systems for enhancing agricultural processes (Kulau et al., 2016). The
market for smart agriculture has been expected to grow from $13.7 billion in 2015 to $26.8
billion in 2020 with a compound annual growth rate of 14.3% (Cambra et al., 2017).

Figure 1: Smart Agriculture market size forecast
Source: (Kulau et al., 2016)
Factors affecting smart agriculture
There are various factors that have been affecting growth of the smart agriculture in the market.
Some of these factors are discussed below:
Climate change: Climate change has been affecting several changes in the agriculture. Various
seasonal crops are available that only grow in particular season. This have caused 18%-20%
decrease in cultivation of crops all over the word. However, use of IoT have been helping in
creating suitable environment for cultivating crops under a roof (Ryu et al., 2015). The climate
change can be controlled with the help of IoT devices in the agriculture industry. This have been
improving the efficiency of crops at a fast rate.
Need for water conservation: According to a study, agriculture consumes nearly 70% of fresh
water. As argued by Mahale, there has been water scarcity in planet Earth due to exploitation of
water resources across the globe (Mahale & Sonavane, 2016). Proper technologies might help in
reducing the use of water and convert into smart use of water. The IoT technology has able to

store water for irrigation applications. Technologies used in IoT have been helping in conserving
water and creating trend in the agricultural activities.
Data management for Agricultural Decisions making: data management and data aggregation
has been an obstacle for the smart agriculture market. The efficient use of field data might help
in maintaining a keen approach to maintenance of the crops and productivity in the market
(Meola, 2016). Therefore, there have been various applications in IoT that help in managing
data and information for managing and controlling data and information related to agriculture.
Opportunities
Internet of Things have been helping in crafting various opportunities for the smart
agriculture in the market. The use of latest technologies in IoT have been helping in increasing
business of agricultural farms (Dolci, 2017). Web based agricultural institutes have been helping
in providing knowledge to farmers related to the smart agriculture.
Increase in adoption of technologies
Farmers have been growing crops at a large extent with the implementation of IoT
technologies in smart agriculture domain. The use of connected technologies including lower
power wide area (LPWA), Wi-Fi, Zig Bee and various agricultural operations (Ryu et al., 2015).
Various operations have been integrated with the IoT technologies including harvesting,
inventory control, planting and purchasing have been helping in increasing efficiency of
agricultural domain.

Figure 2: Value chain of agriculture industry
Source: (Wolfert et al., 2017)
In the above figure, value chain analysis of the agricultural industry has been provided.
The use of the IoT have been helping in enhancing system integrators including IBM, Accenture,
Agribotix, Trimble, Logica and Navcom. These systems have been playing an important role in
the integration of hardware and software equipment (Wolfert et al., 2017). These systems have
been helping in providing keen approach in the development of the agricultural paradigms. IoT
devices have been helping in providing solutions to the risks and challenges in the smart
agriculture. The concept of smart agriculture has been enabled with the integration of internet of
things in the agriculture industry. IT has helped in enabling high productivity, maximizing yield
and minimizing waste with real-time data collection and analysis.
Risks and Challenges in Smart Agriculture
IoT has been providing a lot of benefits to the agricultural industry. However, there have
been various risks and challenges created due to the implementation of the internet of things
technologies in the agricultural sector. One of the major risks have been the data security over
the internet. There have been various critical data and information about different crops over the
cloud storage (Sundmaeker et al., 2016). This have been creating a security issues in the
agricultural domain. There have been emission of greenhouse gases have been creating
environmental problems. The data exchange and communication and standards have been
creating challenges for the systems including al agricultural exploitations.

Figure 3: Farming product offering toward integrated systems of systems solution
Source: (Xin & Zazueta, 2016)
There have been requirements of modernization of thinking of farmers that might help in
creating opportunities in the smart agriculture. Most of the farmers have been unaware about the
IoT technologies that have been creating problems in the implementation of the IoT
technologies. There are various IoT based application related to agriculture including rate
technology, smart irrigation, precision farming and smart greenhouse systems for enhancing
agricultural processes (Xin & Zazueta, 2016). These farmers are looking to stick to traditional
farming style. Therefore, there is a need of training and motivation sessions for the farmers to
implement IoT technologies in the agriculture.

Future Implementation of IoT applications
Figure 4: Future aspects of smart agriculture
Source: (Sundmaeker et al., 2016)
The future of the IoT has been bright in the agricultural farming. The “Connected Farm”
has been the future of the farming industry. IoT thinking approaches in the agricultural sector has
been helping in changing the traditional method of farming in the market (Balamurugan et al.,
2016). The revenue growth in the production of crops have been increased in the market. The
involvement of mobile and telecom technologies might be a great chance for increasing
communication in agricultural domain.

References:
Agrawal, H., Prieto, J., Ramos, C., & Corchado, J. M. (2016, September). Smart feeding in
farming through iot in silos. In The International Symposium on Intelligent Systems
Technologies and Applications (pp. 355-366). Springer, Cham.
Balamurugan, S., Divyabharathi, N., Jayashruthi, K., Bowiya, M., Shermy, R. P., & Shanker, R.
(2016). Internet of agriculture: Applying IoT to improve food and farming
technology. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology
(IRJET), 3(10), 713-719.
Cambra, C., Sendra, S., Lloret, J., & Garcia, L. (2017, May). An IoT service-oriented system for
agriculture monitoring. In Communications (ICC), 2017 IEEE International Conference
on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Dolci, R. (2017, July). IoT Solutions for Precision Farming and Food Manufacturing: Artificial
Intelligence Applications in Digital Food. In Computer Software and Applications
Conference (COMPSAC), 2017 IEEE 41st Annual (Vol. 2, pp. 384-385). IEEE.
Hussain, F. (2017). Internet of things: Building blocks and business models (No. 978-3, pp. 319-
55404). Springer International Publishing.
Jaishetty, S. A., & Patil, R. (2016). IoT sensor network based approach for agricultural field
monitoring and control. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and
Technology, 5(06).
Jayaraman, P. P., Yavari, A., Georgakopoulos, D., Morshed, A., & Zaslavsky, A. (2016).
Internet of things platform for smart farming: Experiences and lessons
learnt. Sensors, 16(11), 1884.

Kamilaris, A., Gao, F., Prenafeta-Boldú, F. X., & Ali, M. I. (2016, December). Agri-IoT: A
semantic framework for Internet of Things-enabled smart farming applications.
In Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2016 IEEE 3rd World Forum on (pp. 442-447). IEEE.
Kulau, U., van Balen, J., Schildt, S., Büsching, F., & Wolf, L. (2016, December). Dynamic
sample rate adaptation for long-term IoT sensing applications. In Internet of Things (WF-
IoT), 2016 IEEE 3rd World Forum on (pp. 271-276). IEEE.
Mahale, R. B., & Sonavane, S. S. (2016). Smart Poultry Farm Monitoring Using IOT and
Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
Science, 7(3).
Meola, A. (2016). Why IoT, big data & smart farming are the future of agriculture. Business
Insider, 20.
Rupanagudi, S. R., Ranjani, B. S., Nagaraj, P., Bhat, V. G., & Thippeswamy, G. (2015, January).
A novel cloud computing based smart farming system for early detection of borer insects
in tomatoes. In Communication, Information & Computing Technology (ICCICT), 2015
International Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Ryu, M., Yun, J., Miao, T., Ahn, I. Y., Choi, S. C., & Kim, J. (2015, November). Design and
implementation of a connected farm for smart farming system. In SENSORS, 2015
IEEE (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
Sundmaeker, H., Verdouw, C., Wolfert, S., & Pérez Freire, L. (2016). Internet of food and farm
2020. Digitising the Industry-Internet of Things connecting physical, digital and virtual
worlds. Ed: Vermesan, O., & Friess, P, 129-151.

Wolfert, S., Ge, L., Verdouw, C., & Bogaardt, M. J. (2017). Big data in smart farming–a
review. Agricultural Systems, 153, 69-80.
Xin, J., & Zazueta, F. (2016). Technology trends in ICT–towards data-driven, farmer-centered
and knowledge-based hybrid cloud architectures for smart farming. Agricultural
Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 18(4), 275-279.