IoT in Healthcare Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)

This document explores the impact of IoT in the healthcare industry through the use of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). It discusses the background, problem statement, aim, objectives, and research questions. It also provides a literature review on the concept of IoT in healthcare and WBAN. The document further covers research methodology, data findings and analysis, and concludes with recommendations.

Running head: IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
IoT in healthcare Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)
Name of the Student
Name of the University

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IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................4
1.1 Background.......................................................................................................................4
1.2 Problem statement.................................................................................................................5
1.3 Aim, Objectives and Research Questions..............................................................................5
1.4 Research Structure............................................................................................................6
Chapter 2: Literature Review...........................................................................................................8
2.1 Concept of Internet of Things in Healthcare.........................................................................8
2.2 Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)................................................................................9
2.3 Proposed Framework...........................................................................................................16
Chapter 3: Research methodology.................................................................................................20
3.1 Research philosophy............................................................................................................20
3.2 Research Approach..............................................................................................................20
3.3 Research design...................................................................................................................21
3.4 Data Collection approach....................................................................................................21
3.5 Sampling Method.................................................................................................................22
3.6 Data Analysis Method.........................................................................................................22
3.7 Ethical Consideration...........................................................................................................23
3.8 Research Limitations...........................................................................................................23
3.9 Timeline...............................................................................................................................23

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Chapter 4: Data Findings and Analysis.........................................................................................26
4.1 Quantitative data analysis....................................................................................................26
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation...............................................................................38
5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................38
5.2 Linking with the objectives.................................................................................................39
5.3 Recommendations................................................................................................................40
5.4 Future Scope........................................................................................................................41
References......................................................................................................................................42

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background
The Internet of Things (IoT) has been used to design a body sensor network (BSN) in which
sensors can be monitored and handled with the help of Wi-Fi access beyond the location. There
has been the growth in smart devices in recent years. IoT has been capitalizing the technology
market in recent years (Wu et al. 2017). Various smart systems have been used in the healthcare
industry for providing quality healthcare services to people. These small interconnected devices
have been helping in various fields including healthcare sector. A Primary application in the
smart healthcare system in which doctors are able to monitor symptoms of patient remotely by
the use of Wireless Body Area Network in IoT environment. An IoT environment has been
depended on security and privacy which has been still questionable in many IoT architecture.
Sensors connected on a human body perceive phenomenon including heartbeat and Body Area
network. The main concern of these sensors has been ensuring a secure way for communicating
and coordinating among devices for forming a flawless system. Wireless Body Network
(WBAN) has been helping in communication between implanted sensors on human body
(Elhayatmy, Dey and Ashour 2018). Data used to be shared over internet, hence security
becomes an important concern for end users and connected devices. The security of data an
information of human body has been a major problem in the IoT. These sensor devices are used
to get diverse reactions of a patient like heartbeat, body temperature, heartbeat, breath and ECG,
etc and send these signs to a Body Network Controller (BNC). BNC is a fundamental piece of a
WBAN which is talented to get sensor data and in the wake of taking care of advances to the
united e-Health server. The e-Health server subsequently saves this steady data from various
patients that can be checked by his clinician.

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In recent scenario, individuals form different ages have been coming forward for
experiencing advancement of wearable devices that monitors blood pressure, blood glucose
levels, heartbeats and sleeping patterns. Medical smart devices are connected with the human
body that helps in collecting data from the human body related to health checkup. These sensors
have been providing an advanced way of clinical services for human body. However, with the
implementation of IoT in healthcare, security and privacy has been a major factor of threat for
smart devices (Liao et al. 2016). Data used to be shared over internet, hence security becomes an
important concern for end users and connected devices.
1.2 Problem statement
The major problem focused in this research has been the trust factor of human beings in
utilization of IoT in healthcare and smart devices for healthcare. Traditional method of
healthcare services have been continuing for long years and people have trust over those
traditional method of health care. However, with the advancement of technology, IoT has been
implemented in the health care industry. Thus, people are not able to trust in latest technologies
used in the modern healthcare services (Hasan et al. 2019). Wireless Body Area Networks
(WBAN) have been new technology that have been able to provide quality and instant healthcare
services to patients. Therefore, people need to show trust in these new technologies. However, on
other side, the use of technology has been creating opportunities for security and privacy threats
of data of human body to hackers. The security issue have been the major drawbacks of
implementing smart IoT devices in the healthcare industry.
1.3 Aim, Objectives and Research Questions
The aim of the research has been focused on impact of IoT on healthcare industry by the use
of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN).

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The objectives of the research are as follows:
 To analyze the impact of IoT in Healthcare by using Wireless Body Area Network
(WBAN)
 To identify security and privacy threats prevailing in implementation of IoT in healthcare
 To analyze the level of trust of people on IoT in healthcare Wireless Body Area Network
(WBAN)
 To recommend strategies to mitigate issues faced in IoT in Healthcare Wireless Body
Area Network (WBAN)
Following are the research questions:
 What is the impact of IoT in Healthcare by using Wireless Body Area Network
(WBAN)?
 What are the security and privacy threats prevailing in implementation of IoT in
healthcare?
 How much should we trust IoT in healthcare Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)?
 How these issues in IoT in healthcare Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) can be
mitigated?
1.4 Research Structure
This research consist of five chapters namely Introduction, literature review, research
methodology, data findings and analysis and conclusion and recommendations. The first chapter
deals with introducing the research topic as IoT in healthcare. This chapter provides basic
background of the IoT in healthcare and Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). The problem

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due ti which this research is carried out has been explained in the chapter. The aim, objectives ad
research questions have been initiated in this chapter.
The second chapter about critically analyzing the implementation of IoT in healthcare
industry. There have been various existing literatures have been studied and analyzed in this
chapter. This chapter helps in understanding deep knowledge about WBAN and IoT in
healthcare. This chapter led to the methodology for the research.
Figure 1: Research Structure
(Source: Created by Author)
The third chapter deals with the research methodology. This chapter describes about the
procedure followed in the study in order to complete it. There have been several arts of the
research methodology. Data collection method has been discussed in the chapter. The approach
of the study has been initialized in this chapter. This chapter has helped in managing the research
in an ethical manner.
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Literature review
Chapter 3: Research methodology
Chapter 4: Data Findings and Analysis
Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendations

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The fourth chapter is related to the data findings and analysis of data collected in
previous section. This chapter frames collected data in a proper manner and analysis is done.
Data analysis is depended on the type of data collected in the study. The results and outcomes are
shown in this chapter.
The last chapter concluded all the finding and results gained form completing the
research. A proper conclusion has been provided in the chapter. Proper recommendations have
been provided for betterment of IoT in healthcare.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Concept of Internet of Things in Healthcare
The advancement in technology has positive affected communication and information
sector. The emergent technology named as Internet of Things has been helping in designing the
future of technical devices in the world. There have been various applications of IoT in different
fields. IoT has played an important role in healthcare industry by reducing costs and increasing
quality of healthcare services. As commented by Sallabi et al. (2018), it has been possible for
tracking health parameters including blood pressure, body temperature and blood glucose. The
development of ioorved sensors in healthcare have been helping in increasing the
implementation of IoT in healthcare. As mentioned in work of Khan et al. (2017), medical
devices have seen huge changes from traditional approach of unconnected system to modern
wireless connected network. These advancements have been the emergence of medical IoT
systems connected to cell phones. As argued by Kim et al. (2015), wireless network connection
contains many security breaches during transfer of data and information. There have been many
cases of security breaches in the wireless connection network data transfer. As suggested by

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Rathore et al. (2016), wireless connection have several security protocol that have been helping
in minimizing the security breaches in the connection during data transfer.
As commented by Mahapatro et al. (2019), medical devices have been monitoring health
parameters in a specific way. The use of IoT devices in healthcare sector have helped in
maintaining keen approach to the development of healthcare services. Medical IoT devices have
been used to collect data from human body and analyses heath of a human body. As contended
by Gupta and Tripathi (2018), data collected from human body can breached out that might
cause huge privacy treat to a human being.
As per research done by Khan et al. (2018), cloud computing has been playing an
important role in the development if the IoT devices in the healthcare. Cloud computing has been
helping in providing online storage of data and information gathered from human body using IoT
devices. Therefore, there has been a significant integration of cloud computing and IoT devices
in the healthcare industry. As argued by Jones and Katzis (2018), this integration of cloud
computing and IoT has been creating possibilities of data security treat in the server. The cloud
server has been centralized and anyone can access data from it. As suggested by Al Rasyid et al.
(2016), private cloud servers are not accessible to anyone. Cloud computing has been a platform
that allows on-demand network access for computing services. This platform has been helping in
providing better opportunities for IoT devices in healthcare. As mentioned by chefira, R. and
rakrak (2017), the use of RFID tags on devices helps in monitoring patients inside the hospital
with some predefined capabilities.
2.2 Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)
WBAN consist of small sensor devices that provide health monitoring opportunities from
daily activities to chronic diseases. Sensors have been accomplishing monitoring activities by

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gathering and managing user data and communicates it to base station for sending data to the
respective health monitoring system. In general terms, there have been three types of
communication in WBAN including On-body, In-body and Off-body communication (Bhatt,
Dey and Ashour 2017). The deployment needs of WBAN has been depending on the domain for
monitoring healthcare and secure device from malicious intervention activities. Compromised
WBAN might led to serious risks including irrevocable condition and even death of patient. A
WBAN has been secure in case it provide privacy, confidentiality, integrity and authentication.
As commented by Hassan et al. (2017) providing a high level security has been main challenge
to the system engineers due to limited source of power and infrastructure of the WBAN system.
As argued by Ahmed et al. (2018), authentication has been crucial aspect for any kind of network
for communicating device. Therefore, WBAN has been lacking in has arena of authenticating
proper users to entire into the network. As research done by Dey et al. (2018), some aspects of
WBAN research include physical ad data link layer and comparing a number of low-power radio
technologies (Chatterjee et al. 2017). The remote body region systems (WBANs), are one of the
low power sensor organize, which gives effective and dependable framework to medicinal
services framework including embedded, non-embedded and wearable sensor gadgets for human
body. These sensor gadgets are utilized to catch different side effects of a patient like heartbeat,
body temperature, pulse, breath and ECG and so forth and send these manifestations to a Body
Network Controller (BNC). BNC is a basic bit of a WBAN which is skilled to catch sensor
information and in the wake of handling advances to the brought together e-Health server.

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Figure 2: A typical WBAN in a smart healthcare system within the IoT network with its:
things, network, and applications
(Source: Dumka and Sah 2019)
As appeared in Figure 2, a BNC gathers and procedures information from the gadgets and
forward it to a server utilizing a remote access organize. The Wireless access organize which is
utilized in this situation is IEEE 802.11ah (Karchowdhury and Sen 2019). This standard is
particularly intended for IoT gadgets. There can be utilization of WLAN 802.11a/b/n
benchmarks yet IEEE 802.11ah has some extra element (Chefira, R. and Rakrak 2017).

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Figure 3: Comparison of variants of IEEE 802.11 WiFi standard
(Source: Gia et al. 2015)
The comparison of different IEEE 802.11 guidelines has been displayed in Figure 3. In
medical clinic region, various 802.11ah WLAN passages are designed and introduced. The e-
Health server is associated by means of IEEE 802.3 Ethernet with these passages. As clarified
previously, an e-Health server that stores continuous information is associated with web that
empowers specialists to get to this data from remote-end. In like manner, regular system here a
powerlessness ascends since the association among BNCs and e-Health server may have insider
threats and also, it might look outside assaults (Gia et al. 2015). Accordingly, it is basic to
actualize a system that guarantee the security for a brilliant Hospital.
Some cheap innovation that is additionally valuable for a short separation is the
Bluetooth. It is broadly utilized, in different gadgets, for example, mouse, console, and headset
and most prominent for individual gadgets correspondence, for the two information and voice.

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Despite these security components, it is as yet helpless against various assaults, incorporating
Man in the center, Blue-snarfing and Viruses.
The ZigBee is an extension of IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN standard made by ZigBee Alliance.
The show heap of ZigBee depends on the most astounding purpose of IEEE 802.15.4, as showed
up in Figure 4, which simply describe physical and MAC layer for low power a singular area
arrange. Strangely with IEEE 802.11 WLAN it is much simpler show and supports various
topologies (Cai et al. 2019). The standard trademark are low power, low throughput, and long
battery presence with secure frameworks organization (128 piece AES encryption). Its typical
range is 10 to 100 meter LOS (Line Of Sight) consistently depends upon yield control and
characteristic conditions. In any case data has been transmitted to longer partitions with a work
sort out.
Figure 4: Layered architecture for ZigBee

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(Source: Ghanavati et al. 2017)
The Advance Encryption Standard calculation is utilized in ZigBee that depends on AES-
128 bit key and it give security includes on application and system layers. Three various types of
keys are utilized for this reason, in particular, interface key, organize key and Master key (Kale
and Bhagwat 2018). The connection key is used for information privacy between hubs, while, to
trade all data safely, each pair of hub has a one of a kind connection key oversaw at application
layer. The system key (which is 128 bit key) is produced by focus that is shared among every
one of gadgets. The organizer may progress toward becoming trust focus or even any committed
gadget (Ghanavati et al. 2017). Finally, the primary key is prime capacity to verify the procedure
of trade connection keys between two hubs and it expected to be removed before arrangement
The association of ZigBee sort out each center point request ongoing framework key with
help of preconfigured pro key (to swear off taking of current framework key). Framework key is
invigorated time to time by trust center and shared to all center points by using current
framework key. This whole security circumstance works extraordinary yet it is inefficient for
WBAN in term of advantages (taking care of and control use) (Ray 2017). AES is a very
stunning encryption count which requires high proportion of planning and battery control
(utilization of AES in little battery powered device) to encode the data. As referenced in Abstract
that it is infeasible to realize the normal security parts in little resource basic contraptions.

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Figure 5: Topology of a ZigBee network
(Source: Dumka and Sah 2019)
In different executions of WBAN, AES isn't utilized yet for security as far as I could
possibly know. Since end gadgets of WBAN have restricted assets so it is infeasible to actualize
total AES calculation even the CTR method of square figure. CTR mode is most straightforward
to actualize conversely with different modes, yet at the same time not productive for WBAN
gadgets in light of the fact that to work the CTR mode, still it need to perform entire AES
process with specific qualities called Counter (Sharavanan, Sridharan and Kumar 2018). In this
way, in this work, a usage of AES counter (CTR) mode is proposed, which is plausible for asset
imperative gadgets.

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2.3 Proposed Framework
To portray my purposed idea it is basic to get significant appreciation of AES-CTR
mode. All bleeding edge square figure works in one of the five standard modes which are ECB,
CBC, CFB, OFB and CTR. In CTR mode a variable called counter is instated to Initial Vector
(IV) which is increased straightly or discretionarily (with the help of some pseudo unpredictable
game plan) (He et al. 2017). This regard is overlay over to beginning an impetus subsequent to
going to its most prominent admissible limit. The range of the counter depends on variety of
encryption estimation being used, with respect to AES-128 the degree of counter is 128 piece.
The thorough perception of AES-CTR mode, help us to complete it. As showed up in
Figure 7, e-Health server will enrolled a patient with a stand-out patient ID (PID), when he is
being yielded in facility. This information will store against that tolerant close by 128 piece
widely appealing figure compositions (Hassanalieragh et al. 2015). Using this information, the
BNC will be structured with PID and the as of late made figure works will by and by store at
BNC. The additional security through customer login and mystery word BNC will restrict any
information change or recuperation by an adversary that may stay in medicinal center district
(Soumya and Kumar 2019). There will be a single BNC in WBAN for all sensors related with a
patient. It should be highlighted that detectable that constant memory of BNC can gather to 128
piece widely appealing figure works (Bavya, Arunkumar and Adalarasu 2018). These
compositions will be used by BNC for data encryption through XOR work with plain data
square. Starting at now the whole BAN (including BNC and all sensors) will be set up for
sending.

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Figure 6: Basic building-block for counter mode encryption and decryption
(Source: Bavya, Arunkumar and Adalarasu 2018)
The Figure 6 represents the counter mode, where the key that execute the AES procedure,
must be imparted to beneficiary. At first, by utilizing shared key it will encode the counter an
incentive with AES-128 encryption and delivered the halfway figure message. For ongoing
applications, if door switch encodes utilize different modes, for example, CBC, so because of
longer postpones that will be not appropriate. Furthermore, the middle of the road figure writings
can be registered before task, or even along this procedure, since it rely on counter qualities that
can be decide prior (Shaikh, Parvati and Biradar 2018). The effortlessness of XOR task, give
quick consistent activities that expansion the effectiveness of an equipment while contrasting and
other complex math task. Indeed, the proposed CTR mode utilizes XOR activity for ongoing
encryption, however it can accomplished the security of entrenched AES (Wu, Wu and Yuce
2019).

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Figure 7: Flow-chart for the proposed security mechanism of a WBAN network
(Source: Annapoorani et al. 2018)
It will in general be seen that for assurance of explicit moderate figure 7 (to unscramble
the PDU) the gatherer will use this field. When it will decoded, PID at the start of payload will
be checked by gatherer and affirm with set away PID for a relating BNC. This disentangling will
depend upon viable endorsement else it will be rejected. The authority will be kept up a key
separation from replay strike by enabling the timestamp inside a PDU. While, in perspective on
predefined time limit the got PDU is furthermore affirmed on timestamp. It is worth to make
reference to that before sending a pack to BNC, the server will do a similar framework. To
ensure availability, predictable watching for the arrival rate of packs of certain BNC can
performed. In case it doesn't get packs of certain BNC inside predefined limit, it will articulate

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the emergency (Abdullah et al. 2016). The emergency exhibits frustration of no less than one
section inside the framework, which may fuse LAN switches, Access Points and BNC, etc.
Another critical point of view is choosing the mistake of the sensors, it will in general be
practiced by checking the status in each arriving payload. If the system don't get any status in the
payload in predefined confine it can expected that the sensor is failed. Since when a sensor is
forced it would not send data to BNC, and in this way, BNC will send all of zero's bits in its
related payload opening in the ensuing packages.

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Chapter 3: Research methodology
3.1 Research philosophy
Research philosophy has been giving thought by which information and data should be
gathered and broke down. The research philosophy has been learning advancement that
distinguishes technique for information gathering in the research. Research philosophy has been
an import some portion of the research that encourages specialist to choose about methodology
should be chosen so as to discover answers to look into inquiries. There have been three research
philosophy including positivism, authenticity and interpretivism. These research methods of
insight has been stretched from idea of epistemology. The term epistemology has been
portraying worthy information for a specific zone (Matekovits et al. 2018). The positivism
explore hypothesis addresses the research works that rely upon discernible social component. In
positivism research approach, the research system picked for the research is fundamentally
established on data accumulation method and progression of hypothesis expecting any. A
positivist research thusly seeks after a significantly composed research approach for empowering
the research question and the research hypothesis. Besides, the use of positivism philosophy in a
research wears down quantifiable recognitions and consistently oversees quantifiable
investigation of the accumulated data (Al 2013).
3.2 Research Approach
Research approach has been centered on the methodology taken by the research to finish
the research. There are of two sorts of research approach including inductive and deductive
research technique. The deductive has been centered on testing the hypothesis for its legitimacy
in the research. It has been the Primary methodology for approving the research hypothesis

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before assuming the results of the research. It by and large spotlight on the research question and
referenced hypothesis identified with this. Inductive approach has been critical to the research
point and destinations and do it incorporate approval testing of hypothesis of the research (Lewis
2015).
Inductive research approach has been chosen in the research. This assistance in testing
the research questions and destinations of the research for its legitimacy. Accordingly, inductive
research approach has been chosen rather than deductive research approach.
3.3 Research design
Research design has been helping in organizing the general research as indicated by its
prerequisites. An appropriate arrangement help in structuring generally speaking research in a
legitimate way. There are three sorts of research design including descriptive, explanatory and
exploratory research structure. Logical research design has been helping in clarifying the bonds
incorporated into the research theme. Different components in the execution of huge information
and IoT in the healthcare workplaces have been clarified in the research. The exploratory
research design has been centered on the investigating additional learning perusing the usage of
huge information and IoT in the healthcare workplaces. Descriptive research design centers on
the descriptive investigation of the current information and impact of the subject in the research.
Descriptive research design has been chosen in the research. The choice has been
founded on the prerequisites of the research theme. There have been data assembled from
existing writings in the research. Descriptive research design helps in giving conclusion to the
research subject.

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3.4 Data Collection approach
Information gathering has been a fundamental piece of the research. There are two kinds
of information accumulation strategies including Primary and Secondary information gathering
technique. Primary information accumulation approach has been identified with the crude
information identified with research subject. Primary information has been gathered from online
review. Secondary information gathering technique centers around optional information sources
including on the web diaries, s and government database. Up close and personal meetings have
been done so as to gathered optional information (Panneerselvam 2014).
This research has used primary data collection method for collecting data. If there should
arise an occurrence of Primary data collection technique.
3.5 Sampling Method
The sample size of the research has been 100 healthcare professionals of different
hospitals. There are total of 8 close-ended questions in the survey questionnaire.
3.6 Data Analysis Method
Data Analysis alludes to the research of the information and data gathered in the research.
There have be two sorts of information investigation approach including Quantitative and
Qualitative technique. Qualitative data analysis centers around the information gathering finished
with the assistance of Secondary technique including on the web journals and books.
Quantitative information accumulation technique centers around the information gathering done
from Primary information gathering approach including on the web review. Information has been
analysed utilizing Likert scale. Various diagrams and charts have been utilized so as to break
down information and data. Quantitative information research has been finished by utilizing

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these made structure the meeting and research destinations. (Silverman 2016). This research has
utilized quantitative information research approach.
3.7 Ethical Consideration
This research has pursued all the good moral thought under the scholarly research rules.
Information and data has been verified under the Data Protection Act 1998. Individual and
private information of the overview members have been stayed quiet and have not been utilized
in the research. Information has not been decreased amid the information research technique. All
outcomes and results have honey bee distributed after the fruition of the research. No members
have been compelled to remain in the research till the end. They were kept allowed to leave the
research anytime of time and spot.
3.8 Research Limitations
There have been different constraints in the research. The time accommodated the
research has not been fitting for finishing the research. The financial limit of the research has
been low due it which best in class information investigation apparatus has not been utilized.
Overview members were not willing to respond to study question legitimately. There have been
numerous erratic answers in the review structure. This has made troubles for the scientist to
break down it.
3.9 Timeline
Task Name Duration Start Finish
IoT in healthcare Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) 93 days Mon 6/4 /19 Wed
10/10/19
Study Initiation 11 days Mon 6/4/19 Mon
6/19/19
Study Requirements Analysis 2 days Mon 6/4/19 Tue 6/5/19

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Approval of Research Topic from Supervisor 1 day Wed 6/6/19 Wed 6/6/19
Development of Research Plan Charter / Document 2 days Thu 6/7/19 Fri 6/8/19
Development of Research Framework 4 days Mon
6/11/19 Thu 6/14/19
Prepare Draft Research Proposal 2 days Fri 6/15/19 Mon 6/19/19
Research Planning 21 days Tue 6/19/19 Tue 7/17/19
Formation of Research Team 2 days Tue 6/19/19 Wed 6/20/19
Analysis of Research Requirement 1 day Thu 6/21/19 Thu 6/21/19
Identification of Research Questions 4 days Fri 6/22/19 Wed 6/27/19
Identify Scope of Research 4 days Thu 6/28/19 Tue 7/3/19
Estimate Research Timeline 4 days Wed 7/4/19 Mon 7/9/19
Allocation of Resources and Time for the Research 2 days Tue 7/10/19 Wed 7/11/19
Initiation of Research 4 days Thu 7/12/19 Tue 7/17/19
Research Development 26 days Wed
7/19/19
Wed
8/22/19
Determination of Research Problems 4 days Wed
7/19/19 Mon 7/23/19
Access to Necessary Media 1 day Tue 7/24/19 Tue 7/24/19
Access to Online Library 1 day Tue 7/24/19 Tue 7/24/19
Selection of Literary Sources 2 days Wed
7/25/19 Thu 7/26/19
Literature Review 4 days Fri 7/27/19 Wed 8/1/19
Collection of Necessary Data 10 days Thu 8/2/19 Wed 8/15/19
Collection of Secondary Data 5 days Thu 8/16/19 Wed 8/22/19
Data Analysis 8 days Thu 8/23/19 Mon 9/3/19
Analysis of Primary Data 4 days Thu 8/23/19 Tue 8/28/19
Analysis of Secondary Data 4 days Wed
8/29/19 Mon 9/3/19

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Research Evaluation 13 days Tue 9/4/19 Thu 9/20/19
Evaluation of Data 6 days Tue 9/4/19 Tue 9/11/19
Reflection on Research Undertaken 2 days Wed
9/12/19 Thu 9/13/19
Documentation of Learning Outcomes 2 days Wed
9/12/19 Thu 9/13/19
Issues Identification and Future Planning 5 days Fri 9/14/19 Thu 9/20/19
Research Closure 14 days Fri 9/21/19 Wed
10/10/19
Complete All Acitvities in Research 1 day Fri 9/21/19 Fri 9/21/19
Documentation of Entire Research 10 days Mon
9/24/19 Fri 10/5/19
Validation of the Research and Learning 2 days Mon
10/8/19 Tue 10/9/19
Team Sign Off 1 day Wed
10/10/19
Wed
10/10/19

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Chapter 4: Data Findings and Analysis
4.1 Quantitative data analysis
Quantitative data analysis has been focused on data collection from primary data sources.
This research has used primary data collection method. Therefore, quantitative data analysis has
been done in the data. Data has been analyzed by using Likert Scale ranging from 1 to 5. Results
and outcomes has been shown using tables and graphs. The survey questionnaires have been
mentioned below:
Question 1: What is your gender?
Option Responses% Responses Total responses
Female 36% 36 100
Male 64% 64 100
Figure 4.1.1: What is your gender?
Analysis: According to graphs and tables, 64% of the participants are male and 36% of the
female. Therefore, it shows that males are more interested in IoT smart devices in healthcare.

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IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
The use of WBAN has been utilized by males in the market. IoT has been underwriting the
innovation advertise lately. Different keen frameworks have been utilized in the medicinal
services industry for giving quality social insurance administrations to individuals. These little
interconnected gadgets have been helping in different fields including human services area.
Information used to be shared over web, henceforth security turns into a significant worry for
end clients and associated gadgets. WBAN comprise of small sensor gadgets that give wellbeing
checking openings from everyday exercises to incessant infections.
Question 2: What is your age?
Option Responses% Responses Total responses
Below 20 years 15% 15 100
21-30 years 21% 21 100
31-40 years 21% 21 100
41-50 years 32% 32 100
51 years 11% 11 100
Figure 4.1.2: What is your age?

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IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
Analysis: As per tables and charts, 32% of the participants have been between 41-50 years of
age. 21% of the participants have been between 21-40 years. This shows that most of the
participants have been young. The young generation has been focusing in new technology
developed in the healthcare industry. The use of IoT WBAN devices have been helping in self
caring of individuals in the market. A basic application in the shrewd medicinal services
framework in which specialists can screen the indications of patient remotely by the utilization of
Wireless Body Area Network in IoT condition. An IoT domain has been relied upon security and
protection which has been as yet faulty in numerous IoT design. Sensors associated on a human
body see marvel including heartbeat and Body Area organize. The fundamental worry of these
sensors has been guaranteeing a protected path for conveying and organizing among gadgets for
framing an immaculate framework. Remote Body Network (WBAN) has been helping in
correspondence between embedded sensors on human body. IN recnt situation, people structure
distinctive ages have been approaching for encountering progression of wearable gadgets that
screens circulatory strain, blood glucose levels, pulses and dozing designs. Restorative savvy
gadgets are associated with the human body that helps in gathering information from the human
body identified with wellbeing checkup. These sensors have been giving a propelled method for
clinical administrations for human body. However, with the usage of IoT in medicinal services,
security and protection has been a main consideration of risk for savvy gadgets.
Question 3: What are the biggest challenges for IoT adoption?
Option Responses
%
Responses Total responses
Integrating infrastructure 18% 18 100
Security concerns 24% 24 100

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IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
Data aggregation and analysis 25% 25 100
Current skill levels of employees 23% 23 100
Developing a comprehensive IoT approach 10% 10 100
Figure 4.1.3: What are the biggest challenges for IoT adoption?
Analysis: According to graphs and tables, 25% of the participants think that data aggregation
and analysis has been the major challenges for the IoT adoption. 24% of the participants think
that security concerns have been major challenge in the adoption of IoT. 23% of the participants
think that current skill level of employees have been major issue in adoption of IoT. Healthcare
industry has been progressing in traditional method. Therefore, employees in the hospitals are
not so skilled with new technology including WBAN. Sensors have been achieving checking
exercises by social occasion and overseeing client information and conveys it to the base station
for sending information to the particular wellbeing observing framework. One of modest
development that is furthermore important for a short partition is the Bluetooth. It is extensively
used, in various contraptions, for instance, mouse, comfort, and headset and most conspicuous

30
IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
for individual devices correspondence, for the two data and voice. The normal range is about
10m in any case it might be extend up to 100m. The figure estimation used by Bluetooth uses
stream figure named E0, which required re-synchronization for every payload. Regardless of
these security segments, it is up 'til now defenseless against different attacks, consolidating Man
in the middle, Blue-snarfing and Viruses. Therefore, they have been facing challenges in
implementing IoT in healthcare. Medical smart devices are connected with the human body that
helps in collecting data from the human body related to health checkup. These sensors have
been providing an advanced way of clinical services for human body. However, with the
implementation of IoT in healthcare, security and privacy has been a major factor of threat for
smart devices. Data used to be shared over internet, hence security becomes an important
concern for end users and connected devices. The security of data an information of human body
has been a major problem in the IoT. These smart devices used to take data from human body
and store it over online server.
Question 4: What is the main reason that businesses are investing in the development of
IoT?
Option Responses% Responses Total responses
Cost savings 16% 16 100
Increased efficiencies 29% 29 100
Competitive advantage 12% 12 100
Market share growth 23% 23 100
Quality services 20% 20 100

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IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
Figure 4.1.4: What is the main reason that businesses are investing in the development of
IoT?
Analysis: According to the graphs and charts, 29% of the participants think increased
efficiencies has been reason that businesses are investing in the development of IoT. The
development of IoT in the industries have been helping in creating proper sources of healthcare
services to the patients. The use of IoT in healthcare has been helping in providing quality
services to individuals. At the point when the correspondence is among on-body sensors then it is
known as On-body correspondence, In-body correspondence happens between embedded
gadgets and an outside approved hardware gadget. Off-body correspondence occurs between a
base station and a handset at client's end. Our focus is On-body correspondence of Wireless
Body Area Networks. The organization needs of WBAN has been relying upon the space for
observing human services and secure gadget from pernicious intercession exercises. Traded off
WBAN may prompted genuine threats including irreversible condition and even passing of
patient. A WBAN has been secure on the off chance that it give protection, classification,
uprightness and confirmation. Giving an abnormal state security has been principle challenge to
the framework designs because of constrained wellspring of intensity and foundation of the

32
IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
WBAN framework. Confirmation has been Primary viewpoint for any sort of system for
imparting gadget. Hence, WBAN has been deficient in has field of verifying legitimate clients to
whole into the system. This has been done in by coordinating ultra-low power none intrusive
sensor hubs into WBAN framework has been equipped for catching physiological information
including electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalography (EEG), respiratory rate, body
temperature and development and transmits the gathered information either as crude examples or
low-level post-prepared data to a base station remotely so as to be additionally researchd and
handled.
Question 5: Which of the following do you use your devices for?
Option Responses% Responses Total responses
Fitness 15% 15 100
Health tracker 33% 33 100
Sharing fitness data with
friends
16% 16 100
To help with a Condition 21% 21 100
Music 15% 15 100

33
IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
Figure 4.1.5: Which of the following do you use your devices for?
Analysis: As per graphs and tables, 33% of the participants have been using health tracker as
IoT healthcare devices. Health tracker is a smart IoT device that helps in maintaining a keen
approach in monitoring human health. Heath trackers can be a wearable WBAN that takes health
data from human body and analyze it for revising heath report of an individual. It can be used to
measure, Blood pressure, heart condition ad heartbeat of an individual. When all is said in done
terms, there have been three kinds of correspondence in WBAN including On-body, In-body and
Off-body correspondence. A WBAN framework is equipped for giving long haul wellbeing
observing of individuals by restricting their everyday exercises. These frameworks have been
using improvement of insightful and reasonable medicinal services checking arrangement that
can be utilized as a piece of indicative procedure. A few parts of WBAN inquire about
incorporate physical promotion information interface layer and looking at various low-control
radio innovations. The remote body locale frameworks (WBANs), are one of the low power
sensor sort out, which gives viable and reliable system to restorative administrations structure
including inserted, non-implanted and wearable sensor contraptions for human body. These
sensors have been providing an advanced way of clinical services for human body. However,

34
IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
with the implementation of IoT in healthcare, security and privacy has been a major factor of
threat for smart devices.
Question 6: Do you feel as though Wearable Technology has benefited your life?
Option Responses% Responses Total responses
Yes 56% 56 100
No 44% 44 100
Figure 4.1.6: Do you feel as though Wearable Technology has benefited your life?
Analysis: According to graphs and tables, 56% of the participants have been benefited from the
IoT wearable technology. 44% of the participants have not been agreed on beneficial of IoT in
their life. Wearable technology has been helping in measuring proper health care services to
individuals. The use of wearable technology has been helping in maintaining a keen approach in
the development of healthcare services. The ZigBee is an extension of IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN
standard made by ZigBee Alliance. IoT has been endorsing the advancement promote of late.
Diverse sharp structures have been used in the restorative administrations industry for giving
quality social protection organizations to people. These little interconnected devices have been

35
IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
helping in various fields including human administrations zone. An Primary application in the
clever therapeutic administrations structure in which authorities can screen the signs of patient
remotely by the usage of Wireless Body Area Network in IoT condition. An IoT area has been
depended upon security and insurance which has been up 'til now flawed in various IoT plan.
Question 7: Are you satisfied with WBAN technology?
Option Responses% Responses Total responses
Strongly Satisfied 19% 19 100
Satisfied 34% 34 100
Neutral 19% 19 100
Dissatisfied 16% 16 100
Strongly Dissatisfied 12% 12 100
Figure 4.1.7: Are you satisfied with WBAN technology?
Analysis: According to graphs and tables, 34% of the participants have been satisfied with
WBAN technology in health care industry. 19% of the participants have been strongly satisfied
with the WBAN technology. The use wearable technology has been helping in maintaining a

36
IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
keen approach in development if health care services. Individuals have been able to use this
technology for self-care at their home. The requirement of doctors has been getting minimum
with the implementation of WBAN in the health care. Therefore, satisfaction level of individuals
have been increasing in the market with implementation of WBAN technology.
Question 8: Do you trust in IoT in healthcare Wireless Body Area Network?
Option Responses% Responses Total responses
Yes 62% 62 100
No 38% 38 100
Figure 4.2.8: Do you trust in IoT in healthcare Wireless Body Area Network?
Analysis: As per tables and graph, 62% of the participants have trust on IoT healthcare WBAN.
IoT has been providing benefits to individual in the market. A WBAN system is capable of
providing long-term health monitoring of people by limiting their daily activities. These systems
have been utilizing development of intelligent and inexpensive healthcare monitoring solution
that can be used as a part of diagnostic process. Sensors related on a human body see wonder
including heartbeat and Body Area arrange. The Primary stress of these sensors has been

37
IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
ensuring a secured way for passing on and sorting out among devices for encircling a faultless
structure. Remote Body Network (WBAN) has been helping in correspondence between inserted
sensors on human body. In recent circumstance, individuals structure particular ages have been
drawing nearer for experiencing movement of wearable devices that screens circulatory strain,
blood glucose levels, beats and napping plans. Therapeutic wise devices are related with the
human body that helps in social occasion data from the human body related to prosperity
checkup. These sensors have been giving a moved approach for clinical organizations for human
body. In any case, with the utilization of IoT in therapeutic administrations, security and
insurance has been a principle thought of hazard for sagacious contraptions. These sensors have
been providing an advanced way of clinical services for human body. However, with the
implementation of IoT in healthcare, security and privacy has been a major factor of threat for
smart devices. Data used to be shared over internet, hence security becomes an important
concern for end users and connected devices. The security of data an information of human body
has been a major problem in the IoT. Data used to be shared over web, hereafter security
transforms into a critical stress for end customers and related contraptions. WBAN include little
sensor contraptions that give prosperity checking openings from ordinary activities to relentless
contaminations. Sensors have been accomplishing checking practices by social event and
supervising customer data and passes on it to the base station for sending data to the specific
prosperity watching structure.

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IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
It can be concluded that the Internet of Things (IoT) has been utilized to structure a body
sensor organize (BSN) in which sensors can be checked and dealt with the assistance of Wi-Fi
access past the area. There has been the development in savvy gadgets as of late. IoT has been
promoting the innovation advertise lately. Different smart frameworks have been utilized in the
social insurance industry for giving quality human services administrations to individuals. These
little interconnected gadgets have been helping in different fields including human services part.
A fundamental application in the savvy medicinal services framework in which specialists can
screen the side effects of patient remotely by the utilization of Wireless Body Area Network in
IoT condition. An IoT situation has been relied upon security and protection which has been as
yet sketchy in numerous IoT design. Sensors associated on a human body see marvel including
heartbeat and Body Area arrange. The principle worry of these sensors has been guaranteeing a
protected route for imparting and organizing among gadgets for framing an immaculate
framework.
Remote Body Network (WBAN) has been helping in correspondence between embedded
sensors on human body. In recent situation, people structure distinctive ages have been
approaching for encountering progression of wearable gadgets that screens circulatory strain,
blood glucose levels, pulses and designs. Medicinal gadgets are associated with the human body
that helps in gathering information from the human body identified with wellbeing checkup.
These sensors have been giving a propelled method for clinical administrations for human body.
However, with the execution of IoT in medicinal services, security and protection has been a

39
IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
central point of threat for keen gadgets. Information used to be shared over web, subsequently
security turns into a significant worry for end clients and associated gadgets.
The youthful age has been centering in new innovation created in the human services
industry. The utilization of IoT WBAN gadgets have been helping in self minding of people in
the market. A Primary application in the therapeutic administrations structure in which
authorities can screen the signs of patient remotely by the use of Wireless Body Area Network in
IoT condition. An IoT space has been depended upon security and insurance which has been up
'til now flawed in various IoT structure. Sensors related on a human body see wonder including
heartbeat and Body Area arrange. The central stress of these sensors has been ensuring a secured
way for passing on and sorting out among contraptions for confining a flawless structure.
Remote Body Network (WBAN) has been helping in correspondence between inserted sensors
on human body. In recent circumstance, individual structure unmistakable ages have been
drawing nearer for experiencing movement of wearable devices that screens circulatory strain,
blood glucose levels, beats and snoozing plans. Therapeutic astute contraptions are related with
the human body that helps in social occasion data from the human body related to prosperity
checkup. These sensors have been giving a moved technique for clinical organizations for human
body. In any case, with the use of IoT in therapeutic administrations, security and insurance has
been a principle thought of hazard for smart contraptions.
5.2 Linking with the objectives
The results and outcomes of the research have been able to answer all the research
questions and meet all the objectives initiated earlier. Wearable innovation has been helping in
estimating legitimate medicinal services administrations to people. The utilization of wearable
innovation has been helping in keeping up a sharp methodology in the advancement of social

40
IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
insurance administrations. The ZigBee is an augmentation of IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN standard
made by ZigBee Alliance. The show pile of ZigBee relies upon the most raised reason for IEEE
802.15.4, as appeared in Figure 4, which basically depict physical and MAC layer for low power
a solitary territory orchestrate. Inquisitively with IEEE 802.11 WLAN it is altogether less
difficult show and supports different topologies. The rule trademark are low power, low
throughput, and long battery nearness with secure systems association (128 piece AES
encryption). Its normal range is 10 to 100 meter LOS (Line Of Sight) routinely relies on yield
control and basic conditions. At any rate information can be transmitted to longer segments with
a work sort out. The use of WBAN has been utilized by folks in the market.
5.3 Recommendations
IoT has been supporting the headway advance recently. Differing sharp structures have
been utilized in the helpful organizations industry for giving quality social security associations
to individuals. These little interconnected gadgets have been helping in different fields including
human organizations zone. A fundamental application in the smart restorative organizations
structure in which specialists can screen the indications of patient remotely by the use of
Wireless Body Area Network in IoT condition. An IoT zone has been relied on security and
protection which has been up to this point imperfect in different IoT plan. Security has been an
important part of the IoT devices in healthcare. There are some of the recommendations provided
below:
Access controls: Access controls have been an important step in protecting IoT healthcare
applications. A well designed access control need to be implemented IoT healthcare applications
and devices. IoT devices has been collecting health data from human body and transfer data to

41
IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
healthcare databases. Therefore, IoT healthcare devices need to have strong access management
in order to ensure healthcare data security and privacy.
Firewalls: Firewalls are software programs that help in restricting harmful malware from
entering into the servers and databases of healthcare systems. Firewalls are security protocols
that can be installed over transport layer for secure transfer of data and information into
networks. Data privacy has been major issue in IoT healthcare devices. Therefore, strong
encrypting algorithm need to be implemented in the system.
5.4 Future Scope
This research has focused on implementation of IoT in healthcare wireless body area
network (WBAN). Various literatures have been analysed in order to gain knowledge regarding
this topic. IoT has been an emerging technology in the market. Therefore, there has been huge
scope of IoT in future. There are many concepts and elements in IoT that are yet to be
discovered. Various usage of IoT in healthcare will be discussed in the future research. There
might be possibility of researching new theories and applications of IoT in healthcare industry.

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IOT IN HEALTHCARE WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN)
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