IoT in Smart Cities

This research explores the possibilities of using IoT networks for building a smart city. It discusses the concept of smart city and IoT technologies and explores the aim of this research. It also discusses the challenges and issues faced by the extensive use of IoT in smart cities.

Running head: IOT IN SMART CITIES
IoT in Smart Cities
Name of the Student
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Abstract
Internet of Things make the network of devices that are capable of connecting to internet and this
connection allows them to capture data. This data is transferred to a smart application that can
render new capabilities to devices by controlling them to perform in the ways that were not
possible with traditional structure. Sensing devices like RFID, infrared, and GPS can be
embedded into any device or any object to create a smart system. A smart city uses ICT to
provide digital connectivity to residents and improve efficiency of operations and services that
are provided to them. A smart city is created at different levels starting from infrastructure
enablement to integration and automation. This research builds upon the framework for the
creation of smart cities using IOT. It explores an urban information system which is based on the
sensor network which provides a support to the city by allowing integration of different
information systems over the cloud. With the use of IOT networks for building a smart city, the
city management can become simplified as the real time data can be used for monitoring how
services are being used and the same can be modified for achieving better efficiencies. The
research paper would explore these possibilities by discussing different area of applications of
IOT in the creation of smart city systems.
The paper focuses on the different types of issues and challenges faced by the extensive use of
the internet of things in the smart cities all over the world. This report will be guiding the readers
to know more about the different negative impacts of the internet of things in a more detailed
manner. The use of internet of things is tangentially growing in the smart cities and many
impressive features are being exposed to different types of vulnerabilities, the effectiveness and
reliability of the smart applications are impacted due to those issues. The document will also
focus on the unethical issues which are another major issue of internet of things in the smart
cities.
Keywords: IOT, Smart City, Sensor Networks
Introduction
This research explores the concepts of IOT and smart city to explore the possibilities of using
IOT networks for the development of a smart cities. IOT being a technology with a capability to
connect all objects to the internet through the use of sensors would allow for creation of a

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seamless network of applications that would connect all objects and appliances in a city making
it smart with the real time knowledge sharing. This chapter explores the concept of smart city
and IOT technologies to understand the significance of using IOT for smart city network
creation. The chapter also explores the aim of this research and forms specific objectives to be
fulfilled in the current research (Srinivasan, 2016).
Background
IOT utilized standard communication protocols to connect different objects to the internet. It
allows collection of the data on the status of an object through the use of sensors and allow
modification in the behavior of the object or the situation around based on the collected data with
the use of smart applications. This establishes a connection between physical objects and the IT
infrastructure which can help enable machine to machine (M2M communication between
different objects within a city. Sensor networks can be used for connecting all the devices and
appliances used in a city to the internet which would allow corporations to perform a remote
monitoring. This can help in enhancing public services thereby improving the lives of city
dwellers. An example would be the monitoring of the use of electricity based on which
improvement measures can be taken by modification of usage patterns to save resources. IOT
can have a variety of different applications in the formation of smart cities. These include smart
homes, smart parking lots, smart healthcare systems, water systems, weather systems,
transportation management, environmental management, and surveillance systems (Mir &
Ravindran, 2017).
Problem Statement
The population of the world living in urban areas is increasing gradually and it has been
estimated that by the year 2025, over 70% of the people would be living in urban areas. This
would push the need for increasing supply of infrastructure and services to accommodate them.
A smart city would use technologies to enable interactive and competent services to be provided
to residents. Modern wireless communication has given a new model of information
management called IOT which can allow for connection between all the devices that are used
around the world including mobile phones, actuators, sensors, and more (Vida, 2016). With the
use of these interconnections, efficiency of management of a city can be enhanced. A traditional
process for managing city needs is collection of data and performing offline analysis that can

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reveal insights for decision making. However, data collection can be a costly deal. Also, this
process would not allow municipalities to use real time data for taking decisions which is the
need of the time. With IOT based real time applications implemented in a city system, the city
managers would be able to gather real time data and take better decisions (Choudhary, Sathe, &
Kachare, 2017).
Aims & Objectives
Aim of this research is to explore the possibilities of the use of IOT network for building a smart
city. This aim would be achieved by fulfilling the following research objectives:
 Explore applications of IOT in various areas of public service
 Understand how IOT networks can be used in building smart applications for public
service
 Explore IOT driven models of smart infrastructure and other public service scenarios
 Propose a development framework for smart city using IOT networks
Introduction to the problem and domain
This research explores all the potential issues and challenges faced by the internet of things in the
smart cities. All the beneficial properties of the internet of things in smart cities have both
positive and negative issues. This chapter of the research will mainly focus on these issues and
challenges. The issue and challenges are a part of all the four modules on internet of things in a
smart city such as the networking, sensing, analysis and control.
Challenges of IOT in smart cities
There are different kinds of challenges related to the extensive use of the internet of things in
smart cities. Some of the prime challenges are described in this unit of the research. Privacy and
security of the systems where internet of things is incorporated are one of the main challenges of
IOT. Most of the IOT enabled systems dedicatedly works on different networks, which makes
the system prone to different kinds of cyber security issues such as the WannaCry Ransomware
attack in Atlanta where essential data were hostage by the cyber criminals. The most important
issues related to the security and privacy is the multitenancy, cross side scripting and side
channels. The IOT enabled systems needs to be more secure so that these issues are immediately
mitigated effectively (Zanella et al., 2014). Network heterogeneity is the other type of challenge

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faced by the IOT based systems as most of the organisations in the smart cities use different
types of networks with are connected to the different types of operating systems such as the
Linux based systems and Microsoft Windows based systems. Most of the global corporations in
the smart cities involves huge amount of data transfer between them so maintaining the data
integrity and data reliability is very important but since these transmissions sometimes occurs in
unsafe platforms it becomes very much easier to track them and make any kind of alterations of
those vital data as will be having a direct negative impact on the efficiency and productivity of
the organisation and those organisation will not be accomplishing their business objectives which
are considered one of the most significant issues of internet of things in smart cities. The
transmitted data should be properly encrypted using the public and private keys which will
enhance the security of the data. The wide application of the open source networks for different
types of purposes is also a major source of concern for the IOT enabled smart system as they are
most prone to the risks and vulnerabilities. The different types of cyber security laws which are
followed all around the world should be followed so that the impact of the issues of the internet
of things in smart cities can be minimized.

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(Fig 1: IoT Implementation within Smart City)
Problems in IOT enabled smart systems
The wide application of the internet of things in different applications and modules in the smart
cities have different kinds of problems, for the effective functioning of those systems there is a
need to know all the potential problems related to those issues. This unit of the paper will be
discussing those factors in a more detailed way. The cyber criminals are the most important
problem attached to this technology as they hackers into any unprotected network and cause
severe damage to both the system and the user. The involvement of those cybercriminals leads to
a bigger business loss for the organisation and sometimes it raises questions about the reputations
of the impacted organisations. The cyber criminals use different medium whenever they target
any specific system in a smart city (Ahlgren, Hidell & Ngai, 2016). One of the most important
methods used by those cyber criminals is the use of the malicious software’s and phishing
emails. The storage of unstructured data of a smart system in a cloud based server or any local
server has numerous kinds of issues related with it any single hacking activity may entirely
damage the overall functionality of the smart systems. There are different kinds of unethical
issues related with the IOT enabled smart systems such as data hacking and misuse of personal
trust. The involvement of different types of stakeholders in a business enterprise in a smart city is
one of the major reasons behind those unethical issues. Different smart application involves
acceptance of the users, this is a very significant issue as the admins of those applications gets
hold of personal data by it, and so before accepting any declarations in the applications users
should be fully aware of all the possibilities.
Conclusion
From the above section of the research paper, it can be concluded that there are different types of
issues and challenges involved with the wide applications of internet of things in smart cities. All
the users of the smart applications as well as the users from the IOT enabled systems should be
aware of all the potential risks involved with the internet of things. Effective risk mitigation
strategies should be developed and incorporated in to the systems in the first place, as it will
enhance the efficiency of those systems and improve the overall performance of the IOT enabled
systems in smart cities.

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Future Works of Research
Based on the discussion from the above report, it could be further discussed that the IoT based
framework have the major form of capability for improving the sections within the research of
smart cities (Gubbi et al., 2013). With the current analysis of IoT within the use of smart cities, it
could be discussed that there is a huge scope of improvement for a much more sustainable and
efficient form of landscape within the IoT framework and analysis of big data. The primary
purpose of smart city is to enhance the lives of the people and make better use of resources
(Perera et al., 2014). There is a huge amount of data based that could be collected. This data
would be analyzed together. Hence this data would be able to provide insights about the
occurrence of the wastage of energy and would also suggest improvements. Based on the
previous works of research within the sector of IoT implementation in smart cities, it could be
viewed that there would be many improvements within the sector. The use of IoT within the
cities have a much larger scope of improvement as they would help in scientific forms of
discussion. There are various kinds of technical innovation within the sector that would have a
tremendous form of impact within the area of the study.
(Fig 2: Rise of IoT in Smart Cities)
Based on the insights gained about the current form of improvements within the impact of IoT in
smart city concepts, it could be concluded that there should be a proper form of outlook on the
improvement of IoT implementation in the future (Stankovic, 2014). The specific areas in which
IoT would be able to provide ways of improvements are:

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Smarter Hospitals – There should be a proper form of improvement of IoT factors within the
healthcare sector. The use of technologies within the system would be able to increase the
efficiency of serving patients (Luo & Ren, 2016). A considerable amount of money and time
would be saved. The patients would be able to connect with their concerned doctors in an
efficient manner. They would be able to consult with the doctors when they would be at their
homes. They would also be able to share their medical records to the doctors based on which the
doctors would be able to suggest better form of medical based recommendations (Hiremath,
Yang & Mankodiya, 2014).
(Fig 3: Estimation of the Number of IoT Enabled Devices)
Innovative Transportation – With the impact of IoT and different types of smart connected
devices, it would be very much useful for the transportation within the cities to get improved.
IoT based sensors would be embedded within the vehicles. This would be helpful for keeping a
track of the vehicles along with the drivers. These sensors could be connected with the help of
GPS connectivity and would be able to guide the drivers in an efficient manner. IoT enabled cars
would be able to ensure the safety of the drivers (Khatoun & Zeadally, 2016).
Different kinds of innovation within the cities would be helpful for managing the changes that
have occurred in the recent years. Various forms of sensors such as IT, RFID, GPS and laser

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scanners would be implemented within the devices. The future of innovations within the sector
would prove to be extremely helpful for the benefit of the people. There would be smart
innovations, which would be helped by the use of IoT connected technologies. These kind of
technologies within the smart cities would thus leverage a vast form of power for the growth of
the cities and also improve the conditions of living.
(Fig 4: Different IoT Enabled Projects)
Recommendations
There is a major form of advancements in the various kinds of technologies that are the major
factors within the smart city concepts. This report focus an in-depth analysis of the several kinds
of concepts that are implemented within the smart city aspects based on the IoT framework. The
report also puts major focus on the various kinds of challenges and problems that are majorly
faced within the domain. The report discusses the works of study conducted by various authors
who have helped in focusing on the various forms of research that have been made within the
sector.
The smart cities, which are developed environments enable the people to use various kinds of
services for enhancing their quality of life. The IoT environments have become a form of
significant generator of the concepts of smart city. They have developed the urban environment
and have helped in the connection of devices and various integrated systems. The wide form of

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services and applications have been able to offer a huge amount of data that would be generated
over different forms of versatile domains (Sun et al., 2016)
Some of the various kinds of recommendations that could be put together for the betterment of
the systems within the IoT connected devices are:
There should be a proper form of implementation of the network infrastructure. A proper form of
broadband IP and IoT based infrastructure, which would be manageable, scalable and secure
form of design should be properly maintained. The foundation for the devices of IoT should be
meant for citizens, government and various forms of business. The information and public data
based on the government should be able to solve the civic problems and thus would be able to
create different forms of business opportunities. A proper definition of privileges and rights
should be associated with the collected data. Proper form of position of data governance should
be meant for improving the value of the consumers and data producers (Kyriazis et al., 2013). A
proper form of incorporation of smart requirements should be made with a proper form of
funding based on the infrastructure programs. These funds from the government would be
utilized in building proper form of infrastructure based on the IoT framework. The future of IoT
implementation have a huge scope of improvement in the future and hence these form of
technologies would be helpful in designing a better form of world of research in the sector.

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