Internet of Things: Communication Technologies, Security Issues, and Proposals

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Introduction
Internet of thing is one of the advanced generations in the area information and communication
technology which is used in many industries such as medical, urban development, and many more [1]. In
which things connected with the physical devices with the help of internet connectivity and it uses wireless
technologies to share data or information from one location to another without using any connecting wires.
The goal of this report is to discuss the security relates issues and challenged faced by the internet of thing
and various kinds of technologies used by the IoT during the communication process with their
specification. This report is divided into main four parts for example; comparison of existing communication
technologies for IoT, the network performance of the communication technologies, security and privacy
issues in this technique and propose a communication technology.
Comparison of the existing communication technologies for IoT
In the last five years information technology developed numerous communication protocols or
technologies which are used by the internet of thing to send and receive data which are described below:
 Bluetooth low energy
 Zigbee
 Z-wave
 6LoWPAN
 Wi-Fi
 LTE
 RFID
BLE is a part of Bluetooth technology which is developed for transmitting small information or data from
one location to another. Mainly, it is used for low-level communication purpose which takes very less
power during data transmission. It uses the ISM band which is centred at 2.4 GHz frequency and it uses the
Gaussian frequency shift key modulation technique to modulate the input signals [2]. The data rate of this
communication technology is around 25 Mbps which is very low as compared to Wi-Fi and other
technologies and the range of operation is between 10 and 30 meter. ZigBee is defined as a short range
communication protocol which is used for embedded devices and LAN networks to share and receive data.
It operates in 915 MHz frequency range and provides around 225Mbps data rate to their consumer which is
very high as compared to the Bluetooth networks. It also works on the ISM band but it uses the OQPSK
modulation technique to shift the phase of the input signal [3].
Z-wave us a low energy RF technology that works in the GHz frequency range and it can be used for home
automation, security and appliances controlling purpose. It is observed that Z-wave operates on 900 mega

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Hz frequency and provide around 100 Kbit/s data rate by which user can send or receive a signal from one
building to another. 6LoWPAN is an advanced communication technology which works on the principle of
ISM radio channels and mainly such kind of technology is used by IoT to control and monitor the home
appliances.
It uses the amplitude shift key modulation technique that changes the amplitude of the input signal
according to the carrier signal. Wi-Fi is defined as the wireless fidelity which is very less secure as compared
to Bluetooth, ZigBee and other communication technology but the operational range is very high (160 fits)
[4]. The frequency range of this wireless technology is between 2.4 GHz and 60 GHz but it is not stable due
to which it cannot be used for industrial applications. RFID is a very popular technology which is used by IoT
to control and monitor the communication system between transmitter and receiver. It is a more efficient
network protocol that has the potential to send data over long distance and it is operated in low frequency
and high frequency. It uses the QAM modulation technique which is one of the advanced approaches to
enhance the strength of the input signal by which the receiver can receive the proper output signal.
Evaluation of network performance of communication technologies
It is evaluated that the LTE and RFID both are very common communication technologies used by the
internet of thing because of their performance and security. Bluetooth is a very old communication
technology which is better for small communication channel but for long distance communication, it cannot
be used. To avoid this issue the information technology developed several network protocols like Zigbee,
LTE, and 6LoWPAN but the main problem faced by these technologies are security and privacy issues [5].
A recent study observed that the use of long term evaluation technology has increased by 45% in last two
years because of their few advantages like, more efficient, high frequency range, large data rate and can be
used for long distance communication. ZigBee is an advanced version of Bluetooth which is based on the
IEEE802.15.4 which is operating at 2.4 GHz frequency that can be used for home or building purpose. It is
low power consumption technology which is completely based on the M2M concept and mainly it is used in
IoT for small computer networks. It is identified that most engineering projects are controlled by the IoT
technology which uses the Zigbee protocol for communication purpose [6].
Z-wave is a low power radio frequency network which is designed for home appliances such as a lamp, ac,
and fan controllers. The data rate of this technology is around 100 Kbit per second which is enough for
small and medium computer networks and IoT uses this technique to design and implement the network
system for buildings and companies [7]. Therefore, the overall performance can be evaluated by using
these communication networks in daily life and IOT combine things with physical devices for which they
required the high level technology by which they can control their system from any location. In terms of