IoT in Smart Cities: Challenges and Opportunities

This article discusses the challenges and opportunities of implementing IoT in smart cities. It covers the benefits of IoT in transportation, waste management, and crime prevention. The article also provides a literature review and annotated bibliography, as well as requirements and solutions for successful implementation.

Running head: IOT IN SMART CITIES
IoT in Smart Cities
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1IOT IN SMART CITIES
Abstract:
At present almost, seventy percent inhabitants of cities are using the IoT devices. The
application and opportunities, IoT devices are promising getting more innovative day by day.
Various big organizations are considering the IoT as the opportunity of creating better
marketing strategy and attracting new customers. From wearable devices like smart watch to
smart home, IoT is promising better living for humans. With great opportunities comes big
challenges. It is not a easy task to implement the IoT device that are used by thousands of
people. All the data coming from the customers are needed to be stored in one place. Taken
as an example, patient health information is a critical and essential data for healthcare
organizations. Data collected from IoT devices used by the patient gathers tremendous
amount of data and sends to the server.
Maintain the credibility and accuracy of the data is a big challenge when it comes to utilizing
bigdata as storage framework. The biggest challenge that often appears is misunderstanding
of bigdata. Various organizations, mostly small or medium, are confused by the existence of
bigdata alternative solutions framework. The main concept of the IoT based smart devices or
homes or even cities is to establish an error free and efficient connection between various
devices. Collecting and sharing of such vast amount of data simultaneously has become a
challenge for the big organizations too. The flow of data in real-time often leads to sending
wrong data to a device thus creating operational issue. Another huge issue is processing data.
In some cases, the server has to process the collected data before sending the information to a
destination. Processing GB’s of data simultaneously is a huge task for any server. Therefore,
the server can crash anytime and result into complete failure of the IoT network.

2IOT IN SMART CITIES
Table of Contents
Introduction to the problems and challenges.............................................................................3
Issues in implementing IoT........................................................................................................3
Literature review........................................................................................................................5
Annotated Bibliography.............................................................................................................6
Requirements of the project.....................................................................................................10
Solution:...................................................................................................................................10
Findings:...................................................................................................................................11
Recommendation:....................................................................................................................12
Future Research:.......................................................................................................................12
Advantages and Disadvantages:...............................................................................................13
Conclusion:..............................................................................................................................13
References:...............................................................................................................................15

3IOT IN SMART CITIES
Introduction to the problems and challenges
Internet of things has been acting as one of the most used technology in today’s
society. The expansion of the technology itself proves the importance of the technology.
Internet of things has been termed as one of the leading technology that has been expanding
in highest order (ur Rehman, ur Rehman & Khan, 2016). Global acceptance of internet of
things is also very high as the mass itself gets benefitted from the usage of this internet of
things. Governing urban cities gets easier with the help of implementation of internet of
things. Inclusion of this technological platform of internet of things includes the usage of
smart phones by the citizens of the country for better communication and enhancement of
connectivity with the government (Kharchenko, Kolisnyk & Piskachova, 2016). This
increases the efficiency of man management.
Issues in implementing IoT
Implementation of internet of things in governing citizens also helps in facilitating the
transportation of the citizens. In case internet of things is used in the processing of
transportation, users can easily book vehicles from their door steps which helps in decreasing
the time consumed in travelling (Ramani & Iyengar, 2017). Again with the help of
implementation of internet of things, flow of traffic can be maintained in an automated
nature. This is due to the fact that there will be no need of manual presence for controlling the
inflow of traffic. This helps in increasing the accuracy in maintaining the traffic flow and the
rate of accident is expected to decrease. Tracking of personnel’s data also act as one of the
major reason of using the platform of internet of things for completion of the project
(Alrawais, Alhothaily & Hu, 2017). This also helps in increasing the accuracy in mob
maintenance and people performing illegal activities will get punished as city are implanted
in different zones of the country. This also helps in tracking of criminals present in the

4IOT IN SMART CITIES
country. Wi-fi will be available in the entire country leading to the fact that connectivity
efficiency increases to a whole new level.
Despite the fact that there are several advantages the major problem is that the initial
cost incurred in commencing this process is very high. This is the reason that the data
management will be performed with better accuracy (Shah & Yaqoob, 2016). Although the
initial coat that will be incurred is high, the usability of this cost will be equally high and the
outcome it will provide will be far better than the investment. This is the main reason that
implementation of internet of things is essential is due to the fact that the data management
that is performed with the help of the internet of things is much higher and better than manual
projection of internet of things (Bhavani, Sangeetha & Sivakumari, 2016). Implementation of
Internet of Things also ensures the fact that the security department of the city stays alert and
this is because the police can stay alert regarding the crimes that are happening in the city
(Dmitry & Manfred, 2014). Proper tracking of the criminals help in abolishing the crime that
is happening in the country.
Major problems that are present in the curse of non-implementation of Internet of Things in
the course of city management is that in order to get a vehicle for communication (Balte,
Kashid & Patil, 2015). One needs to form a queue and hire vehicles for proper
communication in the processing of connectivity and controlling traffic also would have been
very difficult in the processing of data management.
This report will include the problems that are present in the course of city management in the
absence of Internet of things in their management section. This report also provides the
possibilities that are present in the course of man management with the help of Internet of
Things. This report also provides a brief introduction to the topic of implementation of
Internet of things in the terminology of Smart city management. This report will provide the

5IOT IN SMART CITIES
literature review regarding the functioning of the Internet of Things in management of city
and the residents that stay in that city. This report also provides brief terminological
definitions of methodologies that are required for completion of the project. This report will
also provide an annotated bibliography on the topic of Implementation of internet of things in
the processing of the smart city. This is the major reason that the implementation if the
internet of things is implemented in the course of data transaction of the management. This
ensures the fact the processing of implementation of data management can be performed with
the help of the implementation of Internet of things. This report will also provide the tools
that are required for the completion of the implementation process. This report will also
provide the terminologies that are required for the completion of the project.
Literature review
According to Madakam, Ramaswamy & Tripathi (2015), the implementation of IoT
in transportation system provides numerous advantages to the country. The manual system of
transportation had resulted in numerous problems like improper management of time,
decrease in efficiency of the activities that were to be performed. The personnel’s data
management used to get hampered; as a result, Internet of Things was introduced. The
introduction of IoT had provided numerous advantages to its users. One of the advantages
include time saving in managing the vehicles, this as a result, saves time for people who
belong to various corporate sectors. People get to choose the vehicles that they require for
their own use. One more major advantage provided by IoT in transportation is that the users
are able to access the condition of traffic in a specific area.
Parking cars are the major reasons which create mishap in the public place. As per
Chen, Deng & Wan (2015), there are possibilities of mitigating the problem by implementing
IoT for parking purposes. This solves the problem of parking by analyzing the parking area

6IOT IN SMART CITIES
and finding out if there is space left for parking vehicles. If a space is left it would park the
vehicle with the help of IoT and if a space is snot left, it gives the necessary reply. This
process decreases the overall time required to park vehicles.
IoT has been very helpful in waste management as well (Del Giudice, 2016). This use
of IoT helps in detecting the level of waste collected in bins. When the maximum level of
waste has been collected, a message is sent to the professionals who are in charge of that
particular place. These professionals then send workers to clean the bins and dispose the
waste to the bigger waste disposal areas. As per Del Giudice (2016), this system helps in
reducing the level of mishaps caused due to the waste loitered on the road. In this process
sensors are attached to the street lights and other public places.
Crime: implementation of tools of IoT would help in decreasing the amount of crimes
that take place in congested areas. According to Lee, Han & Cho (2018), an example of this
is that the installation of cameras in public places would reduce the amount of crimes. The
fear or getting caught would prevent thieves or pickpockets from executing their ill intentions
(Lee, Han & Cho, 2018). Along with this in case any crime takes place, the cops and
government would be able to track down the guilty and do the necessity.
Annotated Bibliography
Article 1
Ahlgren, B., Hidell, M., & Ngai, E. C. H. (2016). Internet-of-Things for Smart Cities:
Standards and Opportunities.
This particular journal discusses regarding the processing of IoT in a global scenario.
It also discusses about the importance of IoT in a wide section of area. It further discusses
regarding the processes how IoT can be implemented for various purposes. The formatting in
this particular journal is done in a proper manner which helps the users to understand and

7IOT IN SMART CITIES
extract the needed data. The journal also includes numerous references as well as in texts
which help the readers to know from where the data had been extracted. The users can refer
to the sources provided in the references, in order to gain more information related to IoT and
its implementation. This is the major reason why this particular journal is one of the most
visited ones.
Article 2
Ahlgren, B., Hidell, M., & Ngai, E. C. H. (2016). Internet of things for smart cities:
Interoperability and open data. IEEE Internet Computing, (6), 52-56.
This particular journal gives an in depth idea of the installation of Internet of
Things for various purposes like monitoring garbage, installing public Wi-Fi and many more.
The journal states various advantages enjoyed by people as well as governing body in
implementation of Internet of Things. This journal also states various ways by which the
installation of IoT can be initiated. Along with this it also states various ways by which the
tools of IoT used for betterment of people can be managed. Further in the journal, it states
numerous disadvantages provided by implementation of Internet of Things for public use like
risk to the security of users’ personal data, dependency of people on automated systems and
many more. This journal provides detailed information regarding all the advantages as well as
disadvantages imposed by usage of Internet of Things; as a result, it has been referred to by
many researchers for gaining in depth knowledge.
Article 3
Sadowski, J., & Pasquale, F. A. (2015). The spectrum of control: A social theory of the
smart city.
This journal provides us information regarding the basic terminologies of Internet of
Things. This is one of the reasons that the data management of this particular journal is not

8IOT IN SMART CITIES
precise. The journal provides precise information regarding the uses of Internet of Things like
installation of CCTV cameras and censors in public places. This journal provides brief
information regarding the terminologies which ensure proper processing of information
management. A unique information that the journal includes is the importance of principles
of Internet of Things in securing the identity of user in cyber space. This feature also helps in
proper maintenance of information in database of various organizations.
Article 4
Ali, M. I., Gao, F., & Mileo, A. (2015, October). Citybench: A configurable benchmark
to evaluate rsp engines using smart city
This particular journal states that the distribution and usage of energy is affected by
the implementation of IoT. This factor helps in appropriate management of energy as well as
distribution and usage of raw energy. This indicates that proper processing of energy
management is carried out with the help of IoT. This is the major reason that the
methodology must ensure that the raw materials are not wasted. Sensors are utilized in
terminological management for numerous raw materials.
Article 5
Khanna, A., & Anand, R. (2016, January). IoT based smart parking system. In Internet
of Things and Applications (IOTA), International Conference on (pp. 266-270). IEEE
This journal precisely states that data management is supposed to be carried out in the
process of using IoT. This also states various advantages as well as disadvantages of
implementing IoT. Better formatting of the data that are present in the journal helps the
researchers to understand better processing of the time management of the researchers and
that is what makes this journal very popular among the researchers.

9IOT IN SMART CITIES

10IOT IN SMART CITIES
Requirements of the project
Some basic requirements of this project are as follows
Sensors: The censors are an important part of the project (Oh & Kim, 2017). Almost
the entire project is dependent on sensors because they play a vital role in implementation of
IoT. The installation of sensors in public places like street lights contribute in making a city
smart and help in various ways like reduce crime, help in waste management.
Processors: Processors also contribute in the effectiveness of implementing IoT (Oh
& Kim, 2017). Well functioning processors are an important part of implementation of IoT.
Proper power supply: modes that would control the power utilized during the projects
should be used while implementing IoT (Oh & Kim, 2017). This is because the complete
processing would be completed by using an artificial power processing system. This feature
would ensure that the power usage during implementation of IoT would not go out of limit.
Solution:
The main solution of the total smart city project depends on the data management
system of the city as all the components used for developing the smart cities need a good data
management system. If the collected data from the devices is not properly managed then the
system naturally become useless (Cocchia, 2014). Apart from that, there are other various
problems in a city which are the crime, traffic congestion due to the improper way of
handling the traffic and for parking related problems. Also, the waste management is another
big issue for the cities. In the case of smart cities, all these problems can be handled quite
easily. A command control centre can be implemented for monitoring the entire city from a
single location which can help to reduce the crime rates in the city. For the traffic related
solutions smart signalling, camera and sensors can be used (Neirotti et al., 2014). This will

11IOT IN SMART CITIES
help to manage the traffic in a systematic manner which will reduce the traffic congestion in
the city. Also, the smart parking tracker application will help to monitor the free space of
parking to the car drivers. This will minimize the conflicts due to the car parking which will
make the traffic more fluent. In the case of waste management the sensors are used to track
the garbage level, also a different type of sensors can be used for monitoring the air quality
and the supplied water quality in the city. The E-Governance system of the smart city will
bring solutions of e-health systems and easier tax payment system.
Findings:
From the above discussion about the smart city indicates that the smart sensors
implementations are increasing day by day which is increasing the total number of smart
cities and features of them. The number of smart cities is increasing day by day because it is
the perfect way to handle the crowd of the big cities and also the peoples are accepting the
technology freely (Mirri et al., 2014). It is also determined that the data generated from the
technical devices which are used for developing smart cities can help to understand the
project scenario in a much better way by the help of the internet of things. From the
discussion, it has been found that good processing of the data which are generated by those
sensors can help to function the city in a proper manner. The residents of the city can take the
help of the internet of things for doing their daily things in a much easier way. In the findings,
the main applications of the IoT in smart cities are the transportation management, crime
detection and the waste management system of the city (Angelidou, 2014). In the
transportation system, it can help the city by managing the traffic flow of the city. In this case
smart signalling, real time traffic situation and a smart parking system can help. For the crime
detection scenario, it is discussed that the CCTV cameras and the location tracking system
can help (Menouar et al., 2017). The waste management system can help to manage the waste
produced by the city by tracking the waste smartly.

12IOT IN SMART CITIES
Recommendation:
Though the implementations of the internet of things in cities can help the cities to
become smart in nature, still some recommendation can be given to implementing this same
internet of things in more precisely and in a better way. The following recommendation is
the:
 Security measures implementations: The implementation of the CCTV is not only
the considerable thing for a safe city (Doran Gokhale & Dagnino, 2013). With the
implementation of the CCTV, Emergency Rescue Team can be formed which can
react in those situations. This team can get help from the IoT implementation which
can help the team to track the actual location of the crime commenced.
 Centralized Database: It is recommended to use a centralized database for
implementing the applications of the smart city as it creates a single point of data
from where all the data can be accessed (Zanella et al., 2014).
 Securing the platform: It needs to ensure that the main platform of the IoT is safe.
Thus it is recommended to install a suitable antivirus program to keep the system safe.
 Maintenance: Proper maintenance of the devices and program is needed for running
the entire smart city mechanism properly. For that, it is recommended to periodically
maintain the hardware and the software of the smart city program.
Future Research:
At the present rate of expansion, the internet of things can be a major technological
system which can help to manage the entire city in a precise way. It is estimated that by some
upcoming years this internet of things will be able to handle 75% of man management cases
of the city (Djahel et al., 2015). From the recent studies, it has been found that this entire
mechanism of the smart cities will improve day by day and more new technologies regarding

13IOT IN SMART CITIES
the smart cities will be implemented with the help of the internet of things. The next-gen
technologies of the internet of things might be able to stop water wasting and with that, the
water contamination level might also be measured. This will help to ensure a healthy living
place in the city. More implementation of the internet of things in smart cities will help to
collect more data about the economy, health care and crime and by analysing the data, data
patterns can be cracked which will help to improve in this area of a smart city. Also, more
innovative transport system might be seen where the driverless car will drive for the peoples
with great efficiency.
Advantages and Disadvantages:
The smart city with the internet of things can bring various advantages which are:
 Centralized Controlling: Everything can be controlled in a centralized manner which
will give great flexibility to the management.
 Better time management can be achieved with the help of the internet of technologies
as most of the things will be automated (Kitchin, 2014).
 Better man management can be also achieved using the internet of things.
 Project efficiency will improve further by the implementation of the internet of things.
Besides the advantages it has also some disadvantages which are:
 Illegal access can be gained by the attacker which will create a problem for the entire
city.
 As this system uses a centralized database manner privacy-related issues can occur as
the attacker needs to hack only a single point of data (Huang et al., 2014).

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Conclusion:
From the above discussion, it can be concluded that internet of things has a huge role
towards building the smart city. The concept of the smart city has gained lots of attention in
the present situation and it is predicted that this attention will increase more in the near
future. These smart technologies can help the residents by saving their money using the
automation technique. In this document, it is evaluated that the smart traffic management
system will help the city to manage the traffic to avoid congestion in the roads and the smart
parking system will help the drivers to park their cars without having much effort. Also,
integrating the internet of things towards the smart city project will help to develop the city
economically and also it will help to develop the public services offered by the city. The data
gathered by the IoT devices will help to improve the smart services and will help to reduce
the crime by analysing the patterns of the data. Also, these data can be exchanged with other
smart cities to gather a more wide range of database. Sharing and exchanging data can help
the cities to identify criminals, increase the productivity and can help to analyse the risks.
Thus the internet of things in the smart city can impact the lifestyle of the humans in a very
positive way.

15IOT IN SMART CITIES
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Ahlgren, B., Hidell, M., & Ngai, E. C. H. (2016). Internet of things for smart cities:
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Standards and Opportunities.
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