IoT Smart Cities: Advantages, Challenges, and Implementation

This report discusses the implementation of IoT in Smart Cities, its advantages, challenges, and solutions. It covers the problems faced by IoT Smart Cities, including security, heterogeneity, reliability, legal and social aspects, big data, sensor networks, and DR barriers. The report also includes a literature review on the concept of Smart Cities and its various aspects.

Running head: IoT SMART CITIES
IoT Smart Cities
[Name of the Student]
[Name of the University]
[Author note]

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Abstract: IoT is an emerging technology where the devices are associated with
communicating with the other devices or to the network by making use of the internet. The
large scale adaptation of the IoT has been done by almost every fields which are associated
with making the lives of people much easier. The IoT has been applied in the cities as well
which has been associated with making the lives of people easy by simplifying the way of
life. The implementation of IoT is associated with bringing a lot of advantages as well as
disadvantages. The data is collected by making use of the various sensors which are then
processed and analysed in order to monitor and manage the various kind of activities
occurring inside a city. This report would be associated with discussing about the
implementation of the IoT in the cities so as to make the lives of people easier. Thus, it can
be stated that the Smart City implementation in a IoT environment is an extensive process
that should be taken up by different countries nowadays to cope up with the technological
transformation of the contemporary world. It is understandable that an urban IoT would be
able to bring about huge benefits right from its inception to management and optimization of
different urbanized system of a city, like traffic services, crime management, surveillance and
many others. Therefore, there must be a research done for the IoT technology implementation
in Smart Cities.

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Introduction
The recent communication paradigm of the future technological development that has
the potential to transform everything around the human world and equip communications
with digital and microcontroller-based communication is the Internet of Things or IoT
(Arasteh et al., 2016). Nowadays, IoT is being utilized for developing Smart Cities, which
would enable easy and accessible interaction with a huge number of different equipment like
the appliances used at home, cameras responsible for surveillance, sensors associated with
monitoring, actuators, and many more. This would be the topic for the further research that
would follow as below.
The structure of the report would follow a simple research methodology that would
describe all the aspects of implementing a latest technology of introducing an IoT based
technology in a Smart City for any specific country (Centenaro et al., 2016). This would be
described with a Smart City concept and services that the IoT implementation in Smart City
provides, comprising of the different aspects of a Smart City starting from the health of
structure that the buildings are having to the management of the Waste, Monitoring of Noise,
reduction in the traffic congestion, consumption of energy and many more. This will be
followed by the Web Service approach of the IoT service Architecture and its entire
specification, which would enable to check for the specification for a particular country
according to their needs. The urban IoT Architecture would be described by the different
technologies that would be used for the same. A literature review would be associated with
providing an overview of the various works that has been done on this topic.
Purpose of the report
Given the complex scenario of the modern world, where with every upgrade of the
technological world, adding to the urbanization of the society has made adopting the latest

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technological developments; the incorporation of IoT has become inevitable in the modern
society. Therefore, various governmental powers all around the world have been giving into
the push of adapting to these technological advancements and invested into developing the
Smart Cities. It is understandable that an urban IoT would be able to bring about huge
benefits right from its inception to management and optimization of different urbanized
system of a city, like traffic services, crime management, surveillance and many others.
Therefore, there must be a research done for the IoT technology implementation in Smart
Cities. The structure of the research report would be described below detailing to all the
aspects of the research regarding successful implementation of IoT in Smart Cities. This
research would be done keeping in mind about all the advantages of the IoT technology as
well as the shortcomings that would create problems while implementing the new technology
to enhance urbanization.
The field of application that is imposed as a result forms a heterogeneous mode of
approach for satisfying all the requirements. Along with this the application of the
heterogeneous field is associated with helping in the identification of the solutions which
would be associated with satisfying the requirements in order to solve all the problems faced
in the application scenarios along with avoiding the various kind of challenges (Latre et al.,
2016). This kind of difficulties ate responsible for the propagation of various kind of
incompatible proposals that are needed in order to have a practical realization of IoT systems
that are being used in the cities.
Problems faced by the IoT Smart Cities:
IoT is an emerging technology and brings a lot of benefits. IoT is associated with
making the lives of become much easy. This technology has already been adopted by almost
each and every field. This technology has been associated with making various kind of work

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easy and the process of collecting the data has also become much easy (Scuotto, Ferraris, &
Bresciani, 2016). But despite of the benefits there exists certain challenges which are faced
by the IoT technology. Nowadays, IoT is being utilized for developing Smart Cities, which
would associated with providing an easy and accessible interaction with a huge number of
different equipment like the appliances used at home, cameras responsible for surveillance,
sensors associated with monitoring, actuators, and many more. However, the field of
application that is imposed as a result forms a heterogeneous mode of approach for satisfying
all the requirements that the implementation needs (Zanella et al., 2014). The application of
IoT has been seen in various domains which includes the home automation, automation in the
industries, medical aids, assistance to the elders, management of the energy intelligently and
smart grids, automotive, management of the traffic, and many more.
Smart Cities are the latest innovation that various countries are adapting to for ease of
the urban society. It is understandable that an urban IoT would be able to bring about huge
benefits right from its inception to management and optimization of different urbanized
system of a city, like traffic services, crime management, surveillance and many others.
Therefore, there must be a research done for the IoT technology implementation in Smart
Cities.
The various type of challenges that are faced by the IoT enabled smart cities have
been listed below:
1. Security and Privacy
After collection of the entire information has been done they are evaluated by making
use of the same IoT platform. This evaluation of information would be associated with
putting forward the various kind of attacks which mainly includes the cross-site scripting, and
side-channels. Besides this it is also seen that the system might be subjected to various kind
of vulnerabilities. Along with this the multi-tenancy that the system is having might be

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leading toe various kind of security which might be resulting in the leakage of the data. So it
is essential to make sure of the fact that the smart cities are associated with the adaptation of
some serious security which would be responsible for ensuring the privacy and security of
data of the citizens (Centenaro et al., 2016). Absence of this would make the citizens loose
trust over the entire system and this would be initially resulting in the rising of difficulties
during the process of collecting the data. Besides this it is essential to make sure of the fact
that the systems are resistant to any type of cyber-attacks. A successful smart city consisting
of IoT applications should be consisting of privacy and security at the top of their priority list.
The figure that has been provided below is associated with depicting the some aspects of
security in IoT which includes the privacy along with the trust and data confidentiality
(Balsamo et al., 2017). Besides this the figure also depicts the possible solution.
Fig 1: Various kind of security issues faced by IoT and their mitigation techniques
Source: (Centenaro et al., 2016)

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2. Heterogeneity
Development of the IoT systems are generally done by considering some specific and
notable solutions. This solutions generally consists of solutions where it is seen that each of
this elements are connected to a special application in order to conduct specific tasks.
Depending on this the authorities are having the responsibility of examining the goal
scenarios that they are having, along with providing definitions of the hardware or the
software that is needed which is followed by the aggregation of these heterogeneous
subsystems (AlEnezi, AlMeraj, & Manuel, 2018). Providing of this kind of substructures
along with the procurement of a proper cooperating scheme amongst them is generally
considered to one of the major challenge in the IoT systems.
3. Reliability
Problems related to the reliability is also caused by the systems which are based upon
the usage of IoT technology. One such example is the information which is provided by the
moving cars. Due to the mobility of the car the interconnection which exists might not very
much reliable (Memos et al., 2018). Besides this the number of smart technologies are
increasing day by day which is initially leading to challenges in the reliability or better to say
mainly regarding the failure of this technology.
4. Large Scale
Some of the defined scenarios are there where there exists the need of interacting with
enormous amount of distributed devices which are generally considered to be embedded in a
wide area environment. The IoT system is associated with providing a proper platform where
it is possible to analyse and aggregate the extracted information extracted from different kind
of devices (Zhang et al., 2017). Despite of this there exists the need of a proper storage for
this huge amount of data, and besides this there should also exist computational ability. This

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mainly happens because of the reason that the data which are gathered at high rates might be
associated with giving rise to usual challenges which are very difficult to solve (Chapman et
al., 2015). Additionally it is seen that the IoT devices which are distributed throughout the
entire city might be associated with creating an influence upon the actions related to
monitoring actions which mainly happens because of the reason that the devices have to deal
with various kind of delays that are related to the dynamics and connectivity of the devices.
5. Legal and Social Aspects
According to the user-provided data the IoT is generally considered to be a
service.due to this reason the servce providers are generally dependent upon the different
kind of local as well as international rules. In a similar way the applicants are associated with
facing a sufficient incentives for the purpose of attending some scenarios and also for the
purpose of gathering data. In case if the opportunity was provided to the applicants to choose
along with participate in the process of registering the information which are associated with
indicating an event then it would be much more comfortable (Strohbach et al., 2015).
References are associated with handling the subject that the systems are having which
generally includes the people as a source of data for the purpose of having interactions that
are totally safe.
6. Big Data
There exists about more than 50,000,000,000 devices, so it is very essential to put a
special attention towards the process of transferring the data, storage of the data and recalling
of the data. Besides this special emphasis is to be put during the process of analysing the
large amount of data which are collected from the IoT devices. The big data problems, can be
classified into three major sections which includes the number of devices sending the data,
speed of the transfer and lastly come the data of different kind (Arastehet al., 2016).

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7. Sensor Networks
This is generally considered to be a remarkable technology which is associated with
enabling the IoT technology. They are capable of forming the world which is generally done
by means of providing the capabilities related to the measuring, inferring, and understanding
of the various environmental indexes (Chen et al., 2014). The recent development along with
the improvements made in the technologies have been associated with providing an efficient
as well as cheap devices so as to apply for the utilization of the large-scale remote sensing.
Additionally the smartphones also consists of different kind of sensors which initially results
in the providing of empowerment to various kind of mobile.
8. DR Barriers
The responsive demand in a system is also assisted by the IoT technology but despite
of this there exists several kind of barriers which are having the capability of restricting the
IoT in taking part in the various Demand Response or DR programs (Samuel, 2016). The
figure provide below is associated with categorizing the barriers. This barriers can be divided
into three key sets which mainly includes the customer’ barriers, providers’ barriers, and
framework barriers.
Fig 2: The various kind of barriers in Demand Response
Source: (Arasteh et al., 2016)

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Literature review:
The start city concept is entirely new which is considered to be a successor of the
other concepts like the digital city, informational city and the sustainable city. A literature
review conducted by the Caraglio et al., (2011) was associated with the conceptualization of
the smart city idea which mainly consisted of the below listed facts.
 Development of the cultures along with the society is to be enabled by enhancement of
the administrations efficiency along with the economy as well.
 Special emphasis is to be put upon the business oriented urban development,
 Strong focus upon the goal so as to realize the social inclusions of different kind of urban
residents in the public service,
 Special emphasis is also to be put upon the sign fact role that is played by the creative and
the high-tech industries so as to ensure long term growth,
 having a perspective of paying close attention to the functioning of the social as well as
the relational capital for the development of the city,
 Has a vision of considering the social as well as the environmental sustainability which is
considered to be an important section of the smart city.
There also exists other researchers who are associated with indicating the important
necessary ingredients so as to form an important section of the smart cities. Along with this
the other main constituents are the smart economy, smart environment, smart people, smart
mobility and many more. This new concept of smart cities are beyond the definition of digital
cities, information cities and the intelligent cities. The major reason lying behind this is the
contextualization of the different kind of technologies that are generally utilized for favouring
the entire system and the services.
Marsal-lllacuna et al. (2015), in their studies were associated with discussing about
the various experiences that are to be considered while evaluating the smart cities. This

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experiences might be including the livable or the environment friendly cities which
encompasses the sustainability along with the living qualities of the people. Besides this the
course has also been discussing about the technological composition of the previously
experienced smart cities.
Besides this other author like Lazaroiu and Roscia (2012), stated that it is necessary to
make sure that the smart cities are capable of representing certain aspects which mainly
includes the technological community, interconnection, sustainability, comfort, attractiveness
and optimized operations of the municipal services. This new reality of smart cities would be
associated with encouraging the involvement of numerous suppliers. Besides this the paper
also stated the fact that technology is to be used so as to manage the urban services in a
proper way.
The work of Schaffer et al. (2011), was later emphasized by the author Kramers et al.
(2014) and in their study they pointed out certain facts which were necessary for having
smart cities and this mainly includes the following:
 Rich environment is to be created which would be consisting of various broadband
network that would be associated with the providing of support to the digital
applications.
 Participatory processes are to be initiated so as to applications responsible for the new
innovations.
The wireless sensor network present in the smart cities acts as a important source of
generating the heterogeneous information in a smart city. The generated information by
various kind of sensors often overlaps partially or entirely. Addressing the various kind of
challenges related to the fusion of the data is very much challenging. Demster proposed the
Dempster Shafer Theory which was later extended by Shafer is considered to be extension of

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the traditional probability. This theory is generally used for the purpose of uncertain
reasoning that generally occurs whenever an uncertain condition occurs.
Tazid et al. (2012) was associated with considering the merits along with the demerits
of the different kind of combination rules that are generally used for fusion of the sensor data.
Along with this Yoon, and Suh and Javadi et al. (2014) were associated with the usage of the
Dempster-Shefer approach which included the fusion of the sensor data in the environmental
domains. The data fusion approach which was proposed was limited to the various kind of
devices and their functionalities needed for developing the smart cities.
Along with this there also exists various smart city projects like the “IBM projects
SCRIB”. This project was associated with providing an appropriate definition of the smart
cities with respect to the semantic model. This is generally dependent upon the various kind
of data that are generally collected from various sections of the world. This SCRIBE
Ontology was defined by making use of some specific standards. The standards that were
used mainly included the Common Alerting Protocol and the national Information Exchange
Model or the NIEM. The issues related to the heterogeneous data are generally addressed by
this standards by considering various smart city domains (Uceda-Sosa, Srivastava, & Schloss,
2011). The Smart Santander project is associated with the evaluation of the various key
building blocks of the IoT which mainly involves the different kind of interactions as well as
the mechanisms needed for managing the protocols. Implementation of numerous sensors in
different kind of cities would be helping in the exploitation of the various kind of
applications. The development of the test buds would also be helping in the process of
exploiting the various smart city domains that would mainly involve the monitoring of the
environment, intensity of the traffic and many more. The city sensor project would be helping
in the process of making improvements in the existing human infrastructure which would be
helping in the process of providing a better service to the people living in the city. This is to

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be done by exploiting the resources which are available in a way which is very efficient.
Despite of all this there also exists some disadvantages as they are not capable of providing
detailed information about the ways in which they are being implemented. Along with this
the semantic model is also not associated with specifying the ways by which the model would
be incorporated and all this aspects are totally uncertain in nature.
Methodology:
Wireless technologies and the Wireless sensors that are to be implemented in the
smart cities would be helping the people living in smart cities to have a powerful, flexible and
intelligent support. The figure below depicts the smart city architecture that is going to be
adopted and this is generally considered to be an extension of the restricted systems that were
used previously. Some aims have been decided by the integration of the wireless sensor
network and the wireless communication services. Besides this the sensory data are to be
implemented which is associated with providing a primary data so as to generate the
heterogeneous information. The information provided by this nodes is collected by the
communication system. After completion of the collection process it moves towards the
processing and analysis process (Uceda-Sosa, Srivastava, & Schloss, 2011). This generally
done by the semantic web technologies or the Dempster-Shafer combination rule. This
process of deployment would upon the cloud platform would be used as a SaaS or Software
as a Service.

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Fig 3: Various Components of the Smart City
Source: (Uceda-Sosa, Srivastava, & Schloss, 2011)
The proposed architecture would be helping in obtaining numerous benefits which
would also help in obtaining an intelligent platform that would be used by the people who
would be living in the smart cities. Collection of data is done from the smart city domains
which would help in providing assistance in a smart way. Following are the steps which are
to be followed so as to implement the new architecture. The process begins with the
collection of the data and processing so as to make them consumable by the web. Once the
conversion of the data is completed into common factors, then they would be enriched
semantically and for doing so OWL concept would be used. This is generally based upon the
knowledge that the experts are having regarding this concept. Dempster-Shafer rule is used
for the purpose of processing the data that are collected and the main reason for doing so is
for the purpose of dealing with the uncertainty in the semantic model (Uceda-Sosa,
Srivastava, & Schloss, 2011). The main ideas would be involving the reorganization of the
activities along with learning the new rules which are to be implemented so as to govern the

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various kind of activities. This rules would also be used for the purpose of defining the
various kind of services and for providing feedbacks to be users by means of alerts or
warnings. Below is the figure which depicts the primary sources of information.
Fig 4: Different level of the proposed architecture
Source: (Uceda-Sosa, Srivastava, & Schloss, 2011)
The different levels of the multi-level smart city architecture has been listed below:
Level 1: Associated with the collection of the data:
This level is associated with the storage of the data that has been collected. The
collection of the data is generally done from the various sensors in where it is seen that the
data are in different form. Once collected the data are converted in a common format which is
understandable (Murty et al., 2008).
Level 2: Associated with the processing of the data:
This level is associated with the processing of the data which has been collected in the
previous stage. All the gathered data are summarized before the data is transmitted and

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analysed. Once summarization is completed fusion of the data are done by making use of the
web technologies. The major objective of this level is the conversion of the collected data is
done into a common format and this might be including the RDF or the Resource Description
Framework (Uceda-Sosa, Srivastava, & Schloss, 2011). This is generally considered to be
one of the most common ways that are used for the purpose of exchanging the information
over the web. In addition to this the process is also associated with the facilitating the process
of sharing the data which are heterogeneous in nature along with the integration of the
various smart cities. Different type of software might be associated with the usage of the RDF
so as reasoning the operations by adaptation of intelligent ways.
Level 3: Reasoning and Integration of the data:
In this level the semantic web technologies are associated with exploiting the domain
specific data this is generally dependent upon the relationship that exists between the
concepts. The OEL or the Web ontology language is utilized for the purpose of publishing the
different ontologies (Uceda-Sosa, Srivastava, & Schloss, 2011). OEL is a RDF graph which
is generally built by using the RDF and the other ontologies. This in turn helps in the
classification of the individuals and concepts, which is generally done by depending upon
various classes. Two type of properties are provided which can be used for forming the
relationships between various classes, this would be consisting of the data as well as
properties of the object. Once the classification of the data is completed then further
enrichment would be done by the experts by using the Dempster-Shafer rule (Murty et al.,
2008). This would be further associated with recognition of the along with learning the new
rules in the particular domain. Data from various smart cities would be combined by using
the Dempster-Shafer rule. SPARQL is one of the RDF query language that is used in order
query, retrieve and manipulate the data or the record that stored in the format of RDF.

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Level 4: Alerts and control of the device:
Once the data is received from level 3 it would be utilized by the various web
applications so as to operate in different condition that are intelligent in nature. After the
inferring of the data is done it can be utilized in various ways, this might be including the
input or the output, messages, alerts and the warnings.
Communication plays a vital role in achieving the smart cities. As depicted in the
figure provided below, certain communication services are used inside the smart city
infrastructure and this mainly includes the 3G, LTE, Wi-Fi, WiMAX and many more. A
smart city would become more secure if the smart city are combined with the communication
technologies.
Fig 5: The communication system in a Smart city
Source: (Murty et al., 2008)

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