IoT Smart City: Evaluating the Role of IoT in Smart Cities

This report evaluates the role of IoT in smart cities, including its advantages, potential threats, and capabilities. It reviews past research work and analyses challenges and threats associated with IoT and smart cities. The report offers potential solutions to minimise threats and enhance compatibility of IoT and smart cities. The problem statement is security and privacy concerns associated with IoT. The report concludes by discussing the benefits of IoT in smart cities.

IOT SMART CITY
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Abstract:
Internet of Things (IoT) since its inception has acted as the source for the change of technological advancement. First coined in
the year 1999 by Kevin Aston (Executive Director, Auto-Id Labs) at the MIT, IoT is potentially, the most significant factor of
the Smart Cities. Hence, the deemed report will attempt at evaluating the role of the subject in the smart cities. Evaluation of the
subject will include the advantages, potential threats and capabilities in the smart cities. The potential threats will mostly consist
of the cyber attacks which may include security and privacy concerns along with the isolation from the smart advantage in the
case; the server is compromised.
The report will share a brief insight of the IoT and the smart cities to develop an idea for understanding. Followed by
the reviewing of the research work that has been assessed in the past over the subject of the topic. Reviewing the literature will
enable the author to develop an enhanced knowledge of the subject along with analysing the challenges and threats that are
associated with the IoT and the smart city together. Ethical issues will be avoided by citing appropriate referencing of the data
collected, and even manipulation of the data will be avoided. The reviewed literature will also assist in doing a comparative
analysis of various factors such as the cost, feasibility, time, commercialisation and others. Additionally, of all the reviewed
methodology, the most suitable methodology will be selected to pursue the objective of the proposed report.
The problem statement for the proposed work will be the security and the privacy concerns that are associated with the
IoT. Additionally, abrupt interruption of necessary chores that may be caused due to the failure of the servers will also be taken
into account. Finally, after analysing the collected data for the proposed research and analysing the problems associated,
appropriate recommendations will be offered to minimise the threats. The author will even attempt at offering recommendations
to enhance the compatibility of the IoT and the smart cities. Hence, in conclusion, it can be stated that the proposed research
will discuss the problems and challenges that are associated with the subject and will attempt at offering potential solutions.
However, the capabilities and benefits offered by the subject will also be included in the paper, to assist the readers in deciding
the role of the Internet of Things in the smart cities.
KEYWORDS:
IoT, smart cities, security concerns, privacy, cyber-attacks
(IOT SMART CITY)
1. INTRODUCTION
Smart City has emerged as the new preference for the
residents, and it rightfully deserves the preference. The
operation of the deemed city is based on the live data
collected from different sources (sensors) and analyses to
forecast variations along with altering the behaviour in
accordance with the changing data patterns. The considered
city offers a fantastic destination to live and other multiple
benefits. The reason for such smartness and offered benefits of
the city are because of the technology is known as IoT. IoT
collects the required information required for the discussed
smartness of the technology and feeds in the fundamental
structural blocks of the smart city to make it smart. The data
collected through the sensors are the energy usage, flow of the
traffic, parking lots, water levels and others are sent directly to
the monitor & control centre of the city.
IoT and the smart city together offers such enormous
benefits. However, it also offers threats to the consumers
(residents of the smart city). The threats related to the cyber-
attacks, security and privacy are primary. Additionally, the
chaos within the city as a result of server failure is another
threat which cannot be ignored and hence needs to be taken
into consideration. The devised paper will attempt at
evaluating the threats and identify potential solutions to
counter the threats. Hence, to achieve the discussed objectives
and goals of the paper, an insight of the past scholarly work
will be collected by reviewing the work and in-process
identifying the methodology suitable for achieving the goals.
The identified methodologies will be cited with appropriate
referencing and justification will be offered on the selection of
the selected methodology. Followed by organising the finding
in suitable structure and concluding the paper.
2. BACKGROUND/LITERATURE REVIEW
IoT based Smart City Framework:
According to Theodoridis, Mylonas &
Chatzigiannakis, (2013), the research efforts of the last decade
had been devoted to the technological development of the IoT
domain that targets smart cities. Hence, the authors attempted
at evaluating technological challenges, key findings along
with socioeconomic opportunities associated with the smart
cities. The objectives of the paper have been achieved through
the data collected from the SmartSantander Project that the
European Union (EU) was developing for “a city-scale testbed
for IoT and Future Internet experimentation providing an
integrated framework for implementing Smart City services”.
The reviewed article is a well-practised paper and has offered
many vital points which will be vital in assisting of the
proposed paper.
Implementation model of IoT based Smart City:
Byun et al., (2016) has offered a potential business
model of implementing IoT in the Smart City to earn
sustainability and commercial benefits in the reviewed article.
The authors claim that though there are many articles on the
IoT based Smart City very few of them has taken
consideration of IoT based business model. Through the
paper, the authors are attempting at proposing the government
and private builders to adopted their proposed business model.

The discussed report has discussed its objective, however, is
very brief to attain enough attention from the government or
private builders to adopt their business model in the real
world.
Smart City Applications based on IoT:
Gaur et al., (2015) in the reviewed paper has
attempted at discussing the significant role that the IoT is and
can play in the smart city. The focus of paper has mostly been
kept on the wireless sensor network (IoT) and how it has been
changing the city and how major impact it can have on the
subject. The objectives have been achieved by using the
Dempster-Shafer theory and the Schematic model. The
reviewed article seems knowledgeable for the readers and can
inspire present-day researchers and scholars to add new
articles to the list of literary work relevant to the subjects.
Sustainable Smart City IoT application:
Kyriazis et al., (2013) in the reviewed article have
focused their discussion on the smart innovative ways in
which the IoT in Smart City is assisting the environment. The
first being reduction of energy consumption and the second
being controlling the public transport through traffic and
environmental sensors. The paper has stated some useful fact,
however, offers little practicality which can be stated as the
only disadvantage of the reviewed paper.
Waste collection of IoT based Smart City:
Anagnostopoulos et al., (2015) in the reviewed
article aimed at motivating people to adopted the dynamic
waste collection structure of the IoT based smart city. The
purpose of the paper has been achieved by citing the evidence
of real and synthetic data of St. Petersburg, Russia where the
talked about model is equipped. The paper has achieved the
objective by citing references from the literary work over
traditional waste collection in the past and primary data of IoT
based Smart city as stated earlier. In conclusion, it can be
stated that the reviewed article has stayed true to its objective
and have even left openings for future research work.
CoT based Smart City:
According to Petrolo, Loscri, & Mitton, (2014), CoT
(Cloud of Things) is a combination of IoT and cloud
computing which offers the capability of further enhancing the
automated capabilities of the smart cities. The reviewed article
has evaluated the impact of associating IoT of a smart city
with the cloud to measure its benefits and determine the
challenges it may offer after the association. To conclude the
reviewed article, the authors have offered a CoT based
platform for the smart city and discussed the challenges along
with the potential remedies for them. The reviewed article
offers a new approach to the Cloud based IoT smart city
which can be of great assistance for future development in the
deemed sector.
IoT: Vision, elements and directions:
Gubbi et al., (2013) has focused on the IoT, its
characteristics and the future direction it will pave for the
technological advancement of the humans in a smart
environment. The intention of the authors in the reviewed
article was to offer “a cloud-centric vision for worldwide
implementation of Internet of Things.”. The paper has not
offered any new ideas regarding IoT or smart or clouds,
however, have done an in-depth analysis of the potential
results that may arise if all of the above-discussed systems are
integrated as one. The vision offered by the authors have
paved way for further researches in the discussed field and is
of high significance.
Car parking in the smart city: An IoT application:
Ji et al., (2014), has offered insight in one of the
IoT’s applications in the smart city. Evaluating the reviewed
article will enable the author of the proposed paper to earn a
brief view of the role of IoT in the smart city. The authors
claim that the system proposed in the reviewed article will
offer “‘best’ car parking service experience to mobile users,
following the Always Best Connected and best Served
(ABC&S) paradigm.”. The reviewed article is very vital for
those who are deeply interested in the automobile automation,
and IoT as the article offers a deep understanding of its
objectives. The only demerit that can be associated with the
paper is that it is not devised for a global audience but has
been limited to the audience with the technical background.
Integration of IoT with OpenStack:
Merlino et al., (2014), has attempted at integrating
the OpenStack with the IoT taking the Smart city as the
platform. The authors have adopted a practical approach to
attain the objective of the paper and in the process identified
certain limitations to the coupling process. The authors have
even cited the limitation of the paper which is the real-world
implementation of the derived system. The reviewed article
has achieved a practical approach and has paved the way for
further advancement in the field of IoT. Evaluating the
reviewed article has offered the author of the proposed paper
an idea of the extended benefits that IoT can offer in the Smart
City environment which will be of great assistance in pursuing
the proposed paper.
Experiment of IoT on a Smart City Testbed:
Sanchez et al., (2014) in the reviewed paper, has
offered insight into the Santander City developed by the EU to
deploy and experiment the impact of IoT can cite on a smart
city. The paper has presented the results of the findings from
the discussed project and had concluded over the same. The
talked about paper will be of great significance to evaluate the
impact, privacy and security concerns of IoT in the smart city
as the reviewed article offers findings from an experiment of
IoT in the smart city. In simple words, it will offer a suitable
platform to proceed with the proposed report.
3. SOLUTIONS/ FINDINGS/ Recommendations
Reviewing of the articles assisted in the
understanding of the security and privacy challenges
offered by the IoT based Smart City. However, some
suitable methodologies were also recommended in
the article that can be of great assistance in changing
the course of security flaws in the subject. The
identified methodologies have been listed as follows:
RERUM:
The discussed system is a framework that takes
consideration of the security and privacy in the
design and development phase of the IoT based smart

city. The discussed measure is taken to ensure the
reliability (precise data, trustworthy and security
requirement) and privacy (required data minimisation
for the personal information, location). The discussed
framework consists of an architecture that has been
developed on the most suitable networking protocol
and interfaces along with the requirement of the
hardware of smart devices. The development was
based on the real-life scenario of two smart cities to
evaluate the validity and usability of the deemed
framework. RERUM has adopted the ‘privacy-by-
design’ concept to ensure prevention of data
trespassing by any third party. Additionally,
designing & developing of the deemed framework
took assistance from both the literary work of the
past over IoT and the stakeholders (especially
security) to ensure that every security requirement of
the subject is met. The claims by the developers of
the framework also states that apart from the security
the manufacturers of the smart technologies will be
motivated to devise devices that are secure and
reliable based upon the framework. Additionally, the
framework will benefit the telecom operators and the
key IoT management teams.
FIGURE 1: RERUM FRAMEWORK
(Source: Pöhls et al., 2014)
IoT Smart City Framework:
Theodoridis, Mylonas & Chatzigiannakis,
(2013) in the above-reviewed article have offered a
framework for the subject of the paper. The
framework has been developed with experience and
data from the real-life experience of SmartSantander
project that was developed by the EU. The
motivation for the framework was earned due to the
challenges that is offered by the IoT based smart city.
The first and foremost challenge is the security and
privacy concern while the secondary consideration
was the crowdsourcing/ user engagement. The
potential solution for the discussed problems has
been offered by the framework which takes in
account of the multiple systems that are suitable to
tackle the above-discussed challenge. The application
of the systems such as the smart metering,
augmented reality, environment monitoring,
precision irrigation & garden monitoring,
participatory sensing along with outdoor parking
management are recommended. The authors claims
that adopting the deemed framework offers
assistance in real-time monitoring which in turn can
avoid a security or privacy concern from arousal and
in case such situation arises, it can be rectified in
minimal possible time. Additionally, the framework
can also assist in sustaining the environment by
monitoring it; which also measures sudden change in
it and hence protecting the smart city and its
application from physical damage.
FIGURE 2: 3-TIER AND 3-PLANE
ARCHITECTURE
(Source: (Theodoridis, Mylonas & Chatzigiannakis,
2013))
CCIoT-CMfg:
The integration of cloud computing (CC)
and IoT has offered significant benefit in the
operations and security efficient service offering in
the Smart city. Hence, Tao et al., (2014), developed a
framework by integrating the above mentioned
subjects that can be of great assistance in securing
the IoT based applications. The developed
framework will offer the benefits of full sharing, on-
demand use, optimal allocation and free circulation
of different manufacturing capabilities and resources.
The identified framework is mostly developed for
assistance in the manufacturing units though can be
implemented in the smart city. The devised system
has been planned to assist three kind of users. The

first being the manufactures in case of the smart city,
they refer to the contractors, project manufactures,
government and other bodies. The second is the
operators who in the deemed scenario are the
management team of the smart city that monitors the
proper-functioning of the operations and other
necessary means. Finally, comes the end-users that
are the users who consume the offered services, in
this case they are the resident of the smart city.
FIGURE 3: ARCHITECTURE OF THE CCIOT-
CMFG FRAMEWORK
(Source: Tao et al., 2014)
Information framework:
Jin et al., (2014), has offered an information
framework that can be of great assistance in the
developing and designing a smart city based upon the
IoT. The discussed methodology has encompassed
“the complete urban information system, from the
sensory level and networking support structure
through to data management and Cloud based
integration of respective systems and services, and
forms a transformational part of the existing cyber-
physical system.”. The assistance of the noise
mapping has been taken to devise a new method for
the adaption of the delivery and enhancement of the
important services of smart city. The framework has
been based upon the three different context of the
IoT and smart city as one. The discussed domains are
the cloud domain (cloud centric), data flow domain
(data centric) and the communication stack (network
centric) domain. Figure 4 is citing evidence to the
architecture including the three domains and their
roles. The discussed domain has been adopted in the
domain for their assistance in different role and
offering a suitable IoT based smart city. However, it
should be noted that the developed framework has
offered no special attention to the security and
privacy concerns of the discussed subject.
FIGURE 4: THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF IOT
WITH CONTEXT OF THREE DIFFERENT
DOMAIN
(Source: Jin et al., 2014)
FIGURE 5: SERVICE-ORIENTED NETWORK
FRAMEWORK
(Source: Jin et al., 2014)
Sensing-as-a-Service model:
According to Perera et al., (2014), the
discussed model takes account of the social, technical
and economical perspective of IoT to identify the
major challenges and issues that are associated with
the latter. The developed model categories the core
components of a smart city in six crucial categories.
The categories include smart people, smart economy,
smart environment, smart living, smart mobility and
smart governance. The developed model lays in

between the two and manages the crucial challenges
and issues. The considered model connects all the
identified components of the smart cities through
sensors and senses the data in real-time and based
upon the findings takes the decision. The deemed
model achieves its objectified aim in four conceptual
layers, the first being sensor & sensor owner
followed by sensor publisher and extended service
provider respectively. Finally, the fourth layer is the
sensor data consumer. All of the above-stated layers
have a purpose to pursue that includes sensing data
and making responses accordingly. The deemed
model has been implemented in the real life scenario
and has emerged as a successful mean in tackling for
the challenges and issues of the smart city.
Additional, benefits such as the waste management,
smart agriculture, environmental management are
also a part of the deemed model.
FIGURE 6: THE SENSING-AS-A-SERVICE
MODEL
(Source: Perera et al., 2014)
Comparison:
The most suitable methodology for the
discussed subject will be the system that would offer
digitally access control system, disaster-recovery &
back-up service, hardware & software flaws
monitoring system, VPN (virtual private networks),
network-intrusion detection system along with the
basic requirement of the IoT based smart city
(Zanella et al., 2014). The term ‘basic-requirement’
of the smart city refers to the automation and smart
operations of the city. However, on evaluation of the
above-discussed methodologies it is evident that no
particular framework/ model has offered such a
methodology. However, two or more methodologies
can be combined together to devise a suitable
methodology for the same.
The RERUM model is practical security and
privacy model that has been tested and evaluate in
real world scenario and has even offered some
significant ideas that could ensure the security and
privacy of the subject. The point that suggests that
security & privacy should be considered while
designing and development phase is vital. The
following methodology (IoT Smart city framework)
has also accounted the Security & Privacy challenges
from real-life data but lacks in the physical
implementation of the system in the real-life
scenario. The implementation of the framework is
also confusing as it takes account of multiple factors
from environment to irrigation and security &
privacy. However, one of the vital factors of the
framework is that it takes account of the physical
threats to the IoT based smart city apparatuses.
CCIoT-CMfg is also a significant method
that can be associated with the safety of the IoT
based application. It offers some crucial benefits such
as the on-demand use, full sharing and others.
However, it is devised for the manufacturing units
and hence, it usability in the smart city is in question.
The information framework is of great assistance at
the development phase of the smart city however,
unlike RERUM it only accounts for the operations of
the smart city applications and does not take account
of security & privacy which makes it less significant
than the latter. Finally, the Sensing-as-a-Service
takes consideration of the economical perspective in
a smart city which has not been focused by any of the
discussed methodology. Additionally, it also takes
account of the social and technical factor which are
also crucial.

TABLE 1: COMPARATIVE TABLE OF MODELS
(Source: Created by Author)
Best suited methodology:
The best suited methodology would be an
integration of the RERUM and Sensing-as-a-Service.
Integration of both the technology can be called as
RERUM sensing-as-a-service (RSaaS). Integration of
both the methodology will offer a system that is
capable of taking care of almost all the factors of that
are involved in the IoT based smart city. RERUM
will offer assistance in designing and development of
a secure (avoiding security and privacy threats) IoT
based smart city framework. While adopting the
Sensing-as-a-Service will take consideration of the
social and economic aspect along with the technical
aspects of the subject. Hence, the integration of the
two will be best suited for the subject.
As discussed above integration of the
Sensing-as-a-Service with other methodology could
also have offered the same result however, the
selection of the RERUM is based on the fact that it is
devised and tested in real-world scenario.
Additionally, it also minimises the chances of the
arousal of threats at the initial stage of development
which prevents extra expenditure in troubleshooting
attempts in case of cyberattacks. The maintenance
and equipping of new tools and techniques costs are
also avoided by taking security measures at the initial
stage as those expenses are included in the project
budget. The reason for the selection of the Sensing-
as-a-Service is based on the fact that is the only
discussed model that takes consideration of the
economical perception in the IoT based smart city.
The real-life implementation of the model and its
success is another significant factor for the selection
of the model.
Findings and conclusion:
The findings from the research work reveals
that the IoT based smart city is a desirable innovation
for the end-users because it is significantly beneficial
for the users. It offers ease in living style and a
sustainable way for other necessary services of the
city. However, along with the advantages offered the
IoT in the smart city, it also brings the vulnerability
to the cyberattacks and hence a threat to the security
& privacy of the residents. The discussed research
work has sighted an insight over the past literary
work that had identified threats & vulnerability and
offered remedies for the identified issues. The
identification has revealed many crucial issues
however, some methodologies has been identified
and implementing them can minimise the identified
threats.
The paper has considered five
methodologies that differs from each other in one
aspect or other. One offers security & privacy
protection while the other has taken consideration of
the technological enhancement in the IoT based
smart city. Another have taken account of the social
and economic aspect. The discussed methodologies
can be of great significance if implemented however,
the paper has taken account of the most suitable
Method
ologies
Secu
rity
&
Priva
cy
Techn
ical
Opera
tions
Econ
omic
al
aspec
ts
Social
aspects
RERUM  
IoT
smart
city
framew
ork
  
CCIoT-
CMfg

Informa
tion
Framew
ork

Sensing-
as-a-
Service
  

methodology by integrating two of the identified
methodology. The integration has considered
RERUM which takes account of the security &
Privacy and the Sensing-as-a-Service which takes in
account the perceptions that are relevant to the
technological enhancement, social aspects and the
economic aspects as well.
Hence, the paper can be emphasised to state
that the IoT based smart city is significantly
beneficial but also offers challenges which can be
easily tackled by selecting suitable methodology and
the research work has offered a model for it. It is also
advisable that the model should be adopted at the
development and designing stage so that extra costs
that can be incurred due to threats can be avoided
while maintaining a secure and efficient smart city.
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