Is a Potential Target in Multiple Cancers?

IS A POTENTIAL TARGET IN MULTIPLE CANCERS?
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Declaration
I, ..........................................................................................................
[please print name] hereby declare that all the works in this dissertation is my own except for
quotations and Abstract that have been duly acknowledged. This report has not been accepted
for any degree and has not been submitted for any award of any other degrees. The work
presented in it is my own and has generated as a result of my own research.
‘Is a potential target in multiple cancers?’
............................................................................................................
I confirm that:
1. This work was totally done or mainly during candidature for a research degree at this
University;
2. A clear statement has been made at that part where this dissertation had not submitted
previously for a degree or rest qualification in any other institutions;
3. A clear attribution has been consulted to publish work of others;
4. The sources have been mentioned from where I have quotes the other’s works. Along
with the exception of this quotations the whole dissertations has been made by myself;
5. All the sources I have used are acknowledged and relevant;
Signature: ....................................................................................
ID Number:..............................................................................................................
Date:.........................................................................................................................
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Abstract
The study has provided a comprehensive understanding of the POPDC protein that belongs to
the cAMP effector protein. The study has demonstrated the structures, compositions, and
roles of different protein genes (POPDC1, POPDC2, and POPDC3) that are differently
responsible for the generation of different categories of cancer. The paper includes the
research aim, objectives, and questions that are achieved by conducting this research. This
assignment has included the process of spread of cancer cells due to the presence of the
POPDC proteins. The POPDC protein stimulates the cell division and migration that rapidly
increases the rate of spread of the cancer cells. The POPDC protein is responsible for cancer
in the brain, lungs, skin, breast, stomach, Colin and other the body parts of the human body.
The dissertation includes the functions, structures, and composition of the POPDC protein.
The roles of the different genes of the POPDC protein on the generation of different cancers
are included with the paper. The paper also contains the conclusions and recommendations
regarding the reduction of the cancer-causing POPDC protein.
In the methodology section, the different methods and materials that are used in this study are
analyzing various articles and providing evidence. In this study, the different methods that
can be used for data collection are Cell lines, samples of tissues conducting various tests and
the immunochemistry.
In section Findings and analysis the different strategies that can be used for prevention of
cancer are explained. The most common type of strategy that can be used for therapeutic
intervention of cancer is Micro RNA. Another strategy that can be used for the detection of
cancer is methyl light array, QPCR and Array Screens.
In the recommendation section, the different treatment options are explained such as
Photodynamic therapy, laser treatment, and Hyperthermia. Moreover, in this section the
different types of strategies are also explained for prevention of cancer such as consumption
of a healthy diet, indulging in physical activity and others. Moreover, in this, the drugs that
can help in prevention and treatment of cancer are also explained such as Taxol, Antifabitin
and Doxacetol.
In the conclusion section, the summary of the study is explained. In this section, the key
finding of the study is discussed. Moreover, in this section, the role of POPD in different
cancers is explained. Moreover, in this section, a brief of the whole study is provided.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................7
1.1 Function of POPDC.....................................................................................................7
1.2 Structure of POPDC.........................................................................................................7
1.2 Role of POPDC...........................................................................................................9
1.3 Research Aim..............................................................................................................9
1.4 Research Objectives....................................................................................................9
1.5 Research Questions.........................................................................................................10
2.0 Research Methodology.......................................................................................................10
3.0 Discussion..........................................................................................................................12
3.1 Different types of POPDC protein.................................................................................12
3.2 Comparison of POPDC1, POPDC2 and POPDC 3........................................................12
3.3 Role of POPDC in breast cancer....................................................................................13
3.4 Role of POPDC in gastric cancer...................................................................................14
3.5 Role of POPDC in hepatocellular carcinoma.................................................................15
3.6 Role of POPDC in colorectal cancers........................................................................16
3.7 Role of POPDC in brain cancer...................................................................................17
3.8 Role of POPDC in esophageal cancer............................................................................18
3.9 Role of POPDC in Eye neoplasm...................................................................................18
3.10 Role of POPDC in other cancers..................................................................................19
3.11 Role of POPDC on lung cancer....................................................................................19
4.0 Findings and Results..........................................................................................................20
4.1Comparing and Contrasting of different cancers.............................................................20
4.2 Strategies related to different Cancer.............................................................................25
5. Recommendation..................................................................................................................30
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7. Conclusion........................................................................................................................31
Reference list............................................................................................................................34
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Acknowledgement
For overseeing this course in order to investigate, I will need an adequate measurement of
thankfulness to my educational director ________________. Besides that, I want to show
gratefulness to my educator .............. Who helped me throughout this dissertation work. I
would like to thank my friends, my tutors, my institutional lecturers. In a mannerly way
regarding my appreciation from my beginning to finish it accomplishes for seasonal
conferring in order to gather the data. Before I finish, I have to show the appreciation to all of
my managers and the employees of my institution...................................those have
played an enthusiastic roles for data accumulating methods. Without their shoring off, there a
presumably happens that would endeavour and complete. For a successful submitting, I
would like to dedicate a sincere appreciation to my
supervisors.....................................................................................at
.................................................................................................(Name of the
University) for allowing me to do this dissertation under their supervision. All of them have
provided me the encouragement, critics, guidance, valuable guidance in order to finish this
project. Without their constant support this project would not have been as same as the
presentation. My classmates is deserved to be recognized for their friendship and supporting.
Warm thanks also goes towards those who have provided me the assistance at numerous
situations that also invite either directly or indirectly in the complex of my project. Finally,
but certainly not in least, my acknowledgement also extends to my family for continuing
supporting and encouragement.
Thanking You.
Yours Sincerely,
.............................................................................................
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1. Introduction
The Popeye domain containing (POPDC) proteins are considered as the novel class of the
category of cAMP effectors proteins (Brand, et al., 2014). This protein family could be
found in the muscular cells (Amunjela, and Tucker, 2016). The three members of POPDC
protein (POPDC1, POPDC2, and POPDC 3) are responsible for the development, spread
and migration of the cancer cells. The medical science has explored that the POPDC
group of protein is accountable for the different category of cancers like breast cancer,
gastric cancer, oesophageal cancer, liver and stomach cancer, lung cancer and ovarian
cancer.
Function of POPDC
The main functional area of POPDC protein is the striated muscle. This protein plays a
vital role in the activity of controlling the distribution of macromolecules throughout the
body cells (membrane trafficking). The POPDC is responsible to control the interacting
protein bodes. As per the recent researches, the POPDC proteins could also control the
level of the cells of nuclear proto-oncogene protein named c-Myc (Han et al. 2014)
Figure 1.1: POPDC
(Source: Schindler, and Brand, 2016)
1.2 Structure of POPDC
Analyzing the POPDC protein, the following structure could be derived:
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 The POPDC protein is composed of three integral membrane proteins (also
known as transmembrane protein) that have short amino terminus situated in
the extracellular space in the cortex (extracellular) containing two numbers of
N- Glycosylation sites.
 Inthe case of the POPDC protein, the rate of Glycosylation is very high; hence
this stimulates the electrophoretic mobility in the sodium dodecyl sulfate
(SDS).
 The rate of Glycosylation, as well as the electrophoretic mobility in the
sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) PAGE, is dependent on the tissues.
 The localization of the membrane of the POPDC protein is controlled by
glycosylation.
 The glycosylation is present in the POPDC protein that protects this protein
from the breakdown into smaller polypeptides.
 The C-terminus of this protein is a composition of the Popeye domain (PFAM:
PF04831) that includes near about 150 amino acids.
 The POPDC protein has a similar structure as the other four cAMP binding
domains.
 POPDC protein is enriched with the amino acids and C4H9NO3 that are
responsible for the chemical addition of PO3- group in the cells (the process is
also known as phosphorylation).
Figure 1.2: Structure of POPDC
(Source: Amunjela, and Tucker, 2017)
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