Information Technology and Organizational Change

This assignment delves into the crucial relationship between information technology (IT) and organizational change. It examines various theoretical perspectives on how IT influences organizational structures, processes, and culture. The assignment also analyzes the challenges organizations face when implementing IT-driven changes, highlighting strategies for successful adaptation and integration.

IS/IT STRATEGY
Coursework: Assessment
Authors Name/s per 1st Affiliation (Author)
line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization
line 2-name of organization, acronyms acceptable
line 3-City, Country
line 4-e-mail address if desired
Authors Name/s per 2nd Affiliation (Author)
line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization
line 2-name of organization, acronyms acceptable
line 3-City, Country
line 4-e-mail address if desired
Abstract— the aim of the report is to discuss about the need
for implementing IS/IT strategies within the organization BMI.
This is a research firm that aims at providing macroeconomic,
industry and financial analysis of the market. It covers 24
industries and 200 markets globally. The organization works for
producing daily views, research and analysis and forecasting
analyst access. The report aims at analyzing the problems faced
while implementing the IS/IT strategy within the organization
BMI.
Keywords— technlogy, IT/IS strategy, methodlogy, framework.
I. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
1. To determine the benefits that will be obtained by the
organiztaio BMI after implementing IT/IS stratgey.
2. To analyse and evaluate the drawback assodiated with the
implementation of IT/IS Strategy.
3. To iddentify the risks associated with the implementation of
IS/IT strategy.
II. RESEARCH QUESTION
Q1. What are the benefits of implementing IT/IS strategies within
the organization?
Q2. What are the drawbacks of implementing IT/IS strategies?
III. RESEARCH PROBLEM
The problem faced by the organiztaion is with planning the
activitiees in sequential manner. The organiztaion fails to plan the
resources, energy and time needed. Thus it is important to implement
IS/IT strategy
IV. INTRODUCTION
Planning of a document that helps in explaining the
working of information technology and information
system is referred to as IS/IT strategy. This helps in
providing a better support to the performance of a
business[1]. IT strategy are needed to be developed in a
way simple way so that it can be easily understood by
the staffs, general manager and the key stakeholders
associated with the organization. The document should
contains four areas, this includes:
 Defining the key process followed by an
organization and information that is needed
by an organization to support an IT system.
 The IT system is required for supporting the
activities taking place in the organization.
This includes managing the computer
equipment, organizing the operating system
software and application software.
In order to utilize the IT systems effectively it
becomes necessary to set some standard, policies and
support arrangements necessary for managing the
technology within the organization[14].
There are total four steps that are included in producing
an IT strategy. This includes planning and preparation,
understanding the needs of the organization from IT,
exploring the options that will be beneficial for decision
making and putting all this into action. With a clear IT
strategy several benefits can be achieved by the
organization. This strengthen the activities performed
within the organization and also helps in delivering
services effectively and efficiently.
V. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORKS
Figure1: Strategy Framework Pyramid
The above diagram represents the conceptual
strategy pyramid. This is described with alignment
arrows and descriptive information. This is used to
depict the framework that is used for developing an IT

strategy. The top of the pyramid symbolises the strategy
of an organization. This strategy includes other inputs
that includes related strategies and technology trends,
drives and IT strategy. There are two more components
that provides a huge support to the IT strategy[15]. This
includes IT governance and enterprise architecture. The
link between these two is shown with the help of an
arrow developed between these two sections.
VI. METHODOLOGY
Figure2: Flow chart
The flow diagram is used to describe the process used for
integrated set of strategy documents. There are three main
concepts that are needed to initiate the process. These three steps
are independent and are essential for executing this process. This
steps includes:
 Determining the requirements and confirming with the
clients requirements.
 Scanning the already existing technology, so that the
performance of the technology can be reviewed.
 Analysing the institutional strategies for extracting details.
VII. LITERATURE REVIEW
There is a need to implement new information technology and
information system within the project before developing phase. With
the growing time and advancement in the sector of technology it is
observed that implementation strategy for IT/IS in construction has
given importance. According to the author Leslie, there are total five
streams that are used to identify the information need of engineers,
architectures and construction. This five streams will be used to
satisfy the need of the technical workers and this includes project
resources industry conventions, communication and computing,
project application ad process re-engineering. Apart from this,
Myllymaki says that there are three cornerstones that are concerned
with the planning and implementation of new IS, this includes: re-
engineering, vision and commitment. Miozoo et al. has derived a
strategy process for IS/IT and he focuses entirely on blocking sources
and constructing processes[6]. On the other hand Jung and Gibson
has developed a framework for assessing and measuring the
Computer Integrated Construction[2]. They stated that there are five
measures important for planning the CIC, this includes: computer
systems, incremental investment, management, corporate strategy
and IT. Whereas Pena-Mora et al. has developed a strategic IT
framework for planning the construction projects[4]. This includes
understanding the requirements of the project analysing the overall
economic environment and finally it comes to developing an IT
investment model that can be implemented in the overall strategic
planning framework.
In order to develop a proper strategic plan for implementing IT/IS
strategy within an organization it is necessary to develop the process
with the help of 6 steps. These steps includes: determining the SWOT
factors, SWOT analysis, IT/IS diffusion strategy, operational
strategy, action plan, monitoring plan.
A. SWOT factors:
This are divided into internal environmental analysis and external
environmental analysis. External environmental analysis is used to
determine the threats and opportunities associated with the business.
The internal environment analysis includes organizational internal
factors that will affect the growth of the organization. This includes
the strength and the weakness of an organization. It is important to
determine the strength associated of the organization and the
weakness faced by the organization[1]. SWOT analysis includes
collaborating the internal and external analysis to achieve the goal.
B. SWOT analysis
The foundation of the SWOT analysis is developed with the help
of combining the external and internal factors. This approach is used
to achieve the support for designing phase. Strength of an
organization is related to the competitive advantages gained by an
organization. whereas weakness are referred to the limitation that
prevents the organization to proceed with the development process.
Opportunities are related to the advantages that are likely to be
achieved by an organization with the implementation for new
strategies. Whereas threats are referred to the problems that exist and
has the capability to jeopardise the implementation of proposed
project. With the effective way of using SWOT one can develop a
better and successful IT/IS strategy plan[3]. However, SWOT
analysis does not includes any strategy for efficient decision making.
Apart from this it is observed that SWOT analysis is not efficient and
does not produces qualitative results, thus it is necessary to develop a
more realistic analysis method. Analytical hierarchy process is an
appropriate analytical method and also offers effective structuring
and modelling tool.
C. IT/IS diffusion strategy
This involves a development of diffusion strategy that works by
evaluating and analysing the information gathered from the previous
steps. The stakeholders associated with the project are give the
responsibility to find the weakness in the proposed IT/IS system.
Diffusion strategy offers a powerful tool for structuring the critical
analysis and this is known as ‘story telling’. According to
proponents, storytelling is used to develop a strategy with the help of
recommendation that are prepared by the planners. Story telling plays
the role of a forum and also acts a method for the team to think for
the possible changes that are necessary to facilitate the
implementation of IT/IS system [5]. The story should contain clear
indication about the benefits offered by the organization with the

implementation of this strategy. This forces also binds up the factors
of SWOT analysis and forces the senior management to get involved
in the development process.
D. Operational strategy
This includes developing the story formulated from the previous
steps in a more detailed way. This also involves decision making for
each tier. There are various target of an organization that are needed
to be elaborated this includes: a functional model depicting IT/IS
development, an organizational model that will be used for depicting
the responsibilities and hierarchies.
E. Implementation of Action plan
The most detailed part of a strategic IT/IS development is an
implementation strategy. This includes defining the robust actions,
study of time and organizational constraints, the elaboration of
human resource needed[7]. There are there important stages
associated with the development of implementation strategy this
includes defining the elements of the action plan, elaborating action
plan and finally comes the risk mitigation and coping strategies.
F. Monitoring plan
After implementing the strategic plan it is needed to be monitored
well so that it can guarantee the project is developed successfully.
Each time the data is collected it becomes necessary to check whether
the data is collected in a quantitative or qualitative manner[10].
VI. DEVELOPING MODEL OF DECISION MAKING
Decision making is important process and involves the
existence of a decision problem. There are several models for
decision making purpose. However according to the author there are
different stages used for decision making. Among them, the most
followed approach is divided into decision making process in 7 steps,
the process in which the steps are divided into 5 stages and decision
making process with 4 stages [15]. The common objective of these
models are that it is used to identify the problems or the decision that
are needed to be taken. Decision making is done only after analysing
every aspect including the emotional element. The seven steps
involved in decision making procedure includes:
Defining the problem
Identifying the factors that will turn to be the limitation for the
project
• Development of potential solutions
• Analysing the alternatives
• Selecting the alternatives
• Implementing the decision
• Establishing a control on the evaluation system
• Strategy gap analysis
Figure4: phases of deciison making model
VII. KEY FINDINGS
The key factors that are responsible for strategy
implementation is divided into three parts strategy,
structure and behaviour. This three sections are further
divided into sub parts. The strategy are further divided
into formulating and planning and strategic consensus.
Strategy basically is used for panning the working of
the organization[7]. Once the strategic need has been
recognized, these is the responsibility of the project
leader to set the goal. This is need to be taken care by
the staff that each employee needs to process some
credibility that will help in the development of the
project. Resources are needed to be addressed,
responsibilities are needed to be understood and
authorities are needed to set the capabilities. Consensus
is the key as the strategies can be interpreted in a
diverse way[6]. The structure includes cross functional
coordination, resource allocation, communication and
control by management. The last comes behaviour and
this includes commitment of workforce, leadership of
managers and the cultural context.
VIII. CONCLUSION
The above report has discussed the IT/IS strategies
that will bring benefit towards the organization. In this
report two research questions are formulated and are
being answered in the report. The report contains
planning of documents that are important for managing
the information technology. The report has successfully
implemented a strategy framework with a framework
pyramid. The components of the strategy framework is
explained. After the strategy framework, the report has
described the min methodology that works behind the
strategic implementation. The working and the way
strategic implementation can be achieved is discussed
thoroughly in the literature review section. The steps
included in developing a strategic plan includes SWOT
factors, SWOT analysis, IT/IS diffusion strategy,
operational strategy, action plan, monitoring plan. The
need of decision making model is described in the
report. Lastly the report has described the key factors

associated with the IS/IT strategy implementation. The
key factors responsible for strategy implementation is
divided into three parts strategy, structure and
behaviour. Based on these report poster is also being
developed.
IX. REFERENCES
[1.] Bamberger, P.A., Meshoulam, I. and Biron,
M., 2014. Human resource strategy:
Formulation, implementation, and impact.
Routledge.
[2.] Eason, K. D. (2014). Information technology
and organisational change. CRC Press.
[3.] Galliers, R. D., & Leidner, D. E. (2014).
Strategic information management:
challenges and strategies in managing
information systems. Routledge.
[4.] Harrison, F.E., Pelletier, M.A. (2000) Levels
of strategic decision success, Management
Decision, Vol. 38, Issue 2, pp.107 – 118.
[5.] Heyne, P., Boettke, P. J., Prychitko, D. L.
(2010) The Economic Way of Thinking,
Prentice Hall, 12th ed., pp. 163, 317–318.
[6.] Karami, A., 2016. Strategy formulation in
entrepreneurial firms. Routledge.
[7.] Kotter, J. (2011) Change Management vs.
Change Leadership - What's the Difference?,
12 July, Forbes online.
[8.] Laudon, K. C., & Laudon, J. P. (2016).
Management information system. Pearson
Education India.
[9.] Levin, G. (2012) Embrace and Exploit
Change as a Program Manager: Guidelines
for Success, Project Management Institute.
[10.]Litherland, N. retrieved February, 2, 2013
from http://www.eh
[11.]Pearlson, K. E., Saunders, C. S., & Galletta,
D. F. (2016). Managing and Using
Information Systems, Binder Ready Version:
A Strategic Approach. John Wiley & Sons.
[12.]Pitt, C.S. and Treen, E., 2017. Understanding
communication in disaster response: A
marketing strategy formulation and
implementation perspective. Journal of Public
Affairs, 17(3), p.e1639.
[13.]Savur, S. (2013) Theorising Ethical Decision
Making Process for Research in Small and
Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Australia, in
Michael
[14.]Schwartz, Howard Harris (ed.) Ethics, Values
and Civil Society (Research in Ethical Issues
in Organizations, Volume 9), Emerald Group
Publishing Limited, pp.137-154.
[15.]Strumsky, D., Lobo, J., Tainter, J. A. (2010).
Complexity and the productivity of
innovation, Systems Research and Behavioral
Science 27 (5), p. 496.
[16.]Ștefănescu, R.A., (2013). Risk management
in economic crisis. Review of General
Management, Volume 18, Issue 2, p.90-97.
X. APPENDIX
Poster: